Outline of Population Control Policies, Development Issues, and Emerging development
theories
Asia's Population
• Asia's population is Equivalent to 59.05% of the total world population.
• Asia ranks number 1 among regions of the world (roughly equivalent to "continents"),
ordered by population.
• The 20th century was a period of unprecedented demographic change.
• Many developing-country government in Asia vigorously pursued policies aimed at slowing
population growth.
United Nations (UN) - invested billions of dollars to support population control programs
UN Population Award - for having the most outstanding contribution to the population rise
solutions
• Indira Gandhi (India's Prime minister) and Qian Xinzlong (Head of China's State Family
Planning Commission)
• Theodore Schultz resigned from the UNFPA Advisory Commission in protest of the award
Population Control Policies
1. ANTI- NATALIST POLICIES - aims to slow population growth by reducing fertility sakes.
• Voluntary Anti-natalist - Government offers couples various incentives to have fewer children.
• Coercive Anti-natalist - Government actively punishes people for having too many children.
2. PRONATALIST POLICIES - aim to increase the number of children born, increasing fertility
rates.
3. IMMIGRATION POLICY - allow more immigrants or restrict the flow of immigrants into the
country
Population Control of Asian Countries
• CHINA - One-Child Policy (1980-2016) - to reduce rapid population growth
- Two-Child Policy (2016) & Three-Child Policy (2021) - to address decline in population
- controlling their population affected their economic growth and development, being one of
the richest country in Asia and in the whole world.
• INDIA - National Emergency (1975-1977) - forced sterilization and abortion to reduce
population
- although having problems with their rapid population growth, this country were able to
increase their economy, becoming a rich country in Asia.
• JAPAN - experienced four demographic trends from reducing population to increasing
population growth rate. Implemented immigration policy caused by the declining population.
- despite the decline in population of Japan, they were able to develop and become one of the
richest in Asia and a major player in the global economy.
• SOUTH KOREA - Implemented Pronatalist Policies (2005) and Aging population policy (2017)
to address aging population concerns. Faced "National Emergency" in 2024 because of the
decline in population growth.
- belonging to the top richest country in Asia through various initiatives and innovations to
develop their economy, of which their population control also played a part.
IMPACTS OF POPULATION CONTROL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASIA
• Rapid economic growth
- accelerated expansion of a country's economy characterized by increase GDP, income, and
productivity.
- the government invested in human capital and innovations which lead to improved economic
efficiency and competitiveness.
• Demographic Dividend
- the benefits that arise when a country's working-age population grows faster than it's
dependent population.
- sustainable number of population increased labor force, productivity, and economic growth
• Improved Education and Health
- implementing population control helps increased the people's access to quality education and
healthcare services, leading to a more skilled and healthy workforce.
• Increased focus on Sustainable Development
- the shift in priority from rapid population growth to environmentally - friendly and socially -
responsible development.
• Reduced Poverty
- controlling population growth influenced the decreased in the number of the people living
below the poverty line
• Reduced Environmental Pressure
- population control helps decrease the strain in the natural resources such as land, water and
energy.
DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES
• Rapid Urbanization - massive migration of people from rural areas to urban cities
• Aging Population - rapid increase of the proportion of elderly people in the population
• Environmental Degradation - deterioration of natural resources to supply the demands of the
growing population
• Social Inequality - unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and services among
different group of people
EMERGING DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
• Developmental State Theory - emphasizes the role of the state in driving economic
development through strategic planning, investment, and regulations.
Impact: Countries which implemented this theory experienced high growth rates and become
major players in the global economy.
• Flying Geese Paradigm - describe the sequential development of industries in Asia, with more
advanced economics leading the way for less developed country.
Impact: Helped create regional production networks and contributed to Asia's rapid
industrialization.
• New Growth Theory - emphasizes the role of innovations, entrepreneurship, and institutional
factors in driving economic growth.
Impacts: Countries implemented this theory became innovation hubs and improved their
competitiveness in the global economy.
• Sustainable Development Theory - prioritizes environmental sustainability, social equality,
and economic growth and development policies.
Impacts: Promoted eco-friendly practices/policies and contributed to a more inclusive and
sustainable development.
• Inclusive Growth Theory - emphasizes the importance of reducing income inequality and
promoting social inclusion in development policies
Impacts: helped reduced poverty, improved living standard, and promoted more inclusive
growth.
