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Computer Hardware

Okolo Joseph

3 minutes

Definition of Computer Hardware

Computer Hardware can be defined as all the parts of the computer that are tangible.

It can also be defined as the parts of the computer you can see, touch, or handle.

Computer Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that perform the tasks of
input, output, processing, and storage

Examples of Computer Hardware

The following list represents a basic set of hardware found in most computers

Printer

Motherboard

Hard Disck Drive

Floppy Dick Drive

Compact Disk Drive

Monitor

Keyboard

Power Supply Circuit

Mouse, etc

Classification of Hardware

Hardware can be classified into:

Input Unit

Output Unit

Storage or Memory Unit

Processing Unit

Input Unit

The input unit helps the users to enter data and instructions into the computer. This unit receives data
and instructions from the user and transfers them to the computer for processing.

Examples of Input Devices

lightpen

Joystic

mouse

Microphone

Web camera

Stylus

Gamepad

Touch pad

Barcode reader

Output Unit

The output unit communicates the results of the computer's data processing to the user. It converts the
digital data processed by the computer into a human-understandable format.

Examples of Output Devices

Printer

Speakers

Projector

Plotter

Haptic Feedback Devices

Digital Photo Frame: Displays digital photos

Memory or Storage Unit

The memory unit holds data and instructions for the computer.

Examples of Storage Devices

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Flash Drive

Hard Disk Drive

Compact Disk

Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)

Secure Digital card or SD card

Magnetic Tape

Processing Unit

The processing unit is responsible for carrying out or executing instructions for computer programs.

Examples of Processing Devices

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

Network Unit

This unit provides the infrastructure for multiple computer systems to communicate and share
resources such as files, printers, and Internet access.

Examples of Network Devices

Modem

Routers

Hubs

Switches
 Network Interface Card (NIC)

Load Balancers

Network Attached Storage (NAS)

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Computer software jss two

Okolo Joseph

4 - 5 minutes

TOPIC: Computer Software

CLASS: JSS Two

Definition of Software

i. Software is a set of instructions and procedures passed to the computer to perform certain activities
or tasks.

ii. It can also be defined as a set of instructions that direct the activities of the computer system to
undertake a specific task.

Unlike hardware, computer software are not tangible.

Types of Software

Software is divided into two broad groups, these are:

1. System Software
2. Application software

System Software

System software is a collection of programs that supports computer operations. It can also be defined as
programs that help run the computer hardware and application software. These are:

a. Operating system

b. Utility software

c. Translators

Operating system

Operating (OS) is a software program that manages the hardware and software resources of the
computer.

Examples of Operating System are:

Disk Operating System (DOS)

Microsoft Windows

UNIX

LINUX

MAC

Android

IOS

Ubuntu

Chrome

Solaris

FreeBSD

NetBSD

Utility software
Utility software (service programs) are used for general housekeeping of the computer.

Examples of Utility Programs are:

File manager or explorer

Anti-virus

Network manager

Disk cleanup software

Data compression utilities

Disk defragmenter or partitioner

System optimizer software

Screen recorder software

Driver updater software

Backup software

Translators

Translators are programs for converting programs in other languages into machine language instruction
so that the computer can execute them.

Examples of Translators are:

Assembler

Compiler

Interpreter

Decompilers.

Application Software

These are software that allows humans (the end users) to accomplish one or more specific (non-
computer) tasks.
Types of Application Software

Application software can be divided into two main categories:

[Link] Purpose or Specialized Application Software

ii. General Purpose or Productivity Appication software

Specific Purpose or Specialized Application Software

This type of software is designed to perform a single task efficiently, such as accounting software,
reservation system, banking software, video editing software, etc.

General Purpose or Productivity Appication software

This type of software helps users to be more productive in their work. They are designed to perform a
wide variety of tasks. Some productivity software are examined below.

Word processing software

These are software used for creating, editing and printing document. Examples include; Microsoft Word,
Google Docs, Notepad, Corel WordPerfect, WordPad, WPS Writer, Apple Pages, FocusWriter, Scrivener,
Ulysses, LibreOffice Writer, etc.

Spreadsheet software

These are software for performing accounting and statistical calculations. Examples are Microsoft Excel,
Lotus 1-2-3, Google Sheets, Zoho Sheet, Airtable, Quip, EtherCalc, Apple Numbers, etc.

Graphics software

These are software that is used for drawing and designing purposes, examples include: CorelDraw, Paint,
Photoshop, Instant Artist, Inkscape, GIMP, Sketch, Figma, Gravit Designer, Canva, Pixlr, etc

Database Application
Database software allows you to enter, retrieve and update data in an organized and efficient manner.
Commonly used database programs include Microsoft Access, Oracle, SQL Server, Paradox, Cassandra,
HBase, Redis, MongoDB and Elasticsearch

Presentation Program

A presentation program is a computer software package used to display information, normally in the
form of a slide show. Examples are MS power point Corel Presentations, [Link] Impress,
SlideSlider, SlideRocket SlideWiki, Audience (software), Ease, Emaze, WPS presentation, etc

Gaming Software

Gaming software also known as a computer game, is an electronic game that involves interaction with a
user interface or input device such as a joystick, controller, keyboard, or motion sensing device to
generate audiovisual feedback. Examples: GTA, FIFA 2022, ZUMA, Naija Whot, etc

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Operating System

Okolo Joseph

6 - 7 minutes

Operating System

TOPIC: Operating System

CLASS: JSS Two

Definition of an Operating System

i. An operating system (OS) is system software that manages the hardware and software resources of
the computer.

ii. An operating system is software that controls the overall activity of a computer.
iii. The term operating system (OS) denotes the collection of programs that act as an interface between
the user’s program and the computer hardware.

The main purpose of the operating system is to effectively and judiciously manage the computer system
resources, such as processors, main memory, secondary storage, input and output devices and files.

Examples of Operating System

Examples of commonly used operating systems include:

a. DOS (Disk Operating System)

b. Windows (95, 98, 2000, NT, ME, XP, 7, 8, 10)

c. Unix

d. Linux

e. Mac

f. IOS

g. Android

Types of Operating System

i. Real-time operating system (RTOS) -

A Real-Time Operating System

This is an operating system that rapidly switches between tasks. Real-time operating systems are used to
control machinery, scientific instruments and industrial systems.

ii. Single-user-single task

As the name implies, this operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can
effectively do one thing at a time.

iii. Single-user, multi-tasking

As the name implies, this operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can
effectively do more than one thing at a time.

iv. Multi-user
A multi-user operating system allows many different users to take advantage of the computer's
resources simultaneously.

v. Distributed

A distributed operating system manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear to
be a single computer.

Functions of Operating System

Functions of the operating system include:

1. Starting of the computer:

When we switch on a computer, the necessary files of the operating system get loaded to make it ready
to accept a command. This process of loading files is called booting. The operating system boots up the
operating system

2. Resource allocation:

The operating system allocates or assigns resources.

3. Monitoring of system activities:

Another function of the operating system is to monitor the system activities such as system
performance and security.

4. Disk and file management:

The operating system contains a program that performs functions related to disk or file management.
Some of these functions are: disk formatting, deleting files, creating files and folders, renaming files and
copying files or folders.

5. User interface:

The operating system creates an interface between the user and other application programs. A user
interface controls how the user interacts with the computer. An example of a user interface is the
Graphical User Interface (GUI) and Text User Interface (TUI) also known as the command line interface

ICT-Based Gadgets

Okolo Joseph

4 - 5 minutes

CLASS: JSS Two

ICT gadgets are technological devices or appliances that are used to manipulate information.

Examples of ICT Gadgets

Some ICT gadgets include:

Fax Machine

A Fax Machine is also known as a facsimile machine. It transmits texts and graphics messages from one
location to the other; it might be within the country or outside a country with the use of a series of
numbers called Fax numbers. It is a combination of a telephone and a photocopier.

Telephone

A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunication device that permits two or more users to conduct a
conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and
most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals suitable for transmission via cables or other
transmission media over long distances, and replays such signals simultaneously in audible form to its
user.

Cell Phone (GSM)

Cellular or cell phone generally referred to as GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications,
originally Groupe Spécial Mobile) can be used as a normal telephone to make or receive calls and also
send and receive text messages. The latest cell phone technology allows one to send and receive e-mail
and digital photographs.

Computer
A computer is a programmable machine that inputs, processes and outputs data. The computer can be
used to send and receive emails, hold teleconference and video conferences, process huge volumes of
data in some seconds, etc.

Automated Teller Machine (ATM)

An automated Teller Machine also known as an automated banking machine (ABM) or cash machine is a
computerized telecommunication device that provides the client of a financial institution with access to
financial transactions in public space without the need for a cashier, human clerk or bank teller.

Vending Machine

A vending machine is a machine that gives items to customers automatically after the customer inserts
currency or credit into the machine.

Radio Set

A radio receiver (commonly also called a radio) is an electronic device that receives radio waves and
converts the information carried by them to a usable form. It is used with an antenna. The antenna
intercepts radio waves (electromagnetic waves) and converts them to tiny alternating currents which
are applied to the receiver, and the receiver extracts the desired information.

Television

Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting sound with moving images in
monochrome (black-and-white), in colour, and in two or three dimensions.

VR (Virtual Reality) headset

Smartwatches

Smartwatches are wearable devices that connect to smartphones and provide quick access to
notifications, fitness tracking, music control, sleep tracking, health monitoring, and other apps.

Creating messages with a Cell phone (GSM)

To create a message with a mobile phone, follow the steps below:

i. Select the message menu

ii. Select the create message submenu

iii. Type the message

iv. Enter the recipient’s number

v. Press the ok/Send/Yes key

Retrieving Message with a Cell phone (GSM)

To retrieve a message with a mobile phone, follow the steps below:

i. Send the message menu

ii. Select the inbox submenu.

iii. Scroll to the message you want from the list of displayed messages.

iv. Press OK/YES to read the message.

Sending a fax using a Fax machine

NOTE: Modern phones permit SMS to be created and retrieved in the same environment

To send a fax with your fax machine:

ii. Enter the fax number you want to send it to.

iii. Press Send or Go (depending on your fax machine model)

iv. Wait for the fax to finish scanning and sending your document