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The document covers various concepts in vector mathematics, including classifications of scalars and vectors, graphical representations, and operations such as addition, subtraction, and products of vectors. It includes exercises for computing magnitudes, finding angles between vectors, and determining properties like collinearity and direction cosines. Additionally, it discusses the scalar and vector products, providing definitions and examples for better understanding.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
71 views9 pagesVectors
The document covers various concepts in vector mathematics, including classifications of scalars and vectors, graphical representations, and operations such as addition, subtraction, and products of vectors. It includes exercises for computing magnitudes, finding angles between vectors, and determining properties like collinearity and direction cosines. Additionally, it discusses the scalar and vector products, providing definitions and examples for better understanding.
Uploaded by
afsah buraaqCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
342. MATHEMATICS
(iii) 10 Newton (iv) 30 knvhr (v) 10 gem’
(vi) 20 m/s towards north
Solution
(i) Time-scalar Gi) Volume-scalar ii) Force-vector
(iv) Speed-scalar (v) Density-scalar (vi) Velocity-vector
Example 3 In Fig 10.5, which of the vectors are:
(i) Collinear Gi) Equal Coinitial
Solution
(i) Collinear vectors: a, € and d
Gi) Equal vectors : Gand @.
ii) Coinitial vectors: b, @ and d.
1. Represent graphically a displacement of 40 km, 30° east of north,
2. Classify the following measures as scalars and vectors.
(@ 10kg Gi) 2 meters north-west (il) 40°
(iv) 40 watt (v) 10°” coulomb (vi) 20 mis?
3. Classify the following as scalar and vector quantities.
(@ time period Gi) distance iii) force
(iv) velocity (v) work done Zz
4. InFig 10.6 (a square), identify the following vectors.
(@ Coinitial Gi) Equal
(iii) Collinear but not equal
| Bi) Answer the following as true or false.
(i) Gand -4 are collinear.
“J
d
Gi) Two collinear vectors are always equal in >
magnitude. -
7 . . Fig 10.6
(iii) Two vectors having same magnitude are collinear.
(iv) Two collinear vectors having the same magnitude are equal.
Reprint 2024-25 384 MATHEMATICS
Further, note that
[AB
Hence, the triangle is a right angled triangle.
=41=6+35=|BCP +|CAP
1. Compute the magnitude of the following vectors:
=f+j+k, b=29-7j-3k;
2. Write two different vectors having same magnitude.
3. Write ovo different vectors having same direction.
4.
5. Find the scalar and vector components of the vector with initial point (2, 1) and
terminal point (— 5,7).
ind the values of x and y so that the vectors 2/+3j and xi + yj are equal.
6. Find the sum of the vectors = §-2] +k, b=-27+4]+5k and @=7-6} -7h.
7. Find the unit vector in the direction of the vector =7 + 7-+26 .
8. Find the unit vector in the direction of vector PQ, where P and Q are the points
(1, 2, 3) and (4, 5, 6), respectively.
9. For given vectors, @ = 2/— j+2k and b=—i+ j—E find the unit vector in the
direc
Tl. Show that the vectors 27-37+4k and—4i+6j-86 are collinear.
n of the vector a+
ind a vector in the direction of vector 57 — j +2 which has magnitude 8 units.
12. Find the direction cosines of the vector § +27 +3k.
13. Find the direction cosines of the vector joining the points A (1, 2, ~3) and
B (-1, -2, 1), directed from A to B.
14. Show that the vector 7 + j+£ is equally inclined to the axes OX, OY and OZ.
15. Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P
and Q whose position vectors are 7+2j7—k and -i+j+& respectively, in the
ratio 2:1
(internally Gi) externally
Reprint 2024-25 VECTOR ALGEBRA 355
16. Find the position vector of the mid point of the vector joining the points P(2, 3,4)
and Q(4, 1, -2).
17. Show that the points A, B and C with position vectors, @ =
7-47 -4k,
b=27-j+k andé 56 , respectively form the vertices of a right angled
triangle.
18. In triangle ABC (Fig 10.18), which of the following is not true:
(A) AB+BC+C.
cA c
(B) AB+BC-AC=0
(©) AB+BC-AC=6 Rp hy
(D) AB-CB+CA =6 Fig 10.18
19. If @ and b are two collinear vectors, then which of the following are incorrect:
(A) 5 = Aa, for some scalar 4
(B) G=2b
(C) the respective components of d and & are not proportional
(D) both the vectors a and b have same direction, but different magnitudes.
10.6 Product of Two Vectors
So far we have studied about addition and subtraction of vectors. An other algebraic
operation which we intend to discuss regarding vectors is their product. We may
recall that product of two numbers is a number, product of two matrices is again a
matrix. But in case of functions, we may multiply them in two ways, namely,
multiplication of two functions pointwise and composition of two functions. Similarly,
multiplication of two vectors is also defined in two ways, namely, scalar (or dot)
product where the result is a scalar, and vector (or cross) product where the
result is a vector, Based upon these two types of products for vectors, they have
found various applications in geometry, mechanics and engineering. In this section,
we will discuss these two types of products.
10.6.1 Scalar (or dot) product of two vectors
Definition 2 The s
lar product of two nonzero vectors @ and b, denoted by @- b, is
Reprint 2024-25 VECTOR ALGEBRA 36
Hence |a+5|<|a|+|5|
Remark If the equality holds in triangle inequality (in the above Example 20), i.e.
[a+5| = lal+lol,
then |AC| = |AB|+|BC|
showing that the points A, B and C are collinear.
Example 21 Show that the points A (-27 +3}+5k), B(?-+27+3k) and CC7?-&)
are collinear.
Solution We have
AB = (1+2)f+(2-3)]+G-5)k =37 -—j-2k,
BC = (7-Di+(0-2)j+(-1-3)k = 67 -27-4k,
AG = (7+2)i+(0-3)} + (-1-5)k =97 -3] -6k
|AB|= Vi4, |[BC|=2VI4 and |AG-3Vi4
Therefore lA
=|AB|+|BC|
Hence the points A, B and C are collinear.
@ Note | In Example 21, one may note that although AB +BC+CA =0 but the
points A, B and C do not form the vertices of a triangle.
EXERCISE 10.3
1. Find the angle between two vectors @ and 5 with magnitudes J3 and 2,
respectively having @.5 = V6 «
2. Find the angle between the vectors ?-27+3k and 3i-2j
(3. Find the projection of the vector /—
4. Find the projection of the vector 7 +37+7% on the vector 77-7 +8k.
J on the vector 7+.
Show that each of the given three vectors is a unit vector:
F01+3)+60, 3GF-6}+ 2k), Fi 273k)
Also, show that they are mutually perpendicular to each other.
Reprint 2024-25 362
MATHEMATICS
Find || and [5 |, if (@+5)-(@—5)=8 and| a|=8|5),
Evaluate the product (34 —5b)-(24+ 7b).
Find the magnitude of two vectors @ and 5, having the same magnitude and such
1
that the angle between them is 60° and their scalar product is
Find| #|, if fora unit vector @, (¥—a)-(¥+a)=12.
If G@=27+2743k, b
perpendicular to Z, then find the value of A.
i+2j+k and @=3/+j are such that a+26 is
Show that |@|5+|5|a is perpendicular to |a|5-|b|a , for any two nonzero
vectors @ and b,
Ifa and G4 =0, then what can be concluded about the vector 5?
6
‘are unit vectors such that @+5+é
If ab. , find the value of
G@b+b-E+e-a.
If either vector @=0 or b= ) =0. But the converse need not be
), then &
tue. Justify your answer with an example.
If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are (1, 2, 3), 1, 0, 0), @, 1, 2).
respectively, then find ZABC. [ZABC is the angle between the vectors BA and
BC].
Show that the points A(1, 2, 7), B(2, 6, 3) and C(3, 10, -1) are collinear.
Show that the vectors 27-j+é, '-37-5k and 37-4j-4k form the vertices
of aright angled triangle.
If@ is a nonzero vector of magnitude ‘a’ and 2.a nonzero scalar, then 44 is unit
vector if,
(A) he (B) A=-1 (C) a=lAl (D) a= 1A
10.6.3 Vector (or cross) product of two vectors
In Section 10.2, we have discussed on the three dimensional right handed rectangular
coordinate system. In this system, when the positive x-axis is rotated counterclockwise
Reprint 2024-25 368 MATHEMATICS
Example 25 Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are given
by the vectors @=3/+j+4k andb=i-j+k
Solution The area of a parallelogram with @ and Bas its adjacent sides is given
by |a@xd |.
Now
Therefore |@xb| = 2541416 =V42
and hence, the required area is J42.
[EXERCISE 104]
1. Find |@xb|, if @=i-77+7k and 6 = 37-27 +28.
2. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vector +5 and @—5, where
G@=37+27+2k and b=i+2j-2%.
3. Ifa unit vector @ makes angles x with or with 7 and an acute angle @ with
& , then find @ and hence, the components of @.
4. Show that
(G=b)x(@+b)=(axb)
5. Find Aand pif (2/+6j+27h)x(+Aj+ph)=0,
6. Given that @-5=0 and @xb=0 . What can you conclude about the vectors
Gand 5?
7. Let the vectors @,b,@ be given as aitaj+ask, bi +b,j+bsk,
cf +e) j+e,k . Then show that ax (5 +é)=axb +axé.
8 If either
answer with an example.
9. Find the area of the triangle with vertices A(1, 1, 2), B(2, 3, 5) and C(I, 5, 5).
6 or 5=6, then @b=0, Is the converse true? Justify your
Reprint 2024-25 VECTOR ALGEBRA 369
10. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are determined by the
j+3k and 6=27-7)7+k
vectors @
(Atte the vectors @ and bbe such that |a|=3 and |5
vector, if the angle between @ and Bis
(A) 1/6 (B) w/4 © m3 (D) m2
12. Area of a rectangle having vertices A, B, C and D with position vectors
s then @xé is a unit
3
wie Peak isp Fak ij 448 and — 1 +4k respectively is
(A) (B) I
aoe (D) 4
Miscellaneous Examples
Example 26 Write all the unit vectors in XY-plane.
Solution Let ¥=x?+y7 be a unit vector in XY-plane (Fig 10.28). Then, from the
figure, we have x= cos @ and y = sin @ (since |= 1). So, we may write the vector # as
F
P) = cosOi+sin® 7 (1)
Clearly, l7l= Veos* @+sin®
><
¥,
y
Fig 10.28
Also, as @ varies from 0 to 22, the point P (Fig 10.28) traces the circle x°+y*= 1
counterclockwise, and this covers all possible directions. So, (I) gives every unit vector
in the XY-plane.
Reprint 2024-25 372
10.
wage,
MATHEMATICS
Miscellaneous Exercise on Chapter 10
Write down a unit vector in XY-plane, making an angle of 30° with the positive
direction of x-axis.
Find the scalar components and magnitude of the vector joining the points
PQ, yy, g) and Q(x, Yu Z
A girl walks 4 km towards west, then she walks 3 km in a direction 30° east of
north and stops. Determine the girl’s displacement from her initial point of
departure.
|b
If 4 = +, then is it true that | 2 Justify your answer.
Find the value of x for which x(7 +7+£) is a unit vector.
Find a vector of magnitude 5 units, and parallel to the resultant of the vectors
-2j+k.
i+37-k and b
If @=i+j+k, b=27-j+3k and @=i-27 +4, find a unit vector parallel
to the vector 2a — b +32.
‘Show that the points A (1,~2,~8), B (5, 0,—2) and C(I, 3, 7) are collinear, and
find the ratio in which B divides AC.
Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points
P and Q whose position vectors are (24 +5) and (@ — 3b) externally in the ratio
1: 2, Also, show that P is the mid point of the line segment RQ.
‘The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 27-47+5k and 7-2}-36.
Find the unit vector parallel to its diagonal. Also, find its area.
Show that the direction cosines of a vector equally inclined to the axes OX, OY
and OZ are zt
EES)
vB) vB’ v3)
Leta
i+4j+2k, b=3i-27+7h and @=27—j+4k. Finda vector d which
is perpendicular to both dand 6, and 2.
15.
The scalar product of the vector + 7+& with a unit vector along the sum of
vectors 27+47-Sk and Ai+2]+3k is equal to one. Find the value of A.
. € are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes, show that the
vector -d=15 is equally inclined to @, b and é,
Reprint 2024-25 VECTOR ALGEBRA 373
15) Prove that (@+5)-(@+b
446,546.
Choose the correct answer in Exercises 16 to 19.
a) +15 ifand only if a, b are perpendicular, given
16. If is the angle between two vectors @ and 5, then g-/ >0 only when
x x
(A) 0<0<— 0
