CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study
Lack of materials is one of the problems that our public schools has. Specially
in
the TVL Students, cause of these problems, teachers and also students are
spending
their own money in buying materials that will sustain the productivity of the lessons
that
they tackle, lacks of tools and Equipment has a big impact in the process of actual
teaching and learning of the TVL Students, through this problem teaching learning
process will not become productive and conductive.
Technical and vocational education focuses on the acquisition of appropriate
skills as educational tools to adapt to the real work situation of the individual and to
contribute to the development of the society. Technical and vocational education is
necessary to evaluate students' abilities and interests, program content, teaching
materials and teacher training and employment conditions to determine the
relationship
between industry and education (Olkun, 2016).
It aims to educate and train individuals as a qualified workforce for
employment
in industry, trade and service sectors, and to provide basic education necessary for
transition to higher education institutions that continue their profession. It trains
students
for careers in technical fields and helps to improve and give a hand in the specific
skills
of the industry required for professional excellence. The learners cannot work in
tandem
with other countries in the world to provide education to the students without
proper
practical equipment (Esme, 2007
The purpose of this study aimed to find out the availability of equipment and its
effect in technical skills performance of automotive student as perceived on the
students
of Grade 12-Automotive of Tboli National High School school year 2022-2023.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies of availability of
equipment and its effect in technical skills performance of automotive student.
Related Literature
Wale (2016), was of the opinion that the use of instructional materials
would
make discovered facts glued firmly to the memory of students. Instructional
materials
and facilities on their own help to facilitate teaching and learning and are used to
influence concrete and permanent change in technical behavior.
According to Ogwa (2012), instructional materials include audio visual
aids,
tools, equipment, machines, educational materials such as Automotive Servicing
tools
and equipment instructional resources. He also said that, instructional aids mean all
the
materials or teaching aids or material resources which the teacher utilizes for the
purpose of making teaching and learning more effective and meaningful to
students.
In the same sense, instructional facilities for vocational and technical
education encompasses all basic hand tools, equipment, classrooms, workshops,
laboratories, electrical and electronics instruments among others which help the
learners to learn properly (Bulama, 2016).
Okoro (2008) remarked that the products of technical institutions do not
have
the knowledge and skills that will enable them to take up the available jobs.
Moreover,
he asserted that technical colleges are the principal vocational institutions in
Nigeria which is designed to prepare the individual to acquire practical skills,
knowledge, and
aptitude required of technicians at sub-professional level. This implies correctly that
technical colleges are designed to give full craft man training intended to prepare
youths
for entry into various occupations of their interests. Among the occupations that
youths
are given training in the technical college include Electrical installation (repair,
maintenance and installation).
In the same vein, Nwachukwu, Bakare and Jika (2011), submit that
technical
with the relevant and adequate knowledge, skills and attribute for employment
under the
guidelines of a teacher in related occupations. The place of skill acquisition in
technical
education cannot be over-emphasized and to achieve these objectives, too many
trades
are learnt in technical colleges.
According to Croft, Terrel (2015), Electrical Installation and Maintenance
practice is a programme introduced by way of practical exercise, the maintenance
of
electrical system and circuits, electrical installation. Inspection and test procedure.
National Board of Technical Education (NBTE) (2004) Electrical craftsmen are
expected
to test, diagnose, service, install and completely repair any fault on electrical
machines
and equipment using manufacturer’s manual.
According to Kumazhege et. Al. (2014), he concludes that there are some
factors which affect the academic and technical skills of the learner. According to
the
perception of their technical teacher’s Adamawa Nigeria. They suggest that their
government must give their students adequate facilities, laboratories and develop
the
teacher-training program of technical teachers.
Anyakoha (2008) stated that these equipment, tools and laboratories lack
maintenance. The unfortunate and regrettable state of equipment, tools, and
laboratories have been attributed to the inability of the operators to apply
preventive and
total maintenance culture as at when due.
Technology is a necessary consequence of science in human society. There
is
no alternate for technical and vocational education in order to build a country
efficiently
in competition with the developed countries of the world and to make the country
economically prosperous. The concept of having a profession through training and
performing the profession in the best way affects the lives of people and society. It
is
clear that the vocational and technical training has an important role in the lives of
people and society (Kazu, 2012).
There was a incorporeal effect on the size of problems and obstacles,
indicating that the use of educational curricula is comprehensive enough to enroll
and
develop vocational schools And to encourage the family there children's to join
through
explanation and presentation and to give instructions, and the use of educational
means, both in the applied courses or using the methodology of mental training
video
watching as well as mental perception accompanied by watching the video, It is
desirable to increase support and coordination among ministries and the private
sector
for vocational and technical education. (Omar jaser AL-hussainat, 2018)
Roblyer (2005) states that weaknesses in the field of educational
technology
scholarship “include fragmented and uncoordinated approaches to studying
technology
resources and strategies, methods that lack rigor or are ill-matched to the research
questions at hand, and poorly written reports that render problematic subsequent
attempts at replication and follow-up”.
Given the fast pace with which new technologies emerge, it is difficult
for the
scholarship to keep up with the new technologies. With each new technology, a
period
of innovation must pass for the technology to be introduced. Then, researchers
must
design and implement studies to investigate the effects of the new technology.
Finally,
the researchers must prepare and submit a publication for review. The layers of
academic publishing result in a delay in publication of research studies on the
newest
technologies. For this reason, unpublished 8 dissertations offer one method of
informing
the field of current research and innovation in a more rapid process. An additional
limitation is the fact that the field of technology constantly changes at a rapid pace
(Berson & Balyta, 2004).
Manik (2011) in Ismara and Prianto stated that a laboratory and
workshop
are one infrastructure component in conducting effective teaching-learning activity
which has dominant urgency in the efforts to improve the quality of learning and
education which have purpose to improve the quality of alumnae optimally.
Workshop
and laboratory for vocational education is the first place where the students
acquiring
understanding and vocational skills. Workshop and laboratory are also have
enormous
benefit and role in giving hard skill that fit with the industries.
A proper workshop and laboratory can lead to the improvement of certain
skills that needed by the industries. The convenience of the workshop influences the
skills’ improvement of the learners in facing industrial era. A proper and
convenience
workshop and laboratory for the learners as stated by Ismara dan Priyanto (2017)
can be seen from some aspects such as: workshop’s atmosphere, the maintenance
of the
workshop, practice tools, workshop equipment, the application of K3 for learners
and
the application of 5S. .
A workshop, according to Jubril (2011) is a place, area, room or building
where
machines, equipment, hand tools, workbenches and materials are used in
manufacturing or repairing of things. Therefore, an automobile workshop is a place
where basic vehicle maintenance is being carried out by auto mechanics or motor
vehicle mechanic.
Hiller and Coombes (2004) defined a motor vehicle mechanic as skilled
personnel who specialized in automobile maintenance, repairs and sometimes
modification. Penn (2009), defined an auto mechanic as a skilled personnel, trained
in
any of the trades in auto mechanics, which include: Auto body repair and spray
painting,
Auto electrical work, auto-body mechanic work, auto-body building (panel beating)
and
auto parts merchandising.
An auto mechanics may be knowledgeable in working on all parts of a
variety of
car models, or may specialize either in a specific skill area of automobile or on a
specific
model or brand of car. His job includes accurate diagnosis of car problems and
repair
(US Occupational Handbook, 2011-2012).
Automotive technology is the practical application of knowledge about self-
propelled vehicles or machines. Students studying automotive technology learn
about
engine construction, fuel and ignition systems, power trains, brakes, transmissions,
electronic and diagnostic equipment, and more. (Idahu, 2000).
Automotive engineers work in every area of the industry, from the look and feel
of current cars, to the safety and security of new forms of transport. Attempting to
make
cars as fast as possible, while keeping them fuel-efficient may seem like an
impossible
task, but this is the kind of problem automotive engineers’ deal with every day.
(Fisita,
2004).
According to Adeogun (1999), tools and equipment for teaching are the
educational resources that are available in schools that can be used to achieve
educational goals and objective. These include workshops, equipment and tools.
These
tools and equipment influence the academic performance of students and prepare
them
for useful living (Uwameiye, 2016)
Study revealed that the lack of tools and have a negative effect to the
students
learning and performance Ugbo, 2014. In addition, Akhihiero (2011) concluded that
students who are made to learn under poor provisions of infrastructural facilities
become half-baked.
Automotive manufacturing sector globally is increasingly becoming a
competitive
industry which requires new car models at a lower cost but at higher quality levels.
In
the global economic perspective, due to its magnitude and importance, the
automotive
sector remains a major international industry which attracts operation management
researchers’ continued attention (Taylor and Taylor, 2008).
According to Yang et al. (2007), product development involves not only
highly
innovative and knowledge-driven processes but also requires collaborative efforts
from
multi-functional discipline teams. This is because the new model making process
involves many stages including clay modelling, design drawings, prototyping,
production preparation and mass production, which include the procedures and
requirements for
testing, trials and final confirmation. Hence, to cope with these requirements,
systematic
approaches need to be implemented to drive the current business trend in
automotive
manufacturing.
It aims to educate and train individuals as a qualified workforce for
employment in industry, trade and service sectors, and to provide basic education
necessary for transition to higher education institutions that continue their
profession
(Esme, 2007).
There is no alternate for technical and vocational education in order to
build a
country efficiently in competition with the developed countries of the world and to
make
the country economically prosperous. The concept of having a profession through
training and performing the profession in the best way affects the lives of people
and
society. It is clear that the vocational and technical training has an important role in
the
lives of people and society (Kazu, 2002).
Technical and vocational education focuses on the acquisition of appropriate
skills as educational tools to adapt to the real work situation of the individual and to
contribute to the development of the society. Technical and vocational education is
necessary to evaluate students' abilities and interests, program content, teaching
materials and teacher training and employment conditions to determine the
relationship
between industry and education (Olkun, 1999).
There is a need to link vocational and technical schools with industry, and
with
research and development centres. In this way, their practical and analytical skills,
all
things being equal, will be fully developed to meet the demand for much needed
local skills. Unless such institutions are improved, the country will continue to
depend

extensively on foreign manpower for years ahead (Al‐Ali, 2006).

Kay (1971) stated that, the general outlay over the depreciating/ falling
standard of education in Nigeria and incessant poor performance of students in
schools
call for a proper and continual study of educational system in order to identify the
constraints to the effective implementation of vocational education program and
that we
should try out a variety of possible solutions to the problems that have resulted to
this
malaise.
Ajakaiye (1991) states that, training for industrial occupations in
vocational/technical schools is comparatively a recent phenomenon. Until the
19th Century. Apprenticeships and informal training developed skills for most
manual
occupations, largely through association with a master – often for many years. In
recent
times, technological advances, analytical and communication skills were required in
vocational education and training as well as more theoretical knowledge.
Olaitan (2006) defines vocational/ technical education as that aspect of
education which is a skill acquisition-oriented form of training, based on application
of
mathematics and scientific knowledge in specific field for self-actualization and
development.
Sower (1971) goes on to state that vocational/ technical education is a
social
process, concerned primarily with people and their part in doing work that society
needs
alone with preparing the people for work and improving the work potential the
labour
force. Now, the world drifts t Science and technology to fit into the society in the
nearest
future, requiring an indispensable knowledge of vocation education. Sower (1971),
observes that vocational/ technical education is a means towards industrialization of
Nigeria.
Lack of resource materials Resource materials like charts, poster, white
board, blocks, cards, clay, crayons, chalks etc. play a significant role in the learning
process of students. If resource materials are used wisely they make remarkable
enhancement of lesson impact. Availability of a wide variety of instructional
resources
can stimulate the interest and actively engage learners in the learning of
mathematics
(Herward, 2009).
Clark & Steir (1988) found that teachers are responsible for poor
performance
of students in mathematics due to teaching methods which they use ,which show
lack of
commitment in preparing and imparting knowledge to students .They believe that
variation in teaching methods by teachers tend to improve performance and that
methods of teaching should be child centered rather than teacher centered.
Haruna (2010) maintained that a competent teacher is flexible in the
utilization
of instructional materials, methods, strategies, styles and delivery. He further stated
that
the ability of the teacher to communicate effectively with the students also
facilitates
teaching competency and learning.
Awobodu (2000), noted that teacher utilization of relevant equipment,
materials and tools in teaching basic electricity facilitates learning and enhances
students’ achievement. The usefulness of any available instructional facilities
depend on
what the teacher makes out of it, as they do not achieve any of the attributed
values on
their own. Qualified teachers with saleable and employable skills as well as
knowledge
for impacting skills and theories to others are necessary to ensure the
implementation of the new curriculum in the technical colleges introduced recently
by the National Board
for Technical Education.
Ezeji (1993), highlighted that teachers’ utterances, actions, leadership
styles,
knowledge of the subject and skills in teaching were all considered important
factors in
student learning. That is, acquisition of the knowledge needed for effective
utilization of
basic electricity equipment available during teacher training will help teachers to
subsequently impart knowledge in their implementation of the curriculum.
The school system is also characterized by the rigidities of centralized
curriculum and a lack of human resources both of which restrict institutions from
attempting more innovations and flexible approaches so as to equip students with
skills
to succeed at a time of rapid curriculum change in science and technology. The
practice
of starving schools of equipment and funds need to cease (Nwana, 1983).
This is especially true of training in strategic occupation that are rapidly
changing with the advent of new technologies. Institutional training should aim to
equip
students with useful skills and to improve their knowledge and capabilities in their
chosen field such as basic electricity. Basic electricity is one of the technical college
subjects taught in years I, II and III as stipulated by the national policy on education
(FRN, 2004).
The areas covered in these courses include electrical installation, cable
joining,
battery charging and the winding of electrical machines. The realization of the
objectives
of technical college electricity programmes and their ability to improve student
achievement depends on a number of factors. These include the availability of
equipment, tools and materials, an adequate supply of technical education
teachers, and the proper implementation and usage of technical equipment, tools
and materials
(Umunadi, 2004).
Related Studies
The importance of this study reflects the role that competitive,
technological
and educational development has played in the development of society with various
industrial, economic and social developments to deal with various industrial,
economic
and social developments. Rapid changes and developments in science and
technology
in recent years have affected vocational education institutions, labour markets and
students (Güngöri, 2020).
The findings of this study have shown that, there is “inadequate number of
teachers” and “less number of competent technical Teachers/Instructors” in the
training
institutions. It also revealed that, “the lacks of in-service programme for Technical
Teachers to upgrade their skills deteriorate problem.” And there is “Poor salaries
and
incentives for Technical Teachers” in technical and vocational schools in Nigeria.
(Isah
Usman, 2013)
This study aimed to identify the issues and challenges facing technical and
vocational education in Nigeria. From the point of view of a national group of skills,
self-
sufficiency, craftsmen and technicians in the fields of technical and vocational
education. In Nigeria, from their point of view, the study found many challenges and
problems, such as school curricula and lack of harmony with the labour market.
Lack of
motivation for teachers, insufficient facilities and funding, and the migration of
minds,
bad training staff, venality and corruption (Arimonu, 2016)The extant literature,
although limited and predominantly focused on teacher
behaviors and teacher competencies, as well as variables related to materials,
facilities,
and administrative support does provide some insight into uses of technology in
schools
(Hernandez-Ramos, et al 2005).
Ogbuanya (2017) observed that government in realization of the importance
of
tools, equipment and laboratories in skills training and scientific knowledge has to
provide funds for tools, equipment and laboratories at the secondary and tertiary
institutions in Nigeria.
The study of (Twalbeh 2015) aimed at exploring the actual situation of
educational media in teaching the field of vocational education to the upper basic
stage
and its degree of use by vocational education teachers. The researcher found out
that
there is shortage in the materials and equipments of vocational education
workshops in
general and a decrease in using educational media by vocational education
teachers.
The study of (Amawy 2013) aimed at exploring the actual situation of
education
techniques and the obstacles that challenge their application in basic education
schools
situated in Irbid governorate. Results demonstrated that tools and materials that are
mostly used in schools are old in addition of shortage in modern devices and
materials.
The study of (Beni Esmail 2019) aimed at exploring the actual situation of
educational media in teaching the curricula of vocational education for upper basic
education from the perspective of teachers in Ajloun governorate. The results of the
study demonstrated the shortage of necessary materials and equipments and the
decrease of using them by teachers. The reason is the teachers lacked sufficient
experience of using available materials and workshops and to avoid extra work.

Therefore, availability is the degree to which facilities, service, or functional

materials are provided and made ready for use. Availability of instructional facilities
is a
holistic term which is directed toward education as an entity. Utilization of
instructional
facilities is the process of using procured and accessible facilities tools, components
equipment and appliances to make teaching and learning process easier, interesting
and rewarding. Aromolara (1985), noted that lack of materials and equipment had
been
significant problems in the Nigerian education system.
The study of (Fagbemi 2015) aimed at knowing the availability and
application
of educational media in Kwara and Kogi States secondary schools, Nigeria. Results
demonstrated a shortage in the availability of educational media and equipments in
all
schools and a decrease in the number of teachers in the training courses of
educational
media. Results showed that 62% of the sample people didn't receive any training at
using educational media.
The study of (White 2017) aimed at exploring the availability and
application of
educational media in classroom at teaching the subject of world geography. The
study
sample contained 24 from the State of Texas. Results showed a deficit in training
teachers at using educational media and most of available media is old and
traditional.
The study of (Al-Fraihat 2011) aimed at evaluating vocational training in
Jordan. The researcher concluded that following up with the development and
innovation of equipment’s and devices needed in vocational education in Jordan are
of
vital importance.
This study aimed to identify issues and problems in the current
development of
vocational education in China, the study found that vocational education is currently
considered at the best stages of development in history. The study also discussed
many
of the challenges and problems of the different dimensions of vocational education
in
China during its development, such as quantity at the expense of quality,
development
goals, lifelong vocational education system, and the establishment of model
institutions.
(Shi, 2013).
According to TESDA (2008), the basic competencies in automotive
servicing qualification consists of competencies that a person must achieve in order
to
be efficient in the workplace communication, teamwork, professionalism and the
most
important is the occupational safety procedure
The study of (Sabawy 2010) aimed at exploring the availability and
application
of educational media and equipment’s as well as the obstacles that challenge using
them in secondary schools that fall under the directorate of education of Nineveh in
Iraq.
The researcher found out that materials and equipment’s exist in different
percentages,
materials and equipment’s that are more available and used are the traditional
ones,
and the least available and used are modern equipment’s.
Conceptual Framework
This study aimed to determine the availability of equipment and its effect
in
technical skills performance of Grade 12 automotive students of Tboli National High
School. The conceptual framework is in figure 1, which shows the independent and
dependent variable. The independent variable was the availability of equipment and
the
dependent variable was its effect in technical skills performance of automotive
students.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
Aviliability of equipment
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Its Effect in Technical Skills Performance of Automotive Students
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
Research Questions/Statement of the problem
This study deals with the availability of equipment and its effect in
technical
skills performance of automotive student.
More specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What are the available equipment’s on the automotive student?
2. How are these equipment’s affect the technical performance of
automotive
students?
3. What are the advantages on the availability of equipment’s in automotive?
4. Is there any significant relationship between the availability of equipment and its
effect in the technical skills of automotive students?
Research Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the availability of equipment
and its
effect in the technical skills of automotive students
Scope and Delimitation
This study is limited only to Tboli National High School Students during the
academic year 2022-2023 at Lugan 1, Barangay Poblacion, Tboli South Cotabato.
The
information needed will be gathered using checklist style of research made
questionnaire. The respondents of the study are the Grade 12- Automotive students
which has a 60 population. All information and conclusions drawn from this study
were
obtained only to this particular group of students.

Significance of the Study

The result of the study could help the following:
School Administrator. The result of this study could serve as a baseline data
to improve program for school advancement.
 Teacher. This will help them to think and create some strategies that would
improve the performance of the student despite on the availability
problems of the
equipment to be used by the students.
Students. This will help them to encourage themselves and their basis
to
improve their technical skills on automotive when they encounter some problems.
Researcher. This study will help the researcher to have an information and
can
help them to improve their skills. This research serves as a trophy to the researcher
because it reflects her sacrifices and difficulties as they did this research.
Future Researcher. The result of this study can serve as basis for further
study
on the availability of equipment’s of automotive students and its effect of their
skills.
Definition of Terms
Automotive – This refers to the design, operation, manufacture, or sale of
automobiles
or concerned with self-propelled vehicles or machines.
Availability - This refers to the quality, state of being available, an available person
or
thing.
Equipment – This refers to the process of supplying someone or something with
items
necessary for a particular purpose.
Performance – This refers to an act of staging or presenting a play, concert, or other
form of entertainment. The action or process of carrying out or accomplishing an
action,
task, or function.
Skills – This refers to the ability to use one's knowledge effectively and
readily in
execution or performance
Technical – This refers to the having special and usually practical knowledge
especially
of a mechanical or scientific subject and characteristic of specialization.

Chapter 2 methodology
This chapter described the procedure used by the researches in conducting the
study, the research design, locale of the study, respondents and sampling
technique,
research instrument, data gathering procedure and the statistical treatment of data
and
the fabrication process
Research Design
The descriptive-correlational research was used in this study to determine
the
availability of equipment and its effect in technical skills performance of automotive
student. The descriptive survey was employed to analyze and interpret the study's
findings and correlation method aims to investigates relationships between
variables
without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them. It was suitable
because
it describes the nature of the research based on the perceived condition and status
of
some simple observable situations.
Locale of the Study
This study was conducted at Tboli National High School, Lugan 1,
Barangay
Poblacion, Tboli South Cotabato. It is a premier secondary school in the tribal
dominated town of Tboli and provides a quality education since May 2014. There
are
Junior and Senior high student and offers modular learning in times of pandemic to
assess the learning of the student. The researchers chose this location because of
its
convenience to the study and the respondents.
Respondents of the Study
The participants of the study the Grade 12- Automotive students of Tboli
Senior High School who mainly experienced this kind of problems. The study
included a
total number of sixty (60) respondents both male and females. All information and
conclusions drawn from this study were obtained only to this particular group of
students.
Sampling Procedure and Sample
With the guidance of Practical Research adviser, the researchers prepared a
questionnaire to extend the knowledge about the topic and to find what exactly
struggling in the availability of equipment’s and could possibly affect in their
technical
performance. It was presented to the validators for modifications, suggestions, and
further improvement. The researchers constructed a questionnaire form for 60
automotive student’s respondent that required to answer the checkbox list of which
consist of the availability equipment’s, how these effect on their technical
performance
and its advantage. The questionnaire is a self-made test and presented to the
adviser
and panel of expert for comments, corrections, and suggestions on the content.
Moreover, the questionnaire measured by agreement Likert scale 5- Strongly Agree
with
a range of (4.21–5.00), 4 –Agree (3.41–4.20), 3 –Neutral (2.61–3.40), 2 –Disagree
(1.81 – 2.60), 1 -Strongly Disagree (1.00–1.80). The questionnaires were retrieved
and
responses were subjected to statistical analysis.
Data Gathering Methods
The main tool that will be used in this study is a self-made questionnaire.
It
will be validated by the adviser to ensure correctness and appropriates of the
instruments. To identify the available equipment’s on the automotive students, they
will gather an information to school if what are the following equipment’s that are
available
and not and convert it into questions by checking the scale given. The researcher
used
a survey questionnaire forms in order to gather the information from the
respondents.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers write a request letter and deliver it to the head principal
of
Tboli National High School. After approval from the head principal, the researchers
began to gather a data to target respondents of grade 12 automotive students. The
guidelines were explained and more clarification was provided to the head of
maintenance because he was the one who distributed the questionnaire and survey
form to the maintenance employees and respondents were given approximately 5
minutes to take a survey. The researchers collected all of the distributed
questionnaires.
The researchers computed the outcome by tallying, tabulating, and statistically
treating
the results. The researchers then carefully studied and evaluated the findings.
Plans for Data Analysis
In this study, the following statistical tools and techniques were used to
assess gathered data.
Weighted Mean. To determine the availability of equipment’s, its effect to the
technical
performance and its advantages.

Chapter 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, & INTERPRETATION OF DATA, SUMMARY,

CONCLUSIONS, & RECOMMMENDATIONS
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, & INTERPRETATION OF DATA
• Tables should be either in single or double spacing (considering the
readability)
• No. of research questions is equal to the number of sections.
• Interpretations should be supported with RRL
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, & RECOMMMENDATIONS
• The findings must be summed up altogether. Each specific question under
the statement of the problem must be answered chronologically. The findings
should be textual generalizations.
• Conclusions should point out what were factually learned from the inquiry. It
should be formulated concisely, that is, brief and short, yet convey all the
necessary information. List of References