Haliç University

Faculty of Engineering

EEE213

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Lecture-2: ’’Electrical Fundamentals’’

Lecturer: Asst.Prof. Zehra Merve Cinan

 Week-2:Topics
 Electrostatics
 Force between Charges
 Electric Fields and Electric Field Strength
 Permittivity
 Electromagnetism
 Force between Two Current-Carrying Conductors
 Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Strength
 Magnetic Circuits
 Reluctance and Permeability
 B-H Curves
 Circuit Diagrams

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 2

 Electrostatics

If a conductor has a deficit of electrons, it will exhibit a net positive charge. If, on the other
hand, it has a surplus of electrons, it will exhibit a net negative charge. An imbalance in charge can
be produced by friction (removing or depositing electrons using materials such as silk and fur,
respectively) or induction (by attracting or repelling electrons using a second body which is,
respectively, positively or negatively charged).

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 3

 Force between Charges
Coulomb’s Law states that if charged bodies exist at two points, the force of attraction (if the charges
are of opposite polarity) or repulsion (if the charges have the same polarity) will be proportional to the
product of the magnitude of the charges divided by the square of their distance apart.

In equation, 𝒒𝟏 and 𝒒𝟐 are the charges present at the

two points (in coulombs), 𝒓 is the distance separating the
two points (in meters), 𝑭𝟏 and 𝑭𝟐 are the forces (in
newtons), and 𝒌𝒆 is a constant depending upon the medium
in which the charges exist. In vacuum or ‘free space’,

1
𝒒𝟏 × 𝒒𝟐 𝑘𝑒 = = 8.99 × 109 𝑁𝑚2 Τ𝐶 2
𝑭 = 𝑭𝟏 = 𝑭𝟐 = 𝒌𝒆 4𝜋𝜀0
𝒓𝟐

𝜀0 is the ’’permittivity of free space’’

𝜀0 = 8.854 × 10−12 𝐶 Τ𝑁𝑚2
EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 4
Example: A point charge of +3.00 × 10−6 𝐶 is 12.0 𝑐𝑚 distant from a second point charge of −1.50 × 10−6 𝐶.
Calculate the magnitude of the force on each charge.

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 5

Example: A point charge of +3.00 × 10−6 𝐶 is 12.0 𝑐𝑚 distant from a second point charge of −1.50 × 10−6 𝐶.
Calculate the magnitude of the force on each charge.

Solution: Being of opposite signs, the two charges attract one another, and the magnitude of this force is given by
Coulomb’s law:

𝑞1 × 𝑞2 1 𝑐𝑚 = 10−2 𝑚
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑟2

+3.00 × 10−6 𝐶 × −1.50 × 10−6 𝐶

𝐹 = 8.99 × 109 𝑁𝑚2 Τ𝐶 2 × ≅ 2.81 𝑁
12.0 × 10−2 𝑚 2

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 6

Example: What must be the distance between point charge 𝑞1 = 26.0 𝜇𝐶 and point charge 𝑞2 = −47.0 𝜇𝐶 for
the electrostatic force between them to have a magnitude of 5.70 𝑁?

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 7

Example: What must be the distance between point charge 𝑞1 = 26.0 𝜇𝐶 and point charge 𝑞2 = −47.0 𝜇𝐶 for
the electrostatic force between them to have a magnitude of 5.70 𝑁?

Solution: Being of opposite signs, the two charges attract one another, and the magnitude of this force is given by
Coulomb’s law:

𝑞1 × 𝑞2 𝑞1 × 𝑞2
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑒 2
𝑟 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑟2 𝐹

1 𝜇𝐶 = 10−6 𝐶

26 × 10−6 𝐶 × −47 × 10−6 𝐶

𝑟 2 = 8.99 × 109 𝑁𝑚2 Τ𝐶 2 × ≅ 1.93 𝑚2
5.70 𝑁

𝑟= 1.93 𝑚2 ≅ 1.39 𝑚

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 8

 Electric Fields & Electric Field Strength

The force exerted on a charged particle is

a manifestation of the existence of an electric
field. The electric field defines the direction
and magnitude of a force on a charged object.
the electric fields between charges of the same and opposite polarity
The field itself is invisible to the human eye
but can be drawn by constructing lines that
indicate the motion of a free positive charge
within the field; the number of field lines in a
particular region is used to indicate the relative
strength of the field at the point in question.
the electric field between two charged parallel plates

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 9

 The strength of an electric field (E) is proportional to the applied
potential difference and inversely proportional to the distance between
the two conductors. The electric field strength is given by:

𝑽𝑨𝑩
𝑬=
𝒅

where E is the electric field strength (𝑉 Τ𝑚), 𝑽 is the applied potential

difference (𝑉) and 𝒅 is the distance (𝑚).
𝑾 is the work move to move charge 𝒒 from A to B.

𝐖 = 𝒒𝑽𝑨𝑩

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 10

Example: Two parallel conductors are separated by a distance of 25 𝑚𝑚. Determine the electric field strength if
they are fed from a 600 𝑉 D.C. supply.

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 11

Example: Two parallel conductors are separated by a distance of 25 𝑚𝑚. Determine the electric field strength if
they are fed from a 600 𝑉 D.C. supply.

Solution:
1 𝑚𝑚 = 10−3 𝑚

𝑉
𝐸=
𝑑

600 𝑉
𝐸= −3
= 24 × 103 𝑉 Τ𝑚
25 × 10 𝑚

1 𝑉 = 103 𝑘𝑉 𝐸 = 24 × 103 𝑉 Τ𝑚 = 24 𝑘𝑉Τ𝑚

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 12

 Permittivity

The amount of charge produced on the two

plates shown in the figure for a given applied
voltage will depend not only on the physical
dimensions but also on the insulating dielectric
material that appears between the plates. Such
materials need to have a very high value of
resistivity (they must not conduct charge) coupled
with an ability to withstand high voltages without
breaking down. Parallel plates with an insulating dielectric material

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 13

 The ratio of charge (𝑸), to potential difference (𝑽), is given
by the relationship:
𝑸 𝜺𝑨
𝑪= =
𝑽 𝒅
where 𝑨 is the surface area of the plates (in 𝑚2 ), 𝒅 is the separation (in 𝑚) and 𝜺 is a constant for the
dielectric material known as the ’’absolute permittivity’’ of the material (sometimes also referred to as the
dielectric constant).
The absolute permittivity of a dielectric material is the product of the permittivity of free space (𝜺𝟎 ) and
the ’’relative permittivity’’ (𝜺𝒓 ) of the material. Thus:

𝜺 = 𝜺𝟎 × 𝜺𝒓

𝑸 𝜺𝟎 𝜺𝒓 𝑨
=
𝑽 𝒅

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 14

Properties of some common insulating dielectric materials

The dielectric strength of an insulating

dielectric is the maximum electric field strength
that can safely be applied to it before breakdown
(conduction) occurs.
The table shows values of relative
permittivity and dielectric strength for some
common dielectric materials.

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 15

 Electromagnetism

When a current flows through a conductor a

magnetic field is produced in the vicinity of the
conductor. The magnetic field is invisible but its presence
can be detected using a compass needle (which will
deflect from its normal north–south position). If two
current-carrying conductors are placed in the vicinity of
one another, the fields will interact with one another and
the conductors will experience a force of attraction or
repulsion (depending upon the relative direction of the
two currents).

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 16

 Force between Two Current-Carrying Conductors

The mutual force which exists between two parallel current-carrying conductors will be
proportional to the product of the currents in the two conductors and the length of the conductors, but
inversely proportional to their separation. Thus:

𝒌𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝒍
𝑭=
𝒅
where 𝑰𝟏 and 𝑰𝟐 are the currents in the two conductors (in amperes), 𝒍 is the
parallel length of the conductors (in meters), 𝒅 is the distance separating
the two conductors (in meters), 𝑭 is the force (in newtons) and 𝒌 is a
constant depending upon the medium in which the charges exist.

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 17

 In vacuum or ‘free space’:

𝝁𝟎
𝒌=
𝟐𝝅

where 𝝁𝟎 is a constant known as the permeability of free space (4𝜋 × 10−7 or 12.57 ×
10−7 𝐻 Τ𝑚). Combining the two previous equations gives the force in Newtons (𝑁):

𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝒍 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝒍 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝒍
𝑭= or 𝑭= =
𝟐𝝅𝒅 𝟐𝝅𝒅 𝒅

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 18

 Magnetic Fields & Magnetic Field Strength

The field surrounding a straight current-

carrying conductor is shown in the figure. The
magnetic field defines the direction of motion of a
free north pole within the field. In the case of the
figure, the lines of flux are concentric and the
direction of the field (determined by the direction of
current flow) is given by the right-hand rule.

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 19

 The strength of a magnetic field is a measure of the density of the flux at any particular point. In the
case of the previous figure, the field strength will be proportional to the applied current and inversely
proportional to the perpendicular distance from the conductor. Thus:

𝒌𝑰
𝑩=
𝒅

where 𝑩 is the magnetic flux density (in tesla), 𝑰 is the current (in amperes), 𝒅 is the distance from the
conductor (in meters) and 𝒌 is a constant. Assuming that the medium is vacuum or ‘free space’, the density
of the magnetic flux will be given by:
𝝁𝟎 𝑰
𝑩=
𝟐𝝅𝒅

where 𝝁𝟎 is the permeability of ‘free space’ (4𝜋 × 10−7 or 12.57 × 10−7 𝐻 Τ𝑚).

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 20

 The flux density is also equal to the total flux divided by the area of the field. Thus:

where 𝚽 is the flux (in webers) and 𝑨 is the area of the field (in square meters).

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 21

 In order to increase the strength of the field, a conductor may
be shaped into a loop (the figure below) or coiled to form a
solenoid (the figure on the right). Note, in the latter case, how the
field pattern is exactly the same as that which surrounds a bar
magnet.

Forming a conductor into a loop increases the strength of the The magnetic field surrounding a solenoid coil
magnetic field in the center of the loop. resembles that of a permanent magnet.

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 22

Example: Determine the flux density produced at a distance of 50 𝑚𝑚 from a straight wire carrying a current of
20 𝐴.

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 23

Example: Determine the flux density produced at a distance of 50 𝑚𝑚 from a straight wire carrying a current of
20 𝐴.

Solution:
1 𝑚𝑚 = 10−3 𝑚

𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑑

12.57 × 10−7 𝐻 Τ𝑚 × 20 𝐴
𝐵= −3
≅ 0.8 × 10−4 𝑇 = 80 × 10−6 𝑇
2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 10 𝑚

1 𝑇 = 10−6 𝜇𝑇 𝐵 = 80 × 10−6 𝑇 = 80 𝜇𝑇

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 24

Example: A flux density of 2.5 𝑚𝑇 is developed in free space over an area of 20 𝑐𝑚2 . Determine the total flux.

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 25

Example: A flux density of 2.5 𝑚𝑇 is developed in free space over an area of 20 𝑐𝑚2 . Determine the total flux.

Solution:
1 𝑚𝑇 = 10−3 𝑇 1 𝑐𝑚 = 10−2 𝑚

Φ
𝐵= Φ=𝐵×𝐴
𝐴
Φ = 2.5 × 10−3 𝑇 × 20 × 10−4 = 1 × 10−5 𝑊𝑏 = 50 × 10−7 𝑊𝑏

1 𝑊𝑏 = 10−6 𝜇𝑊𝑏 Φ = 50 × 10−7 𝑊𝑏 = 5 𝜇𝑊𝑏

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 26

 Magnetic Circuits
Materials such as iron and steel possess considerably enhanced
magnetic properties. Hence they are employed in applications where
it is necessary to increase the flux density produced by an electric
current. In effect, magnetic materials allow us to channel the electric
flux into a ‘magnetic circuit’, as shown in the figures. In the circuit of
figure (b) the reluctance of the magnetic core is analogous to the
resistance present in the electric circuit shown in figure (a).

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 27

 In practice, not all of the magnetic flux produced in a magnetic circuit will be concentrated within the
core and some ‘leakage flux’ will appear in the surrounding free space (as shown in Figure (a)). Similarly,
if a gap appears within the magnetic circuit, the flux will tend to spread out as shown in Figure (b). This
effect is known as ‘fringing’.

(a) Leakage flux in a magnetic circuit. (b) Fringing of the magnetic flux at an air gap in a magnetic circuit.

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 28

 Reluctance & Permeability
The reluctance of a magnetic path is directly proportional to its length and
𝒍
inversely proportional to its area. The reluctance is also inversely proportional to 𝑺=
𝝁𝑨
the absolute permeability of the magnetic material. Namely:

where 𝑺 is the reluctance of the magnetic path, 𝒍 is the length of the path (in meters), 𝑨 is the cross-
sectional area of the path (in square meters) and 𝝁 is the absolute permeability of the magnetic material.

The absolute permeability of a magnetic material is the product of the permeability of free space (𝝁𝟎 )
and the relative permeability of the magnetic medium (𝝁𝒓 ). Thus:

𝒍
𝝁 = 𝝁𝟎 × 𝝁𝒓 𝑺=
𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓 𝑨

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 29

 The permeability of a magnetic medium is a measure of its ability to support magnetic flux and it is
equal to the ratio of flux density (𝑩) to magnetizing force (𝑯). Thus:

𝑩
𝝁=
𝑯

where 𝑩 is the flux density (in tesla) and 𝑯 is the magnetizing force
(in amperes/meter). The magnetizing force (𝑯) is proportional to the
product of the number of turns and current but inversely proportional
to the length of the magnetic path.
𝑵𝑰
𝑯=
𝒍
where 𝑵 is the number of turns, 𝑰 is the current (in amperes) and 𝒍 is the length of the magnetic path (in
meters).
EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 30
 B–H Curves
The ’’B-H curve’’ or ’’magnetization curve’’ is the graph
plotted between magnetic flux density (𝑩) and magnetizing
force (𝑯).
Figure shows four typical B–H (flux density plotted
against permeability) curves for some common magnetic
materials. If you look carefully at these curves you will notice
that they flatten off due to magnetic saturation and that the
slope of the curve (indicating the value of 𝝁 corresponding to a
particular value of 𝑯) falls as the magnetizing force increases.
This is important since it dictates the acceptable working range
for a particular magnetic material when used in a magnetic
circuit.
B–H curves for three ferromagnetic materials.
EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 31
Example: Calculate the relative permeability for the given material, if the permeability of the given material is
𝜋 × 10−10 𝐻 Τ𝑚.

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 32

Example: Calculate the relative permeability for the given material, if the permeability of the given material is
𝜋 × 10−10 𝐻 Τ𝑚.

Solution:
𝜇
𝜇 = 𝜇0 × 𝜇𝑟 𝜇𝑟 =
𝜇0

𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐻 Τ𝑚

𝜋 × 10−10 𝐻 Τ𝑚
𝜇𝑟 = −7
= 0.25 × 10−3 𝐻 Τ𝑚
4𝜋 × 10 𝐻 Τ𝑚

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 33

Example: A magnetizing force of 8000 𝐴/𝑚 is applied to a circular magnetic circuit of a mean diameter of
30 𝑐𝑚 by passing a current through a coil wound on the circuit. If the coil is uniformly wound around the circuit
and has 750 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠, find the current in the coil.

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 34

Example: A magnetizing force of 8000 𝐴/𝑚 is applied to a circular magnetic circuit of a mean diameter of
30 𝑐𝑚 by passing a current through a coil wound on the circuit. If the coil is uniformly wound around the circuit
and has 750 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠, find the current in the coil.

Solution:
𝑁𝐼
𝐻=
𝑙

𝐻 = 8000 𝐴/𝑚

1 𝑐𝑚 = 10−2 𝑚 𝑙 = 𝜋 × 30 × 10−2 𝑚 From the Circumference of a Circle:

(𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝐶 = 𝜋𝑑)
𝑁 = 750 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠

8000 𝐴/𝑚 × 𝜋 × 30 × 10−2 𝑚

𝐼= ≅ 10.05 𝐴
750 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 35

Example: A flux density of 1.2 𝑇 is produced in a piece of cast steel by a magnetizing force of 1250 𝐴/𝑚. Find
the relative permeability of the steel under these conditions.

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 36

Example: A flux density of 1.2 𝑇 is produced in a piece of cast steel by a magnetizing force of 1250 𝐴/𝑚. Find
the relative permeability of the steel under these conditions.

Solution: 𝐵
𝜇=
𝐻 𝐵
𝜇𝑟 =
𝜇0 𝐻
𝜇 = 𝜇0 × 𝜇𝑟

𝐵 = 1.2 𝑇
1.2 𝑇
𝐻 = 1250 𝐴/𝑚 𝜇= ≅ 764.3 𝐻/𝑚
4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐻 Τ𝑚 1250 𝐴/𝑚
𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐻 Τ𝑚

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 37

Example: Determine the magnetic field strength and the mmf required to produce a flux density of 0.25 𝑇 in an
air gap of length 12 𝑚𝑚.

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 38

Example: Determine the magnetic field strength and the mmf required to produce a flux density of 0.25 𝑇 in an
air gap of length 12 𝑚𝑚.

Solution:
𝐵 𝐵 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟: 𝜇𝑟 = 1 𝐻/𝑚) 𝐵
𝐻= 𝐻= 𝐻=
𝜇 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0

𝜇 = 𝜇0 × 𝜇𝑟

𝐵 = 0.25 𝑇 0.25 𝑇
𝐻= ≅ 198944 𝐴/𝑚
𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐻 Τ𝑚 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐻/𝑚

1 𝑚𝑚 = 10−3 𝑚

𝑚𝑚𝑓 = 𝐻𝑙 = 198944 𝐴/𝑚 × 12 × 10−3 𝑚 ≅ 2387.3 𝐴

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 39

 Example: Estimate the relative permeability of cast steel (as
seen in the figure) at (a) a flux density of 0.6 𝑇 and (b) a flux
density of 1.6 𝑇.

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 40

 Example: Estimate the relative permeability of cast steel (as
seen in the figure) at (a) a flux density of 0.6 𝑇 and (b) a flux
density of 1.6 𝑇.

Solution:

The slope of the graph at any point gives the value of 𝜇

at that point. We can easily find the slope by constructing a
tangent at the point in question and then finding the ratio of
vertical change to horizontal change.

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 41

 Solution:
𝐵
𝜇= 𝐵
𝐻 𝜇𝑟 =
𝜇0 𝐻
𝜇 = 𝜇0 × 𝜇𝑟

(a) The slope of the graph at 0.6 𝑇 is:

𝐵 = 0.8 𝑇 0.8 𝑇
𝜇𝑟 =
𝐻 = 800 𝐴/𝑚 12.57 × 10−7 𝑇 × 800 𝐴/𝑚
≅ 795.5 𝐻/𝑚

(b) The slope of the graph at 1.6 𝑇 is:

0.2 𝑇
𝐵 = 1.6 𝑇 𝜇𝑟 =
12.57 × 10−7 𝑇 × 4000 𝐴/𝑚
𝐻 = 4000 𝐴/𝑚 ≅ 39.8 𝐻/𝑚

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 42

Example: A coil of 800 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 is wound on a closed mild steel core having a length of 600 𝑚𝑚 and a cross-
sectional area of 500 𝑚𝑚2 . Determine the current required to establish a flux of 0.8 𝑚𝑊𝑏 in the core.

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 43

Example: A coil of 800 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 is wound on a closed mild steel core having a length of 600 𝑚𝑚 and a cross-
sectional area of 500 𝑚𝑚2 . Determine the current required to establish a flux of 0.8 𝑚𝑊𝑏 in the core.

Solution:
1 𝑚𝑊𝑏 = 10−3 𝑊𝑏

1 𝑚𝑚 = 10−3 𝑚

Φ = 0.8 𝑚𝑊𝑏 = 0.8 × 10−3 𝑊𝑏

𝐴 = 500 𝑚𝑚2 = 500 × 10−6 𝑚2

Φ 0.8 × 10−3 𝑊𝑏
𝐵= 𝐵= = 1.6 𝑇
𝐴 500 × 10−6 𝑚2

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 44

 As can be seen in the figure, a flux density of 1.6 𝑇
will occur in mild steel when 𝐻 = 3500 𝐴/𝑚.

𝐻 = 3500 𝐴/𝑚
𝑙 = 600 𝑚𝑚 = 600 × 10−3 𝑚 = 0.6 𝑚
𝑁 = 800 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠

𝑁𝐼 𝐻𝑙
𝐻= 𝐼=
𝑙 𝑁

3500 𝐴/𝑚 × 0.6 𝑚

𝐼= = 2.625 𝐴
800 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 45

 Circuit Diagrams
It’s quite important to be able to read and understand simple electronic circuit diagrams before you can make
sense of some of the components and circuits that you will meet later.
Circuit diagrams use standard symbols and conventions to represent the components and wiring used in an
electronic circuit. Visually, they bear very little relationship to the physical layout of a circuit but, instead, they
provide us with a ‘theoretical’ view of the circuit. To be able to understand a circuit diagram you first need to be
familiar with the symbols that are used to represent the components and devices. Some of the most commonly used
symbols are shown below:

single pole single-throw

(SPST)

single pole double-throw

(SPST)

double pole double-throw

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL (DPDT) 46
 As a general rule, the input to a circuit should be shown on the left of a circuit diagram, and the output shown
on the right. The supply (usually the most positive voltage) is normally shown at the top of the diagram and the
common, 0 𝑉, or ground connection, is normally shown at the bottom. This rule is not always obeyed, particularly
for complex diagrams where many signals and supply voltages may be present.

Note also that, in order to simplify a circuit diagram (and avoid having too many lines connected to the same
point) multiple connections to common, 0 𝑉, or ground may be shown using the appropriate symbol. The same
applies to supply connections that may be repeated (appropriately labeled) at various points in the diagram.

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 47

 A very simple circuit diagram (a simple
resistance tester) is shown in the figure. This circuit
may be a little daunting if you haven’t met a circuit
like it before, but you can still glean a great deal of
information from the diagram even if you don’t
know what the individual components do.

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 48

 The circuit uses two batteries, 𝐵1 (a 9 𝑉 multi-cell battery) and
𝐵2 (a 1.5 𝑉 single-cell battery). The two batteries are selected by
means of a double-pole double-throw (DPDT) switch. This allows
the circuit to operate from either the 9 𝑉 battery (𝐵1) as shown in
Figure (a) or from the 1.5 𝑉 battery (𝐵2) as shown in Figure (b),
depending on the setting of S1.

A variable resistor, 𝑉𝑅1, is used to adjust the current supplied

by whichever of the two batteries is currently selected. This current
flows first through 𝑉𝑅1, then through the milliammeter, and finally
through the unknown resistor, 𝑅𝑋 . Notice how the meter terminals
are labeled showing their polarity (the current flows into the positive
terminal and out of the negative terminal).
EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 49
 The circuit shown in Figure (c) uses a different type of switch
but provides exactly the same function. In this circuit, a single-pole
double-throw (SPDT) switch is used and the negative connections to
the two batteries are ‘commoned’ (i.e. connected directly together).

Finally, Figure (d) shows how the circuit can be re-drawn using
a common ‘chassis’ connection to provide the negative connection
between 𝑅𝑋 and the two batteries. Electrically this circuit is identical
to the one shown in Figure (c).

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 50

 Important Formulas Introduced in Two Weeks
Voltage, Current, and Resistance (Ohm’s Law):
𝑽=𝑰×𝑹

Resistance and Resistivity:

𝒍
𝑹=𝝆×
𝑨

Charge, Current, and Time:

𝑸=𝑰×𝒕

Power, Current, and Voltage:

𝑷=𝑰×𝑽
EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 51
 Important Formulas Introduced in Two Weeks
Power, Voltage, and Resistance:
𝑷 = 𝑽𝟐 /𝑹

Power, Current, and Resistance:

𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 × 𝑹

Reluctance and Permeability:

𝒍
𝑺=
𝝁𝑨

Flux and Flux Density:

𝑩 = 𝜱/𝑨
EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 52
 Important Formulas Introduced in Two Weeks
Current and Magnetic Field Intensity:

𝑵×𝑰
𝑯=
𝒍

Flux, Current, and Reluctance:

𝑵𝑰 = 𝑺𝜱

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 53

 General Examples
&
Solutions

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 54

Example: A toaster uses 120 V and allows 10 A of current to flow. How much power does it consume?

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 55

Example: A toaster uses 120 V and allows 10 A of current to flow. How much power does it consume?

Solution:

𝑃 =𝐼×𝑉

𝑃 = 10 𝐴 × 120 𝑉 = 1200 𝑊

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 56

Example: Find V when:
a) 𝐼 = 0.5 𝑚𝐴 and 𝑅 = 10 𝑘Ω
b) 𝐼 = 10 𝑚𝐴 and 𝑅 = 20 𝑘Ω
c) 𝐼 = 50 𝜇𝐴 and 𝑅 = 1 𝑀Ω

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 57

Example: Find V when:
a) 𝐼 = 0.5 𝑚𝐴 and 𝑅 = 10 𝑘𝛺
b) 𝐼 = 10 𝑚𝐴 and 𝑅 = 20 𝑘𝛺
c) 𝐼 = 50 𝜇𝐴 and 𝑅 = 1 𝑀𝛺

Solution:
𝑉 =𝐼×𝑅

1 𝑚𝐴 = 10−3 𝐴 𝐼 = 0.5 𝑚𝐴 = 5 × 10−4 𝐴 𝐼 = 10 𝑚𝐴 = 10−2 𝐴

1 𝜇𝐴 = 10−6 𝐴 𝐼 = 50 𝜇𝐴 = 5 × 10−5 𝐴
1 𝑘 = 103  𝑅 = 10 𝑘𝛺 = 104  𝑅 = 20 𝑘𝛺 = 2 × 104 
1 𝑀 = 106 

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 58

Solution:
𝑉 =𝐼×𝑅

a) 𝑉 = 5 × 10−4 𝐴 × 104  = 5 𝑉

b) 𝑉 = 10−2 𝐴 × 2 × 104  = 200 𝑉

c) 𝑉 = 5 × 10−5 𝐴 × 106  = 50 𝑉

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 59

Example: A capacitor has a value of 0.00245 μF. Express this in nanofarads (nF).

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 60

Example: A capacitor has a value of 0.00245 𝜇𝐹. Express this in nanofarads (𝑛𝐹).

Solution:

1 𝜇𝐹 = 103 𝑛𝐹 0.00245 𝜇𝐹 = 2.45 𝑛𝐹

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 61

Example: A current of 56 𝜇𝐴 flows in a 120 𝑘Ω resistor. What voltage drop will appear across the resistor?

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 62

Example: A current of 56 𝜇𝐴 flows in a 120 𝑘Ω resistor. What voltage drop will appear across the resistor?

Solution:
1 𝜇𝐴 = 10−6 𝐴 56 𝜇𝐴 = 56 × 10−6 𝐴

1 𝑘 = 103  120 𝑘Ω = 120 × 103 

𝑉 =𝐼×𝑅 𝑉 = 56 × 10−6 𝐴 × 120 × 103  = 6.72 𝑉

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 63

Example: A wire-wound resistor is made from a 4 𝑚 length of aluminium wire (𝜌 = 2.18 × 10−8 𝑚).
Determine the resistance of the wire if it has a cross-sectional area of 0.2 𝑚𝑚2 .

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 64

Example: A wire-wound resistor is made from a 4 𝑚 length of aluminium wire (𝜌 = 2.18 × 10−8 𝑚).
Determine the resistance of the wire if it has a cross-sectional area of 0.2 𝑚𝑚2 .

Solution:
𝜌 = 2.18 × 10−8 𝑚

𝑙 =4𝑚

1 𝑚𝑚2 = 10−6 𝑚2 𝐴 = 0.2 𝑚𝑚2 = 2 × 10−7 𝑚2

𝑙 4𝑚
𝑅 =𝜌× 𝑅 = 2.18 × 10−8 𝑚 × = 0.436 
𝐴 2 × 10−8 𝑚2

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 65

Example: A resistor of 150 Ω is rated at 0.5 𝑊. What is the maximum current that can be applied to the resistor
without exceeding its rating?

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 66

Example: A resistor of 150 Ω is rated at 0.5 𝑊. What is the maximum current that can be applied to the resistor
without exceeding its rating?

Solution:
𝑃 = 0.5 𝑊

𝑅 = 150 Ω

𝑃 = 𝐼2 × 𝑅 0.5 𝑊 = 𝐼 2 × 150 

𝐼 ≅ 0. 0577 𝐴 = 57.7 𝑚𝐴

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 67

Example: A magnetizing force of 8000 𝐴/𝑚 is applied to a circular magnetic circuit of a mean diameter of 30 𝑐𝑚
by passing a current through a coil wound on the circuit. If the coil is uniformly wound around the circuit and has
750 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠, find the current in the coil.

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 68

Example: A magnetizing force of 8000 𝐴/𝑚 is applied to a circular magnetic circuit of a mean diameter of 30 𝑐𝑚
by passing a current through a coil wound on the circuit. If the coil is uniformly wound around the circuit and has
750 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠, find the current in the coil.

Solution:
𝐻 = 8000 𝐴/𝑚

𝑙 = 𝜋 × 𝑑 = 𝜋 × 30 × 10−2 𝑚 = 0.942 𝑚

𝑁 = 750 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠

𝑁×𝐼 𝐻×𝑙 8000 𝐴/𝑚 × 0.942 𝑚

𝐻= 𝐼= = ≅ 10.05 𝐴
𝑙 𝑁 750 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 69

Example: An iron ring of a mean diameter of 10 𝑐𝑚 is uniformly wound with 2000 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 of wire. When a current
of 0.25 𝐴 is passed through the coil a flux density of 0.4 𝑇 is set up in the iron. Please find:
(a) the magnetizing force,
(b) the relative permeability of the iron under these conditions.

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 70

Example: An iron ring of a mean diameter of 10 𝑐𝑚 is uniformly wound with 2000 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 of wire. When a current
of 0.25 𝐴 is passed through the coil a flux density of 0.4 𝑇 is set up in the iron. Please find:
(a) the magnetizing force,
(b) the relative permeability of the iron under these conditions.

Solution:
𝑙 = 𝜋 × 𝑑 = 𝜋 × 10 × 10−2 𝑚 = 0.314 𝑚

𝑁 = 2000 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑁×𝐼

𝐻=
𝑙
𝐼 = 0.25 𝐴

𝐵 = 0.4 𝑇 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐻

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 71

Solution: 𝑙 = 𝜋 × 𝑑 = 𝜋 × 10 × 10−2 𝑚 = 0.314 𝑚

𝑁 = 2000 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠

𝐼 = 0.25 𝐴

𝐵 = 0.4 𝑇
𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐻 Τ𝑚

𝑁×𝐼 2000 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 × 0.25 𝐴

(a) 𝐻= = ≅ 1592 𝐴/𝑚
𝑙 0.314 𝑚

𝐵 0.4 𝑇
(b) 𝜇𝑟 = = ≅ 200 𝐻/𝑚
𝜇0 𝐻 4𝜋 × 10−7 × 1592 𝐴/𝑚

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 72

Example: A mild steel ring has a radius of 50 𝑚𝑚 and a cross-sectional area of 400 𝑚𝑚2 . A current of 0.5 𝐴 flows
in a coil wound uniformly around the ring and the flux produced is 0.1 𝑚𝑊𝑏. If the relative permeability at this
value of current is 200 𝐻/𝑚 find:
(a) the reluctance of the mild steel,
(b) the number of turns on the coil.

Solution:

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 73

Example: A mild steel ring has a radius of 50 𝑚𝑚 and a cross-sectional area of 400 𝑚𝑚2 . A current of 0.5 𝐴 flows
in a coil wound uniformly around the ring and the flux produced is 0.1 𝑚𝑊𝑏. If the relative permeability at this
value of current is 200 𝐻/𝑚 find:
(a) the reluctance of the mild steel,
(b) the number of turns on the coil.

Solution: 𝑙 = 2𝜋 × 𝑟 = 2𝜋 × 50 × 10−3 𝑚𝑚 = 0.314 𝑚

𝐴 = 400 𝑚𝑚2 = 400 × 10−6 𝑚2

𝑙
𝑆=
𝐼 = 0.5 𝐴 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐴
𝛷 = 0.1 × 10−3 𝑊𝑏
𝜇𝑟 = 200 𝐻 Τ𝑚 𝑁𝐼 = 𝑆𝛷

𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐻 Τ𝑚

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 74

Solution: 𝑙 = 2𝜋 × 𝑟 = 2𝜋 × 50 × 10−3 𝑚𝑚 = 0.314 𝑚
𝐴 = 400 𝑚𝑚2 = 400 × 10−6 𝑚2

𝐼 = 0.5 𝐴

𝛷 = 0.1 × 10−3 𝑊𝑏

𝜇𝑟 = 200 𝐻 Τ𝑚
𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐻 Τ𝑚

𝑙 0.314 𝑚
(a) 𝑆 = = −7 −6 2 = 3.125 × 106 𝐻 −1
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐴 4𝜋 × 10 𝐻 Τ𝑚 × 200 𝐻/𝑚 × 400 × 10 𝑚

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 75

Solution: 𝑙 = 2𝜋 × 𝑟 = 2𝜋 × 50 × 10−3 𝑚𝑚 = 0.314 𝑚
𝐴 = 400 𝑚𝑚2 = 400 × 10−6 𝑚2

𝐼 = 0.5 𝐴

𝛷 = 0.1 × 10−3 𝑊𝑏

𝜇𝑟 = 200 𝐻 Τ𝑚
𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐻 Τ𝑚

𝑙 0.314 𝑚
(a) 𝑆 = = −7 −6 2 = 3.125 × 106 𝐻 −1
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐴 4𝜋 × 10 𝐻 Τ𝑚 × 200 𝐻/𝑚 × 400 × 10 𝑚

6 𝐻 −1 × 0.1 × 10−3 𝑊𝑏
(b) 𝑁 = 𝑆Φ 3.125 × 10
= = 625 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝐼 0.5 𝐴

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 76

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 77
 Asst.Prof. Zehra Merve Cinan
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
8th Block, Floor: 2
Office: 2521

[email protected]

EEE213-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS / 2023-2024 FALL 78