Keyword Notes from the Python Tutorial Transcript:

Introduction

 Python as fast as possible

 Not for absolute beginners

 Resources linked below

 Comment for feedback

Setup & Installation

 Download Python (most recent version)

 Add Python to PATH

 Visual Studio Code (text editor)

 Install Python extension in VS Code

What Python is Used For

 General-purpose programming language

 Easy to learn, versatile, simple syntax

 Web development

 Machine learning, AI, data science

Data Types

 Integer (int): Whole numbers (e.g., 2, -9)

 Float (float): Numbers with decimal points (e.g., 2.0, 9.7)

 String (str): Text surrounded by quotes (e.g., "hello", 'world')

 Boolean (bool): True or False

Output & Printing

 print() function

 Strings must be wrapped in quotes

 Print multiple items with commas

Variables

 Store values (e.g., x = 5)

 Naming conventions: No special characters, no starting with numbers, use underscores

User Input

 input() function
  Example: name = input("Enter your name: ")

Arithmetic Operators

 Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/)

 Exponentiation (**), modulus (%)

String Methods

 .upper(): Convert to uppercase

 .lower(): Convert to lowercase

 .capitalize(): Capitalize first letter

 .count(): Count occurrences of a substring

Conditional Operators

 == (equal), != (not equal), <, >, <=, >=

 Logical operators: and, or, not

If/Else/Elif

 Syntax:

if condition:

# code

elif condition:

# code

else:

# code

Collections

 List : Ordered, mutable (e.g., [1, "hello", True])

 Tuple : Ordered, immutable (e.g., (1, 2, 3))

 Set : Unordered, unique elements (e.g., {1, 2, 3})

 Dictionary : Key-value pairs (e.g., {"key": "value"})

Loops

 For Loop :

for i in range(10):

print(i)

 While Loop :

while condition:
 # code

Comprehensions

 List comprehension:

[i for i in range(10)]

 Dictionary comprehension:

python

Copy

{i: 0 for i in range(5)}

Functions

 Define with def:

def func(x, y):

return x + y

 Arguments can be positional or keyword-based

 Use *args and **kwargs for variable arguments

Scope

 Local vs. global variables

 global keyword (use sparingly)

Exceptions

 Raise exceptions with raise

 Handle exceptions with try and except

Lambda Functions

 Anonymous one-liner functions:

lambda x: x + 5

Map and Filter

 map(function, iterable)

 filter(function, iterable)

F-Strings

 Embed expressions in strings:

python

name = "Tim"
print(f"Hello, {name}")

Conclusion

 Covered basics quickly

 Missed topics: OOP, advanced features

 Resources linked for further learning

Keyword Notes:

1. Functions

 First-class objects : Functions can be treated like variables (assigned, passed,

 Defining function inside function : Nested functions.

 Closure : Inner function "remembers" the environment (variables) from the outer
function.

 Returning function : Function can return another function without calling it.

 Delay execution : Execution of returned function can be delayed until explicitly

 Callbacks : Passing functions as arguments for later invocation.

 Decorators : Modifying or extending behavior of functions.

 Dynamic Function Creation : Generating specialized functions based on input.

2. Arguments Handling

 *args : Collects extra positional arguments into a tuple.

 **kwargs : Collects extra keyword arguments into a dictionary.

 Positional arguments : Arguments passed in order.

 Keyword arguments : Named arguments passed with key=value.

 Tuple : Ordered collection used by *args.

 Dictionary : Key-value pairs used by **kwargs.

 Unpacking : Using * or ** to expand elements.

 Packing : Using * or ** to collect multiple arguments.

3. Scope and Variables

 Nested functions : Defined within another function.

 Static variables : Simulated using function attributes or class variables.

 Function attributes : Attaching variables to functions (e.g., my_function.x = 10).

 hasattr() : Checks if an object has a specific attribute.

 SyntaxError : Raised due to incorrect syntax (e.g., invalid use of **).

 TypeError : Raised when an operation is applied to an inappropriate type.

4. Merging Dictionaries

 **{**dict1, dict2} : Combines dictionaries into a new one.

 print(dict) : Prints both keys and values of a dictionary.

 [Link]() : Returns a view object of dictionary keys.

 [Link]() : Returns a view object of dictionary values.

5. Print Behavior

 print() : Accepts any number of arguments and prints them.

 sep, end, file : Valid keyword arguments for print().

 Unexpected keyword argument : Error when passing invalid keywords to print().

6. Code Examples and Errors

 IndentationError : Caused by incorrect indentation.

 Semicolons : Optional in Python; misuse can lead to errors.

 Invalid unpacking : Using ** outside valid contexts like function calls or dictionary
merging.

7. Practical Use Cases

 Passing arguments : Using *args and **kwargs for flexible function signatures.

 Unpacking in function calls : Expanding lists/tuples and dictionaries into arguments.

 Combining packing and unpacking : Efficient handling of mixed argument types.