SAMPLING
SAMPLING
In research, it refers to your method or process of
selecting respondents or people to answer questions
meant to yield data for a research study.
The chosen ones constitute the sample through
which you will derive the facts and evidence to support
the claims or conclusions propounded by your research
problem.
The bigger group from where you choose the
sample is called population.
Sampling frame is the term used to mean the list of
the members of such population from where you will get
the sample.
HISTORY
1920
Literary Digest did a pioneering survey about
the American citizen’s favorite among the 1920
presidential candidates. This was the very first survey
that serve as the impetus for the discovery by
academic researchers of other sampling strategies
that they categorized into two classes: Probability
sampling or unbiased sampling and non probability
sampling (Babbie 2013)
Probability Sampling
PROBABILITY SAMPLING OR
UNBIASED SAMPLING
Probability sampling involves all members listed in
the sampling frame representing a certain
population focused on by your study. An equal
chance of participation in the sampling or selection
process is given to every member listed in the
sampling frame.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING OR
UNBIASED SAMPLING
A sampling error crops if the selection does not take
place in the way it is planned. Such sampling error
is manifested by strong dissimilarity between the
sample and the ones listed in the sampling frame.
How numerous the sampling errors are depends on
the size of the sample. The smaller the sample is, the
bigger the number of sampling errors. Thus, choose
to have a bigger number of respondents to avoid
sampling errors.
The right sample size also depends on weather or
not the group is heterogeneous or homogeneous.
Types of Probability Sampling
1.) Simple random sampling
- is the best types of probability sampling through
which you can choose sample from a population. Using the
pure chance selection you assure every member the same
opportunity to be in the sample. Simple random sampling
happens through any of this two methods(Burns 2012)
a. Have a list of the member of the population ;
write each name on a card and choose card through pure
chance selection.
b. Have a list of all members; give a number to
member then use randomized or unordered numbers in
selecting names in the list.
Types of Probability Sampling
2.) Systematic Sampling
This procedure is as simple as selecting samples
every nth (example every 2nd, 5th) of the chosen
population until arriving at a desired total number of
sample size. Therefore, the selection is based on a
predetermined interval. Dividing the population size by
the sample size, the interval will be obtained.
For example, from a total population of 75, you have
25 samples; using systematic sampling, you will
decide to select every 3rd person on the list of
individuals.
3.) Stratified Sampling
The same with simple random sampling,
stratified random sampling also gives an equal
chance to all members of the population to be
chosen.
However, the population is first divided into strata or
groups before selecting the samples. The samples
are chosen from these subgroups and not directly
from the entire population. This procedure is best
used when the variables of the study are also
grouped into classes such as gender and grade
level.
Types of Probability Sampling
4.) Cluster Sampling
- this is probability sampling that makes you
isolate a set of a persons instead of individual
members to serve as sample members. For example, if
you want to have a sample of 120 out of 1000
students you can randomly select three sections with
40 students each to constitute the sample.
Non-Probability Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
- Disregards random selection of subject. The subject
are chosen base on their availability or the purpose
of the study , and in some cases, in the sole discretion
of the researchers. This is not scientific way of
selecting respondents. Neither does it offer a valid or
an objective way of detecting sampling
errors.(Edmond 2013).
Types of Non-Probability Sampling
1.) Quota Sampling
- this is when you think you know the characteristics of
the target population very well. In this case , pretend to
choose sample members possessing or indicating the
characteristics of the target population. Using a quota or
specific set of persons whom you believe to have the
characteristic of the target population involve the study in
your way of showing the sample that you have chosen
closely represents the target population as regard such
characteristic.
Types of Non-Probability Sampling
2.) Voluntary Sampling
- since the subject you expect to participate in the
sample selection are the ones volunteering to
constitute the sample, there is no need for you to do
any selection process.
3)Purposive or judgmental sampling
-You choose people whom you are sure could
correspond to the objectives of your study, like
selecting those with rich experience or interest in your
study.
Types of Non-Probability Sampling
4)Availability Sampling
-The willingness of a person as your subject to
interact with you counts a lot in this non-probability
sampling method.
5)Snowball Sampling
-Similar to snow expanding widely or rolling
rapidly, this sampling method does not give a specific
set of samples. This is true for a study involving
unspecified group of people.
