SCIENCE by: Darlene:p
Fourth Quarter: Force, Motion, and average velocity to determine
Energy displacement, so substituting v by Vave in
equation B, you will get:
Module 1: Uniform Motion d = vt
Module 2: Work, Power and Energy d) d = (vf + vi/2) t
Module 3: Heat and Work
Module 4: Electrical Energy Generation Rearrange equation C to arrive at vf =
and Transmission vi + at and substituting the vf in equation
D, you will get
Uniformly Dimension Accelerated d = (vf + vi/2) t
Motion: Horizontal Dimension d = [(vi + at) + vi/2] t
If a body maintains a constant change in
its velocity in a given time interval along Combining vi, you will arrive at
a straight line, then the body is said to d = (2vi + at/2) t
have a uniform acceleration. Distributing t will give you
d=2vit + at2/2
Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM) Simplifying further will provide you
Using the following equations on velocity, e) d = vit +at2/2
average velocity, and acceleration, you This shows that the displacement of the
can derive other equations. body is directly proportional to the
square of time. This confirms that for
a) v=d/t equal interval of time, displacement
b) Vave =vf + vi/2 increases quadratically.
c) a = vf - vi/t To find out how final velocity
depends on the displacement,
where: v = velocity substitute v and t from equations B and
vf = final velocity C to d = vt and you will find that
vi = initial velocity d = vt
Vave = average velocity d = (vf+vi/2) (vf - vi/a)
d = displacement Recall from your algebra class that
(a+b)(a-b) = a2 - b2.
t = time
d = (vf2 - vi2/2a)
a = acceleration Simplifying, you will get 2ad = vf2 - vi2
Rearranging, you will get
To find out how displacement f) vf2 = vi2 + 2ad
changes with time when an object is
uniformly accelerated, rearrange To apply these derived equations, study
equation A to arrive at d = vt. Since the the following problems.
velocity of the object changes when it is
uniformly accelerating, we use the
Sample Problem 1: magnitude of 9.8 m/s2. This means that
An airplane accelerates from rest on a the velocity of an object in free fall
runway at 5.50 m/s2 for 20.25 s until it changes by 9.8 m/s every second of fall.
finally takes off the ground. What is the Consider a stone dropped from a cliff as
distance covered before takeoff? shown in the Figure 2. For equal time
Given: interval, the distance travelled increases
a = 5.50 m/s quadratically.
t = 20.25 s
vi = 0 m/s
Find:
d=?
d = vit + 1⁄2 at2
d = (0 m/s) (20.25 s) + 1⁄2
(5.50m/s2)(20.25 s)2 Figure 2.
d = 1130 m Motion of the stone dropped from a hill
Sample Problem 2: Another example of free-fall is a body
From rest, a jeepney accelerates thrown upward. Consider Figure 3 on the
uniformly over a time of 3.25 seconds right where a ball is thrown upward. As
and covers a distance of 15 m. Determine the ball goes up, it decelerates with a
the acceleration of the jeepney. magnitude of 9.8 m/s2 until it stops
Given: momentarily and changes direction. That
vi = 0 m/s means, it reaches its maximum height
d = 15 m before it starts to fall. Using equation F,
you will also find that when the ball falls
t = 3.25 s back to the point where it was thrown,
Find: its speed will be equal to the speed at
a=? which it was thrown. Note that the
d = vit + 1⁄2 at2 magnitudes of the two velocities are
equal, but they have opposite directions
15 m = (0 m/s)(3.25 s) + 1/2 a(3.25 s)2 - velocity is upward when it was thrown,
15 m = (5.28 s2) a but downward when it returns.
a = (15 m)/(5.28 s2)
a = 2.8 m/s2 Figure 3. Motion of the
stone thrown vertically
Try solving this... upward
A train accelerates to a speed of 20 m/s
over a distance of 150 m. Determine the
acceleration (assume uniform) of the
train.
Uniformly Accelerated Motion:
Vertical Dimension Sample Problem 1:
You learned in Grade 8 that the pull of Zed is playing with a ball on top of a
gravity acts on all objects. So, on Earth, building but the ball fell and hit the ground
when you throw something up, it will go after 2.6 seconds, what is the final
down. Things thrown upward always fall velocity of the ball just before it hits the
at a constant acceleration which has a ground and how high is the building?
Given: 1. Projectiles always maintain a
ag =-9.8 m/s2 constant horizontal velocity
assume vi = 0 m/s (neglecting air resistance).
t = 2.6 s 2. Projectiles always experience a
constant acceleration along the axis
Find: where the constant net force is
vf = ? directed. There is a constant vertical
h= ? acceleration of 9.8 m/s2, downward
vf = vi + agt (neglecting air resistance) for
vf = 0 + (-9.8 m/s2) (2.6 s) projectiles on air. For projectiles on
inclined surfaces, the constant
vf = -26 m/s "vertical" acceleration will be smaller
d = vit + 1/2 agt2 than 9.8 m/s2 down the tilt which is
h = -d= -[(0 m/s) (2.6 s) + 1⁄2 (-9.8 m/s2) equal to gsinθ.
(2.6 s)2] 3. The horizontal and "vertical" motions
h = 33 m are completely independent of each
other. Therefore, horizontal and
Sample Problem 2: vertical motion can be treated
The Philippine tarsier is capable of separately.
jumping to a height of 1.5 m in hunting for For the third principle, what can be done
food. Determine the takeoff speed of to show the independence of the two
the tarsier. components of projectile motion?
Given: Considering horizontal and vertical
a = -9.8 m/s2 components separately is important when
h = 1.5 m solving projectile exercises and
Find: investigating real life applications.
vi = ?
At the highest point, velocity of the Aside from gravity, other forces such as
tarsier is zero. normal and frictional forces act on the
object, thus its acceleration is smaller
vf2 = vi2 + 2ah than the 9.8 m/s2 rate due to gravity. In
(0 m/s)2 = vi2 + 2(-9.8 m/s2) (1.5m) spite of this, the trajectories are still a
0 m2/s2= vi2-29.4 m2/s2 result of a constant horizontal velocity
29.4 m2/s2 = vi2 and a "vertical motion" of constant
acceleration.
vi = 5.4 m/s
Recall that vectors are quantities with
Try solving this... magnitude and direction. And any vector
The acceleration of gravity on the moon can be represented by a vector arrow,
is 1.62 m/s2. If a ball is dropped on the the length of which corresponds to the
moon from a height of 1.50 m. Determine magnitude, while the arrow point in the
the time for the ball to fall to the direction of the vector quantity.
surface of the moon.
For a horizontally projected object, the
The concept checks on horizontal displacement and velocity vector have
uniform velocity motion and vertical both magnitude and direction that you
uniform acceleration motion in one can separate into horizontal components
dimension should serve as reminder that Eq. 1) dн = x = Vнt
all projectiles regardless of its path will Eq. 2) Vн =Vx = x/t
always follow these principles: and vertical components
Eq. 3) dv = h = 1⁄2 agt2 Vix = 1.50m/s
Eq. 4) v= vy =agt2 Viy = 0
Find: Δt=?
A projectile launched horizontally has no
initial vertical velocity. Thus, its vertical a) Δy = ?
motion is identical to that of a dropped b) Vfy = ?
object. The downward velocity increases
uniformly due to gravity as shown by the Projectiles Launched at an Angle
vector arrows of increasing lengths. The
horizontal velocity is uniform as shown by When a projectile is launched upward at
the identical horizontal vector arrows. an angle, its velocity has two components:
1. a constant horizontal velocity that
moves in the same direction as the
launch, the acceleration of which is zero;
and
2. an upward positive vertical velocity
component that is decreasing in
magnitude until it becomes zero at the
top of the trajectory (therefore it no
longer goes up any further).
But because gravity makes downward at
a rate of 9.8 m/s per second or 9.8 m/s2,
(therefore it stays at rest only for an
instant) it will start to descend with an
The dashed black line represents the increasing negative vertical velocity until
path of the object. The velocity vector v it is stopped by something.
at each point is in the direction of motion So as the projectile moves forward
and thus is tangent to the path. The horizontally with uniform velocity, its
velocity vectors are solid arrows, and vertical velocity is also accelerated
velocity components are dashed. (A creating a trajectory that is a parabola.
vertically falling object starting at the
same point is shown at the left for
comparison; vy is the same for the falling
object and the projectile.)
Problem 1:
A marble is thrown horizontally from a
table top with a velocity of 1.50 m/s. The
marble falls 0.70 m away from the table's
edge.
A. How high is the lab table?
B. What is the marble's velocity just
before it hits the floor?
Before you can find the height of the lab
table, you must determine first how long
the marble is in mid-air. For the Impulse and Momentum
horizontal distance travelled, this What makes things move? Why do some
equation x = x + Vxit will be used. objects move continuously while some
moving objects stop suddenly? These
Given: Δx = 0.70m might be some of the questions you had
in mind but were not really answered in
last year's science class. We learned that 1. A bowling ball whose mass is 4.0 kg is
unbalanced forces cause stationary rolling at a rate of 2.5 m/s. What is
objects to move. In fact, according to its momentum?
Newton's Second Law of Motion, the 2. A skateboard is rolling at a velocity
greater the force applied, the larger the of 3.0 m/s T with a momentum of 6.0
acceleration of an object. It also stated
that with the same force, heavier kg-m/s. What is its mass?
objects have smaller acceleration, thus, 3. A pitcher throws a baseball with a
Force = mass x acceleration or F=ma. mass of 0.5 kg and a momentum of
10 kg-m/s. What is its velocity?
Consider the two identical cars on the
left. Car A is traveling at 80 km/h while What causes changes in momentum?
Car B is traveling at 30 km/h. Which of Changes in momentum happen every
the two cars would be more difficult time. A fast- moving car when suddenly
to stop? Which of the two cars has more stopped might have damaging effects
momentum? Car A, being faster, is more not only to the vehicle itself but also to
difficult to stop. It has more momentum. the person riding it. Various devices have
been installed in vehicles in order to
ensure the safety of the passengers.
The use of seat belts is even prescribed
by law in order to lessen injuries from
car crashes. Inflatable airbags are also
installed in most cars aimed to increase
the time of impact between the driver
or passenger and the crashing vehicle in
the event of an accident.
Impulse
- the change in momentum.
- Its symbol is J.
On what two factors does momentum J= N x s
depend on? It depends on mass and Impulse = force x time
velocity. Operationally, momentum is
defined as the product of mass and the The change in momentum depends on the
velocity of an object. In equation, force that acts and the length of time it
p = mv acts.
where p = is the momentum
m = is the mass The same impulse does not mean the
v = is the velocity same amount of force or the same
Moving objects have velocities which can amount of time.
be measured directly or indirectly. For It means the same product of force
stationary objects where the velocity is and time.
zero, the momentum is also zero.
To keep the force small, we extend
Remember: the time.
A moving object can have a large
momentum if it has a large mass (kg), a
high speed (m/s), or both (kg.m/s)
The Law of Conservation of other form of energy). Objects that
Momentum stick together after collision is said
to be perfectly inelastic.
"In the absence of an external force
(gravity, friction), the total momentum
before the collision is equal to the total good luck!! :p
momentum after the collision."
Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
A collision is an encounter between two
objects resulting in exchange of impulse
and momentum.
Because the time of impact is usually
small, the impulse provided by external
forces like friction during this time is
negligible.
If we take the colliding bodies as one
system, the momentum of the system is
therefore approximately conserved.
total momentum before collision =
total momentum after collision
Kinetic energy may be lost during
collisions when:
it is converted to heat or other
forms like binding energy, sound, light
(if there is spark), etc. and
it is spent in producing deformation
or damage, such as when two cars
collide.
1. Elastic collision – one in which the
total kinetic energy of the system
does not change and colliding objects
bounce off after collision.
2. Inelastic collision – one in which the
total kinetic energy of the system
changes (i.e., converted to some
