CREATE TABLE COUNTRIES(
COUNTRY_ID CHAR(2),
COUNTRY_NAME VARCHAR(40),
REGION_ID NUMBER);
INSERT INTO COUNTRIES VALUES('CA','Canada',2);
INSERT INTO COUNTRIES VALUES('DE','Germany',1);
INSERT INTO COUNTRIES VALUES('UK','United Kingdom',1);
INSERT INTO COUNTRIES VALUES('US','United States of America',2);
CREATE TABLE COUNTRIES(
COUNTRY_ID CHAR(2),
COUNTRY_NAME VARCHAR(40) CONSTRAINT CO_CONAME
REGION_ID NUMBER);
CREATE TABLE COUNTRIES(
COUNTRY_ID CHAR(2),
COUNTRY_NAME VARCHAR(40),
REGION_ID NUMBER);
session 9
CREATE TABLE DEPT(
ID NUMBER(7),
NAME VARCHAR2(25));
INSERT INTO dept
SELECT department_id, department_name
FROM departments;
CREATE TABLE emp
(id NUMBER(7),
last_name VARCHAR2(25),
first_name VARCHAR2(25),
dept_id NUMBER(7));
ALTER TABLE emp
MODIFY (last_name VARCHAR2(50));
SELECT table_name
FROM user_tables
WHERE table_name IN (’DEPT’, ’EMP’);
CREATE TABLE employees2 AS
SELECT employee_id id, first_name, last_name, salary,
department_id dept_id
FROM employees;
DROP TABLE emp;
RENAME employees2 TO emp;
COMMENT ON TABLE dept IS ’Department details’;
COMMENT ON TABLE emp IS ’Employee details’;
SELECT *
FROM user_tab_comments
WHERE table_name = ’DEPT’
OR table_name = ’EMP’;
ALTER TABLE emp
DROP COLUMN FIRST_NAME;
ALTER TABLE emp
DROP UNUSED COLUMNS;
ALTER TABLE emp
add(First_name
select last_name, department_id, salary from employees where job_id not like 'SA\_
%' escape '\' order by last_name asc;
select last_name, department_id, salary from employees where job_id not like 'SA\_
%' escape '\' order by last_name desc;
select last_name, department_id, salary from employees where job_id not like 'SA\_
%' escape '\' order by last_name;
select last_name, department_id, salary from employees where job_id not like 'SA\_
%' escape '\';
select last_name, department_id, salary from employees where department_id is not
null;
select last_name, department_id, salary from employees where department_id is null;
select last_name, department_id, salary from employees where job_id like 'SA\_%'
escape '\';
select last_name, department_id, salary from employees where last_name like '_o%';
select last_name, department_id, salary from employees where last_name like 'K%';
select last_name, department_id, salary from employees where department_id in
(50,60,90);
select last_name, department_id, salary from employees where department_id = 50 or
department_id = 60;
select last_name, salary from employees where salary between 10000 and 20000;
select last_name, salary from employees where salary>=10000 and salary<=20000;
Querying the Data dictionary
1.USER_TABLES
SELECT *FROM TAB;
2. USER_OBJECTS
SELECT *FROM OBJ;
3. USER_CATALOG;
SELECT *FROM CAT;
SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM USER_TABLES;
SELECT DISTINCT OBJECT_TYPE FROM USER_OBJECTS;
SELECT *FROM USER_CATALOG;
SELECT LAST_NAME, SALARY, COMMISSION_PCT, SALARY+(SALARY * COMMISSION_PCT) TOTAL
FROM EMPLOYEES;
SELECT LAST_NAME, SALARY, COMMISSION_PCT, SALARY+(SALARY *NVL(COMMISSION_PCT,0))
TOTAL FROM EMPLOYEES;
SELECT LAST_NAME, SALARY, COMMISSION_PCT, NVL2(COMMISSION_PCT,SALARY+
(SALARY*COMMISSION_PCT),SALARY) TOTAL FROM EMPLOYEES;
SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,'FRIDAY') FROM DUAL;
SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;
SELECT ROUND(SYSDATE,'MONTH') FROM DUAL;
SELECT ROUND(SYSDATE-10,'MONTH') FROM DUAL;
SELECT ROUND(SYSDATE,'YEAR') FROM DUAL;
SELECT TRUNC(SYSDATE,'MONTH') FROM DUAL;
SELECT HIRE_DATE FROM EMPLOYEES;
SELECT TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'YYYY') FROM EMPLOYEES;
SELECT TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'MONTH') FROM EMPLOYEES;
SELECT TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'MON') FROM EMPLOYEES;
SELECT TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'M') FROM EMPLOYEES;
SELECT TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'YEAR') FROM EMPLOYEES;
SELECT TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'DD') FROM EMPLOYEES;
SELECT TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'DDSP') FROM EMPLOYEES;
SELECT TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'DDSPTH') FROM EMPLOYEES;
SELECT TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'DDTH') FROM EMPLOYEES;
SELECT T0_CHAR(SALARY,'$9,99,999.99') FROM EMPLOYEES;
Practice:1
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. TRUE
5. SAL TO BE USED AS SALARY
* TO BE USED NOT X
, IS MISSING AFTER LAST NAME
"annual salary" format
6. describe departments;
select *From departments;
7 DESCRIBE employees
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, hire_date
FROM employees;
9. select distinct job_id from employees order by job_id asc;
8. select Employee_id,Last_name,Job_id,startdate from employees;
10.SELECT employee_id "Emp #", last_name "Employee",
job_id "Job", hire_date "Hire Date"
FROM employees;
11 SELECT last_name||', '||job_id "Employee and Title"
FROM employees;
12 SELECT employee_id || ',' || first_name || ',' || last_name
|| ',' || email || ',' || phone_number || ','|| job_ id
|| ',' || manager_id || ',' || hire_date || ',' ||
salary || ',' || commission_pct || ',' || department _id
THE_OUTPUT from employees;
Practice 2
1.select last_name,salary from employees where salary>12000;
2.
PRACTICE 10
1. ALTER TABLE emp
ADD CONSTRAINT my_emp_id_pk PRIMARY KEY (id);
2. ALTER TABLE dept
ADD CONSTRAINT my_dept_id_pk PRIMARY KEY(id);
3. ALTER TABLE emp
ADD (dept_id NUMBER(7));
ALTER TABLE emp
ADD CONSTRAINT my_emp_dept_id_fk
FOREIGN KEY (dept_id) REFERENCES dept(id);
4. SELECT constraint_name, constraint_type
FROM user_constraints
WHERE table_name IN ('EMP', 'DEPT');
5. SELECT object_name, object_type
FROM user_objects
WHERE object_name LIKE 'EMP%'
OR object_name LIKE 'DEPT%';
PRACTICE 11
1. CREATE VIEW employees_vu AS
SELECT employee_id, last_name employee, department_id
FROM employees;
2. SELECT *
FROM employees_vu;
3. SET LONG 200
SELECT view_name, text
FROM user_views;
4. SELECT employee, department_id
FROM employees_vu;
5. CREATE VIEW dept50 AS
SELECT employee_id empno, last_name employee,
department_id deptno
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50;
6.
select e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name from employees e full outer
join departments d on e.department_id = d.department_id;
select e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name from employees e right outer
join departments d on e.department_id = d.department_id;
select e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name from employees e left outer
join departments d on e.department_id = d.department_id;
select e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name from employees e join
departments d on e.department_id = d.department_id;
select last_name, department_id, department_name from employees join departments
using(department_id);
select last_name, department_id, department_name from employees natural join
departments;
select e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name from employees e cross join
departments d;
select e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name from employees e,
departments d where e.department_id=d.department_id(+);
select e.last_name, d.department_id, d.department_name from employees e,
departments d where e.department_id(+)=d.department_id;
select e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name from employees e,
departments d where e.department_id=d.department_id and e.department_id=90;
select e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name from employees e,
departments d where e.department_id=d.department_id;
select e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name from employees e,
departments d;
https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_primarykey.asp
CREATE TABLE Persons(
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int,
PRIMARY KEY(ID)
);
select department_id ,count(department_id) from employees group by department_id
having count(department_id)>3;
select employee_id, job_id from job_history;
select last_name, salary, job_id from employees where salary <all (select salary
from employees where job_id='IT_PROG');
select last_name, salary, job_id from employees where salary >any (select salary
from employees where job_id='IT_PROG');
select last_name, salary, job_id from employees where salary <any (select salary
from employees where job_id='IT_PROG');
select last_name, salary, job_id from employees where salary in (select salary from
employees where job_id='IT_PROG');
select last_name, salary from employees where salary > (select salary from
employees where last_name = 'Davies');
