DISASTER PREPAREDNESS &PLANNING MANAGEMENT

UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION OF DISASTER:
DISASTER:
• The word “Disaster” Came from French & Greek Languages.

• The meaning of Disaster means: “Dis” means Bad, ”aster” means Star.

• It is representing as Bad Star. In Disaster means Something should be happened as Bad moments. Ex: Earth quakes,
Tsunami, Floods, coastal flooding, Ice Storm, wildfire etc.

• It is a Sudden Event that causes a wide spread & Immeasurable damage, loss Destruction to life property, Livelihoods,
Economy & Environment is a disaster.

• A Disaster is a serious problem occurring over a short or long period of time that causes widespread human, Material,
Economic or environmental loss which Exceeds.

• The ability of the affected Community or Society to Cope using its own Resources.

• The forward-looking to see the potential of loss of life, Destruction and damage in a certain time frame.

• It is dynamic that it can grow or shrink depending on our capacity to eliminate the Vulnerability

HAZARD:

• Hazard means “May occur or something could happened”.

• The Hazard is a potential threat to human life, property, or the Environment.

• The Hazard is a process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life Injury or other health Impacts,
Property Damage, Social and Economic Disruption or Environmental degradation.

CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARD:
FLOODS:
The floods are a hazard that can occur due to heavy rainfall or the failure of dams the characteristics of floods Include
rapid onset, high water levels and fast moving water currents that can cause damage to buildings & Infrastructure.

EARTH QUAKES:
The earthquakes are a hazard that can occur due to the movement of tectonic plates beneath the earth’s surface, the
characteristics of earthquakes Include Sudden onset, ground shaking & Aftershocks that can cause damage to buildings &
Infrastructure.
HURRICANES:
The Hurricanes are a hazard that can occur due to changes in atmospheric pressure & wind patterns in the ocean the
characteristics of hurricanes Include high winds, heavy rainfall that can cause damage to buildings & Infrastructure.

WILDFIRES:
The wild fires are a hazard that can occur due to natural or human causes such as lighting Strikes or careless, wildfires
Include fast Moving flames high Temperatures& Smoke that can cause damage to buildings & Infrastructure.

LAND SLIDES:
The Land slides are a hazard that can occur due to heavy rainfall earthquakes or changes in Soil conditions, the
sudden onset Movement of Soil &the potential for damage to buildings & Infrastructure.

Examples of Hazards: Earthquake, Flood, Wave action, Convective Storm, Tropical Cyclone, Ice Storm, wildfire, drought
etc.

VULNERABILITY:

• The Vulnerability refers to the potential for a person, group or community to suffer harm or damage as a result of a
disaster. Those People’s are not able to face Disaster as well as not able to respond.

• The Vulnerability is influenced by a range of factors, Including Socio-economic status, geographic location, age,
health status, Disability , and access to resources and services.

• The Vulnerability assessments are often conducted to identify populations or areas that may be more Susceptible to
negative impacts of a disaster.

• This information can then be used to develop targeted Interventions and strategies to reduce Vulnerability and
enhance resilience

• It helps ensure that resources and services are allocated equitably and that those who are most at risk are given the
necessary support to prepare for, respond to and recover from Disasters.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VULNERABILITY ARE AS FOLLOWS:

• People-Lives

• Health

• Security

• Living Conditions property Services

• Physical property loss

• Loss of Use Economy

• Loss of products & Production

• Income

RESILIENCE:
The Resilience is the ability of Individuals, Communities and Systems to adapt and recover from the Impacts of
Disasters, it will providing as backend supporting as food, shelter, clothes, Money etc.
 The Resilience is the ability of a system, community or society Exposed to Hazards to Resist, absorb, Accommodate
to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient Manner, Including through the preservation and Restoration
of its essential basic structure and functions.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESILIENCE:
ANTICIPATION:
The Resilient Communities anticipate potential Disasters and take measures to prepare for them.
Example: Communities located in areas prone to hurricanes may build stronger structures, create emergency plans &
stockpile Essential Supplies.

FLEXIBILITY:
The Resilient systems are flexible and able to adapt to changing circumstances.
Example: Emergency Response teams may adjust their strategies in real-time to address the evolving needs of affected
communities.

SOCIAL CAPITAL:
The Resilient communities have strong social networks and are able to work together effectively during & after
disasters.
Example: Neighbors may come together to help one another Evacuate, share Resources, or rebuild damage Infrastructure.

REDUNDANCY:
The Resilient Systems have redundant components that can serve as backups, If primary Systems fail.
Example: Hospitals may have backup generators to ensure that critical medical equipment continues to function during power
outages.

LEARNING:
The Resilient Systems learn from past disasters and use that knowledge to improve their preparedness and Response
in the future.
Example: Emergency Management agencies may conduct post-disaster evaluations to Identify areas for Improvement and
Implement changes to their protocols & Procedures, By building resilience, communities can reduce the Impact of Disasters
& Recover more quickly from their effects.

RISKS SEVERITY:
The Risks Severity refers to the potential impact and consequences of a particular hazard or Disaster event, it takes
into account the extent to which the hazard or disaster can effect people, property, and the environment.
The expected losses (lives lost, persons injured, damage to Property and disruption of economic activity) due to a
particular hazard.
Risk =hazard x vulnerability
Risk is a “measure of the expected losses due to a hazard event occurring in a given area over a specific time period.
Risk is a function of the probability of particular hazardous event and the losses each would.
The severity of a risk is typically determined by assessing two main factors:
1. PROBABILITY: this refers to the likelihood of the hazard or disaster occurring in a given location or context the
probability of a hazard can be affected by a range of factors, such as weather patterns, geological conditions, and human
activities

2. CONSEQUENCES: this refers to the extent of the impact that the hazard or disaster could have on people, property, and
the environment the consequences of a disaster can range from minor damage to complete destruction of infrastructure and
loss of life.

• By combining these two factors, risk severity can be assessed and used to prioritize disaster preparedness and
planning efforts.

• Example: hazards with high probability and high consequence are considered to have high risk severity and should
be given more attention in terms of preparedness and planning efforts.

• In addition, it is important to note that risk severity can also be influenced by other factors such as Vulnerability &
Exposure.

• the vulnerability refers to the level of Susceptibility of a particular population or asst to the hazard or disaster while
exposure refers to the degree to which the population or asset is exposed to the hazard or disaster.

• these factors should also be considered in risk severity assessments to develop effective disaster preparedness &
planning Management system.
There are different ways dealing as of Risk Severity:

RISK ACCEPTANCE:
It is an informed decision to accept the possible consequences and likelihood of a particular risk.

RISK AVOIDANCE:
It is an informed decision to avoid involvement in activities leading to risk realization.

RISK REDUCTION:
It is refers to the application of appropriate techniques to reduce the likelihood of risk occurrence and its
consequences.

RISK TRANSFER:
It is involves shifting of the burden of risk to another party, One of the most common forms of risk transfer is
Insurance.

FREQUENCY & DETAILS:

It is an essential aspect of disaster preparedness because, it helps in Identifying the likelihood & potential Impact of
a disaster.
The understanding the frequency of Disasters helps in identifying Vulnerable areas, populations, and Infrastructure
which are critical for developing effective Disaster preparedness Plans:

• Basically, we have to identify the Geological conditions as well as Danger zones

• Next we have to analysis the Damages of Particular Factors like.

• Vulnerable people

• Population

• Infrastructure
We have to do proper planning as Before & After Disaster:

• Before Disaster, we have to take as precautions & safety to build as strong construction

• After disaster, government ,helping organizations, Non-government agencies need to provide as resources like food,
clothes, shelter, finance
Disaster like earthquake, Tsunami, Floods, Ice Storm etc.
The frequency of disasters varies depending on the type of disaster & Geographical location.
Disaster preparedness plans must take into account the frequency of disasters to ensure that they are relevant and effective.
If the frequency of a particular disaster is high, then it is critical to develop plans that are robust & scalable to address
the potential Impact of the Disaster.
On the Other hand, details in Disaster preparedness & Planning management refers to the various aspects of disaster
preparedness plans that need to be considered details can Include various Elements such as risk assessments, Evacuation plans,
communication plans, resource Allocation & Recovery Plans.

• The effective disaster preparedness plans must consider all the essential details to ensure that they are comprehensive
and able to address all potential Impacts of a Disaster, Details can vary depending on the Type of disaster, The
 location and the population that is likely to be affected Characteristics of Disaster preparedness plans must also be
considered to ensure they are effective.
Some of the critical characteristics of effective disaster preparedness plans Include:

FLEXIBILITY:
The Disaster preparedness plans must be flexible and adaptable to address the ever-changing nature of Disasters.

SCALABILITY:
The disaster preparedness plans must be Scalable to address the potential Impact of a disaster on a large Scale.

INCLUSIVENESS:
Disaster preparedness plans must be Inclusive to ensure that all populations Including Vulnerable are marginalized
groups are Considered.

CO-ORDINATION:
The Disaster preparedness plans must be Co-ordinates an involve all Stakeholders Included communication plans
that enable effective communication before, during & after a disaster By considering the frequency, details and characteristics
of disaster preparedness plans It is possible to develop effective &comprehensive plans that can help reduce the Impact of
Disasters on Individuals, communities & Society as a whole.

CAPACITY:
The capacity refers to the ability of Individuals, Organizations, & Communities to effectively respond to disasters
Including the resources, Skills & Systems needed to anticipate prevent & Mitigate the Impact of Disasters Capacity building
in disaster Preparedness & Planning Management Involves developing and Enhancing these resources, Skills, and Systems
through training Programs, Planning Exercises Communication networks.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CAPACITY:
RISK ASSESSMENT:
The first step in disaster preparedness &planning Management is conduct a risk assessment to Identify Potential
hazards, Vulnerabilities & risks to the Community or organization This Involves analyzing the likelihood and potential Impact
of Disasters, Including natural Disasters, & Manmade Disaster technological hazards, & human-Induced Disasters.

PLANNING & RESPONSE:

The Disaster preparedness and planning Management Involves developing and Implementing plans & Procedures
for responding to Disasters, This includes Identifying roles &responsibilities establishing communication networks,
Emergency Supplies and conducting Simulations & drills.

COLLABORATION & CO-ORDINATION:

The effective Disaster Preparedness and planning Management requires Collaboration & Co-ordination between
various Stakeholders, Including local Authorities Emergency Services, Non-governmental organizations, Community
Members.
This Involves building relationships, Sharing Information and working together to ensure a Co-ordinated response
to Disasters.

TRAINING & EDUCATION:

The Disaster Preparedness & Planning training and education to Individuals, Organizations, & communities to
enhance their Capacity to Respond to Disasters. This Includes providing Information on Disaster risks and prevention,
developing skills in Emergency response & raising awareness of Disaster preparedness Strategies.

EVALUATION & IMPROVEMENT:

The Disaster preparedness & Planning Management Involves Continually Evaluating & Improving Disaster
Preparedness plans & Response capabilities This Involves assessing the effectiveness of response plans & procedures
Identifying areas for Improvement and Incorporating lessons learned from previous Disasters overall effective disaster
preparedness & planning Management requires ongoing effort & collaboration between various Stakeholders.

IMPACT:
The impact refers to the effect or Consequence of a disaster on people, Infrastructure, environment , and the economy
Disaster Preparedness planning and Management aim to Mitigate The Impact of disasters by Identifying and assessing
potential hazards, developing plans & Implementing strategies to reduce risks & Vulnerabilities.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPACT:
REDUCTION IN LOSS OF LIFE:
One of the primary Impacts of Disaster primary Impacts of Disaster preparedness planning and Management is a
reduction in the loss of life Early warning Systems, Evacuation plans, and emergency response procedures can save lives.

PROTECTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE:
The Disaster preparedness planning & management can protect critical Infrastructure such as buildings, roads,
bridges & power stations, reducing the risk of damage & long-term Economic Impacts.

INCREASED RESILIENCE:
The disaster preparedness planning & management can Improve a community’s resilience in the face of Disasters. It
can help reduce the Impact of Disasters Decrease recovery time & Enhance the communitys ability to cope with future events.

COST SAVINGS:
The effective Disaster preparedness planning& management can save costs associated with emergency response &
post-Disaster recovery.

IMPROVED SOCIAL COHESION:

The Disaster preparedness planning &management can faster social cohesion & community resilience bringing
people together to prepare for and respond to disasters.

EXAMPLES OF IMPACT OF DISASTERS:

HUMAN IMPACT:
Example1: The Disasters can cause Injuries, deaths &displacement of people for Instance the “Haiti Earthquake”as
westIndain (Island) in 2010 resulted in over 2,20,000 deaths.
Example2: Recent, Turkey & Syria deaths overall in 51,700 deaths.

ECONOMIC IMPACT:
The Disasters can cause significant damage to infrastructure, businesses & the economy.
Example: Hurricane Katrina as Neworlean’s in 2005 caused over $100 Billion in damages & resulted in Job losses, business
closures & significant Economic.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:
The disasters can also have a severe Impact on the Environment, Including air & water quality, wildlife & Ecosystems.
The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (Oil Spills occur when petroleum oil is released into ocean following accidents,
such as vessels crashing or damage & problems with oil platforms & drilling) in 2010 caused Extensive Damage to marine
Ecosystems & Impacted the livelihoods of coastal communities.
The Effective Disaster preparedness planning & management can help reduce the impact of Disasters on Society.

PREVENTION:
Prevention is one of the most important aspects of disaster preparedness and management It involves taking proactive
measures to reduce the risk of disasters and minimize their potential impact Some of the key characteristics of prevention in
disaster management Include:
RISK ASSESSMENT:
The prevention involves assessing the potential risks and vulnerabilities that exist in a community or region:

• To Identify the Dangerous Zone as Vulnerabilities, heavy population & Infrastructure.

• We have to conduct as awareness sessions to public, students, & uneducated guys also.

• When disaster or hazard may be happened following as planning preparedness providing as food, shelter, water,
money , Medical treatment, Medicines etc.
This includes identifying natural hazards, such as floods or earthquakes, as well as human-made hazards,
Infrastructure failure such as terrorism, fires, Structural Collapse bridges, Airplane crashes, wars etc.
Example: A city in a high-risk earthquake zone may conduct a seismic risk assessment to identify vulnerable buildings and
infrastructure and take steps to reinforce them.

EDUCATION AND AWARENESS:

The prevention also involves educating the public and raising awareness about the potential risks and hazards they
may face This can include providing information on how to prepare for disasters and how to respond during an emergency.
Example: A community may conduct public education campaigns on how to prepare for hurricanes including creating
emergency kits and developing evacuation plans.

PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS:

The Prevention involves developing plans and taking preparedness measures to reduce the impact of disasters, this
includes establishing emergency response procedures and conducting regular drills to test their preparedness.
Example: A hospital May develop an Emergency preparedness plan that Includes Stock Piling Medical Supplies, Training
Staff on emergency response Procedures & Conducting regular drills to test their preparedness.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND BUILDING STANDARDS:

The prevention involves establishing building codes and infrastructure standards to reduce the risk of damage and
loss during disasters.
Example: A city may establish building codes that require new buildings to be constructed to withstand high winds or
earthquakes, reducing the risk of structural damage during a disaster.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT:
The Prevention also involves managing the environment to reduce the risk of disasters. This includes measures such
as reducing deforestation, improving water management and mitigating the effects of climate change.
Example: A community may develop a plan to plant trees and vegetation in areas at risk of landslides reducing the risk of
soil erosion and landslides during heavy rainstorms overall, prevention is crucial aspect of Disaster preparedness &
management ,It requires a proactive approach that Involves assessing risks, educating the public, Planning & preparing
establishing Standards & managing the Environment.

MITIGATION:
Mitigation is a crucial component of Disaster preparedness & planning Management, aimed at reducing the Impact
of Disasters on people, property & the Environment The following are the characteristics of Mitigation & some examples:

PROACTIVE APPROACH:
 The Mitigation is a proactive approach that focuses on preventing or reducing the risk of disasters before they occur.
Example: The Building codes & standards are designed to ensure that buildings are constructed to with stand natural disasters
like earthquakes, hurricanes & floods.

LONG-TERM STRATEGY:
The Mitigation is a long-term strategy that Involves on going efforts to reduce the risk of disasters.
Example: planting trees &vegetation in flood-prone areas can reduce the risk of flooding overtime.

COST-EFFECTIVE:
The Mitigation is a cost-effective approach to Disaster Management It is often less Expensive to prevent or reduce
the risk of Disasters than to respond to and recover from them.
Example: Installing fire Alarms &sprinklers in Building can prevent or reduce the damage caused by fires.

COMPREHENSIVE:
The Mitigation is a comprehensive approach that Involves Multiple Strategies & Actions.
Example: A Comprehensive Mitigation plan for a Coastal city may Include Building Sea walls, creating Evacuation Plans,
& Investing in early Warning Systems.

COMMUNITY BASED:
The Mitigation is a community based approach that Involves the participation of local communities in Disaster
Preparedness & Planning Management.
Example: A Community based Mitigation plan may Involve educating residents on how to prepare for and respond to
disasters.

SUSTAINABLE:
Mitigation is a Sustainable approach that takes into account the Environmental, social& economic Impacts of
Disaster Management.
Example: Building green Infrastructure like rain gardens and permeable payment can Mitigate the Impact of Urban flooding
while also Providing Environment & Economic benefits
The effective Mitigation Strategies can Significantly reduce the Impact of Disasters on people, Property & the
Environment