Propagation and Antenna

Chapter 3.0
Lecture Delivered By:
Ram Krishna Maharjan, Ph.D.
(Professor)
Electronics & Computer Engg. Dept.,
Institute of Engineering (IOE),
Tribhuvan University (TU)
Chap. 3 Antenna Classification:
1. As Based on Directional or Non-directional
i. Isotropic Antenna
ii. Omni-Directional Antenna
iii. Directional Antenna

2. As Based on Wired or Non-Wired

i. Wired Antennas
ii. Aperture Antennas
iii. Printed Antennas: Patch Antenna

3. Classification of Wired Antennas

a) Dipoles, Single Wire, Vee Antenna, Rhombic
b) Loop Antennas, Spiral (Helical) Antenna
c) Array Antennas: Broad side, End Fire, Colinear,
Parasitic, Log-periodic
3
 Antenna Classification…
4. Classification of Aperture Antennas
a) Horn Antennas
b) Reflector Antennas

5. Classification of Horn Antennas

i.) Conical Horn
ii.) Pyramidal Horn

6. Classification of Conical Horn Feed

i.) Single Mode Type1
ii.) Multi-Mode Type4
iii.) Hybrid Type2
4
 Antenna Classification…
7. Classification of Pyramidal Horns
i.) Standard Pyramidal Horn
ii.) E-Plane Sectoral Horn
iii.) H-Plane Sectoral Horn

8. Based on of Reflector Surface Geometry

a) Plane Reflector 2
b) Corner Reflector 2
c) Curved Reflector 3

9. Classification of Curved Reflector Antennas

i.) Symmetrical Type
ii.) Asymmetrical Type (Offset Type)
5
 Antenna Classification…
10. Plane Reflector Classification
a) Small Plane Reflector
b) Large Plane Reflector

11. Corner Reflector Classification

a) Passive Corner Reflector
b) Active Corner Reflector

12. Curved Reflector Classification

a) Parabolic Reflector
b) Hyperbolic Reflector
c) Elliptical Reflector
d) Circular Reflector: Lens Antenna
6
 Antenna Classification…

13. Classification of no. of Reflectors

i.) Single Reflector Type
ii.) Dual Reflector Type
iii.) Multi- Reflector Type

14. Classification Based on TX or RX Modes

a) Transmitting Antenna
b) Receiving Antenna
c) Transmitting / Receiving Antenna
7
 Chap. 3 Antenna Classification…

3.1 Isotropic Antenna

• An Isotropic Radiator is defined as “a
Hypothetical Lossless Antenna having
Equal Radiation in all Directions.”

For Examples: Sun, Stars etc.

8
 Isotropic Radiator Concept

An Isotropic Radiator

Isotropic Radiator Source Located at Point A

Comparison: Isotropic Radiator &
Dipole Antennas
3D Comparison: Isotropic Radiator &
Dipole Antennas
 Antenna Classification
3.1 Isotropic Antenna
• Isotropic means Equally in all Directions
• Ideal/Fictitious/False/ Imaginary Antenna
• It Radiates Uniformly in all Directions
• Reference Antenna
• No use in Practical/Hypothetical Antenna
• Lossless Antenna
• 0 dB Gain Antenna
12
 Chap. 3 Antenna Classification…
Isotropic Antenna….
• Spherical Radiation
• Also named Unipole Antenna
• Electrical Field Intensity, E= √(30Pt/r2)
• Concept of EIRP, PFD & Pr applied
• Directivity of Isotropic Radiator,
DIsot = 1 13
 Antenna Classification…
Isotropic Antenna….
Power Uniformly Distributed over the
surface of Sphere of Radius r ,
P = Pt/4πr2
Where, P is the Power Received at a
Distance r from Isotropic Antenna
Pt is the Total Power Transmitted
14
 Antenna Classification…
Isotropic Antenna
• The Field Intensity at a point P as.
For Electromagnetic Waves
ƞ = E/H
Since, P = EH
Thus, P = E2/ƞ
15
 Antenna Classification …
Hence, P = E2/ƞ = Pt/4πr2
As we know ƞ = 120 π.
Thus, E2 = ƞ Pt/4πr2
= 120 πPt/4πr2
E2 = 30 Pt/r2
E = √(30 Pt/r2 )
H=? 16
 Isotropic Antenna
Directivity
D = Umax/Uav = Um/Uo
= 4πUm/ 4πUo = 4πUm/P
Where, P is Total Power Radiated
Since, UO = P/ 4π and P = UmΩA
So, D = 4π/ΩA
Where, ΩA =∫∫ (θ,ɸ)/∫ (θ,ɸ)max dΩ
17
This is Beam solid angle or, Beam Area
 Isotropic Antenna
Directivity
Where, ΩA =∫∫ (θ,ɸ)/∫ (θ,ɸ)max dΩ

So, D = 4π/ΩA
For Isotropic Radiator, the Beam solid
angle or, Beam Area, ΩA = 4π
Then, D Isot = 1
18
 Antenna Classification
3.2 Omni Directional Antenna
Major Features:
• Radiation Intensity Uniformly and
Equally in all Directions except
Upward
• Non- Directional Antenna
• The Quarter Wavelength Antenna
19
Short Dipole Radiation Pattern
(Omni Directional) …

20
Short Dipole Radiation Pattern
(Omni Directional) …
Omni Directional Radiation Patterns

b) Without minor lobes

Azimuthal-plane Beam
 Omnidirectional Antenna …
• Vertical Antenna
• Marconi Antenna for MW
Propagation
• Vertically Polarized Antenna
• Image Antenna as a Reflection
• Telescopic Antenna in Radio
Receiver 23
 Omni -Directional Antenna…
• Suitable for ̴500KHz to ̴150 MHz
• Main Wave: Ground Wave and Ground
Reflected Wave
• Sky Wave at Night Time only
• During Day Time its Sky wave is
Absorbed by D-Layer. During Night Time ?
• MW Propagation is Affected by Electric
Discharge 24
 Omni -Directional Antenna…
• Radiation Resistance, Rr ≈ 36 Ohm
• 792 KHz MW Radio, λ/4=94.6969..m (h)
• Short Dipole Antenna has also
Omnidirectional Radiation Pattern
• Tx Mode: AM Broadcasting
• Tx Power : Few KW to ̴ 5 MW
25
 Omni -Directional Antenna…
• Beamwidth=450x3600(θ x ɸ)
• Bandwidth=10% of Designed f
• Polarization = Vertical
• Connecting Inductor series with Whip Antenna
gives Shorter than λ/4 Antenna Length
• Connecting Capacitor series with Whip Antenna
gives Longer than λ/4 Antenna Length (Leff)
• Band of Frequencies: LW,MW,VHFlow
26
 Omni -Directional Antenna…
• Affected by Lightning &
Man-made noises
• Bandwidth: > 10% FBW
• HPBW = 900
• Propagation Method: Diffraction
• Surface Absorption f < 100 KHz
• Fading: Not Significant
• Applications: Regional Broadcasting and Police
27
 Omnidirectional Antenna…
• Antenna Types:
– Marconi Antenna
– Telescopic Antenna
– Whip Antenna
– Walkie-Talkie Antenna
– All Types of λ/4 Vertical Antennas
28
 Omnidirectional Antenna…
Omnidirectional Antennas are fed Unbalanced with respect to Ground

29
Marconi Antenna
Omni-Directional Antenna …

Vertical Antenna : Whip Antenna

Masts
Whip Antenna
 Omni-Directional Antenna, Dipole
Dipole Antenna: It is also called Doublet.
• Hertz Antenna
• Having distributed R, L, and C
• Normally named Half Wave (HW) Dipole
• The Electrical Dimensions of the two are
the same
• Symmetrical Antenna in which the two
ends are at equal potential relative to the
midpoint 34
HW Dipole Antenna
 Dipole
Dipole Antenna…
• Current and Voltage Distribution on a Half-
wave Dipole, I is Maximum at the Midpoint
and Minimum at the ends
• Whereas V is Maximum at the ends and
Minimum at the midpoint (center).
• A Halfwave Dipole is Physically 5% shorter
than the free Space Wavelength, because
of velocity of Propagation of the wave
along each arm(leg) is 5% slower than C.
36
Half Wave Dipole
HP Dipole and Short Dipole Radiations

Radiation Patterns
Dipole Antenna

39
Half-wave Dipole Antenna
Different Types of HW Dipole
Dipole as a Radiator
Types of HW Dipoles
Different Use of HW Dipoles
Folded Dipole Types
 Dipole Classifications
Dipole Antenna Types as based on λ
1. Infinitesimal (Very Short) DipoleOmnidirectional
L ≤ λ /50 (i.e. L << λ) not very practical ant.
2. Short Dipole (Small Dipole)
λ/50 < l ≤ λ/10 or, L ≤ λ/10
3. Half Wave Dipole
L = λ /2
4. Long Dipole
L ≥ λ /2 46
3-Dimensional Radiation of Very Short
Dipole Antenna

Three-dimensional radiation pattern of Infinitesimal dipole

 Omni-Directional Antenna, Dipole
Dipole Antenna Types as based on λ
1. Continuous (Uniform) Dipole
L = λ /2
2. Split Rod Dipole: Split Tx line
Two parts of λ /4
3. Folded Dipole
Folding of continuous rod with overall end
to end length (L)= λ /2
51
 Dipole Antenna ….

Applications:
• VHF and UHF bands

• Driven Element for Yagi Antenna

• Concept used in Log-Periodic Antennas

• TV Channel Receiving
52
 3.3 Travelling Wave Antennas
Major Features:
• Non Resonant Antenna
• Associated with Travelling (Incident)
Waves
• Radiation from a Continuous Source
• Antenna End Terminated with Resistor (s)
• Thus forward wave is absorbed rather
than reflected
 Travelling Wave Antennas …

Major Features:
• 50% of forward energy is loss
• Virtually no Reflected waves
• Resistive type Antenna
• Since Impedance is resistive , i.e. not
sensitive to Frequency
Terminated Long Wire Antenna

Terminated Long wire above ground and radiation pattern

 Travelling Wave Antennas …
Major Features ….
• It Offers a wide bandwidth
• No standing wave components
• Half of the power is absorbed by terminated
Resistor
• It Produces Unidirectional Radiation Pattern
 Travelling Wave Antennas …
Major Features:
• E.g. Terminated long wire, V and Rhombic
Antennas
• Terminated Resistance: 500 Ω - 600 Ω
• It has Uniform Wave
• Main wave: Sky Wave
Terminated Vee antennas

Terminated V antennas
Terminated Rhmobic antennas

Rhombus formed by 2 V's

Rhmobus Grounded : Single Wire Type

Rhombus formed by inverted vertical V over ground

 Standing Wave Antennas
Major Features:
• Resonant Antenna
• Associated with Travelling and Standing Waves
• Antenna End(s) is not Terminated with Resistor
(s)
• Thus Forward and Reverse waves are Observed
• Input Impedance is Reactive rather than
Resistive
 Standing Wave Antennas
Major Features ….
• Highly Sensitive to Frequency
• Very Narrow Bandwidth
• Only use for Specified (Selected) band of
Frequencies
• Two Waves of Equal Amplitude and 1800
phase Difference at the open Ends (Rhombus)
• Produce Bidirectional Radiation Pattern
 Standing Wave Antennas
Standing Wave Antenna Types:

1. Unterminated Long Wire Antenna

2. Unterminated Vee Antenna

3. Unterminated Rhmobic Antenna

 Single Wire Antenna
• Long Wire Antenna, L = 2 λ ̴ 8 λ
• Beverage or Wave Antenna
• It is also named Harmonic Antenna
• Effective for wide Bandwidth
• It acts as a Lossy Transmission Line
• Types: Terminated for Unidirectional Radiation
Unterminated for Bidirectional ’’
Long Wire Antenna

Long Wire Antenna

Long Wire Antenna

Antennas with Lengths Greater than λ/2 are generally

placed in the Category of Long-Wire Antennas.
Long Wire Antennas

Long Wire Antennas

Antenna Length versus Gain over Dipole
 Single Wire Antenna
Features:
• Tilting Antenna for Sky Wave Propagation
• Main Wave: Ground and Ground Reflected Wave
• Physical Length(Lfeet)= 492(N-0.05)/f(MHz)
Where, N is no. of λ/2
• Suitable for Amateur Radio band 144-148 MHz
• Gain is Directly Proportional to no. λ/2
• Directivity and Radiation Angle(ɸ) ↓as Lant ↑
Long (Long) Wire Antenna with
Radiation Patterns
Long Wire Antenna Terminated
Long Wire Antenna Non-Terminated

Three-dimensional free-space amplitude pattern for traveling and standing wave

wire antennas of l = 5λ
 Single Wire Antenna…
Features:
• Gain = 0 dB for λ/2, 1.5dB for 2 λ & 4.5dB for 8 λ L
• Feed point Impedance ≈ 500 – 600 Ω
• Apex Angle varies ̴350 for 8λ & ̴700 for 2λ Length
• Half power is Dissipated for Terminated Resistor
• Only Half power of TX will be Radiated
• Polarization: Horizontal or Vertical
 Single Wire Antenna….
Features:
• Electrical length is no. of λ/2
• Directivity: moderate
• Wire antennas may be vertical, horizontal or sloppy
with respect to the ground plane
• feeding in the center, at an end or anywhere in
between
• The location of the feed determines the direction of
the lobe, and
• The orientation of the wire determines the polarization
 Single Wire Antenna …
Features:
• Radiation Angle ≈ 450 if Antenna // to the
Ground
• These Wires may be Thin or Thick.
• Thickness of Wire Influences the Characteristics
of an Antenna, Particularly its Radiation
Resistance.
• There are a Number of Antennas which are
made of Wires
 Thank You
for Your Present!

Contact Address:
Ram Krishna Maharjan, Ph.D.
(Professor)
Email: rkmahajn@[Link],
rkmahajn@[Link]
Dept. of Electronics & Computer Engg.
Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University