Trigonometry and modelling 7A

1 a i FAB = CAF + BAC

= (α − β) + β = α
So FAB = 

ii FAB and ABD are alternate angles

so FAB = ABD
so ABD = 
CBE = 90 −  , so ECB = 90 − (90 −  ) = 

AB
iii cos  =
1
So AB = cos 

BC
iv sin  =
1
So BC = sin 

AD
b i ABD =  , sosin  =
AB
AD
As AB = cos  , this gives sin  =
cos 
So AD = sin  cos 

BD BD
ii cos  = =
AB cos 
So BD = cos  cos 

CE
c i ECB =  , so cos  =
BC
CE
As BC = sin  , this gives cos =
sin 
So CE = cos  sin 

BE BE
ii sin  = =
BC sin 
So BE = sin  sin 

FC
d i sin( −  ) =
1
So FC = sin( −  )

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 FA
1 d ii cos( −  ) =
1
So FA = cos( −  )

e i The completed diagram should look like this:

FC + CE = AD, so FC = AD − CE
sin( −  ) = sin  cos  − cos  sin 

ii AF = DB + BE
cos( −  ) = cos  cos  + sin  sin 

sin( A − B)
2 tan( A − B) =
cos( A − B)
sin A cos B − cos A sin B
=
cos A cos B + sin A sin B

Divide the numerator and denominator by cos A cos B

sin A cos B cos A sin B sin A sin B

− −
tan( A − B) = cos A cos B cos A cos B = cos A cos B
cos A cos B sin A sin B sin A sin B
+ 1+
cos A cos B cos A cos B cos A cos B

tan A − tan B
= as required
1 + tan A tan B

3 sin( A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

sin( P + (−Q)) = sin P cos(−Q) + cos P sin(−Q)
As cos(−P) = cos P and sin(−P) = − sin P , this gives
sin( P − Q)  sin P cos Q − cos P sin Q

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4 Example: A = 60, B = 30
3 1
sin A = , sin B =
2 2
3 1
sin( A + B) = 1; sin A + sin B = + 1
2 2
This proves sin( A + B) = sin A + sin B is not true for all values.

There will be many values of A and B for which the statement is true, e.g. A = −30 and B = +30 ,
and this is the danger of trying to prove a statement by taking particular examples. To prove a
statement requires a sound argument; to disprove it only requires one counterexample.

5 cos( A- B) º cos Acos B + sin Asin B

Set A =  , B = 
 cos( −  )  cos  cos  + sin  sin 
 cos 0  cos 2  + sin 2 
So cos 2  + sin 2   1 (since cos 0 = 1)

6 a sin( A- B) º sin Acos B - cos Asin B

π
Set A = , B = 
2
π  π π
 sin  −    sin cos  − cos sin 
2  2 2
π 
 sin  −    cos 
2 
π π
since sin = 1, cos = 0
2 2

b cos( A- B) º cos Acos B + sin Asin B

π
Set A = , B = 
2
π  π π
 cos  −    cos cos  + sin sin 
2  2 2
π 
 cos  −    sin 
2 
π π
since cos = 0, sin = 1
2 2

   
7 sin  x +  = sin x cos + cos x sin
 6 6 6
3 1
= sin x + cos x
2 2

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    
8 cos  x +  = cos x cos − sin x sin
 3 3 3
1 3
= cos x − sin x
2 2

9 a Using sin( A + B)  sin A cos B + cos A sin B gives

sin15 cos 20 + cos15 sin 20  sin(15 + 20)  sin 35

b Using sin( A − B)  sin A cos B − cos A sin B gives

sin 58 cos 23 − cos58 sin 23  sin(58 − 23)  sin 35

c Using cos( A + B)  cos A cos B − sin A sin B gives

cos130 cos80 − sin130 sin80  cos(130 + 80)  cos 210

tan A − tan B
d Using tan( A − B)  gives
1 + tan A tan B
tan 76 − tan 45
 tan(76 − 45)  tan 31
1 + tan 76 tan 45

e Using cos( A − B)  cos A cos B + sin A sin B gives

cos 2 cos + sin 2 sin   cos(2 −  )  cos

f Using cos( A + B)  cos A cos B − sin A sin B gives

cos 4 cos3 − sin 4 sin 3  cos(4 + 3 )  cos 7

g Using sin( A + B)  sin A cos B + cos A sin B gives

sin 12  cos 2 12  + cos 12  sin 2 12   sin ( 12  + 2 12  )  sin 3

tan A + tan B
h Using tan( A + B)  gives
1 − tan A tan B
tan 2 + tan 3
 tan(2 + 3 )  tan 5
1 − tan 2 tan 3

i Using sin( P − Q)  sin P cos Q − cos P sin Q gives

sin( A + B) cos B − cos( A + B) sin B  sin ( ( A + B) − B )  sin A

j Using cos( A + B)  cos A cos B − sin A sin B gives

 3x + 2 y   3x − 2 y   3x + 2 y   3x − 2 y    3x + 2 y   3x − 2 y  
cos   cos   − sin   sin    cos   + 
 2   2   2   2   2   2 
 6x 
 cos    cos 3 x
 2 

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 1 π π
10 a Use the fact that = cos = sin to write
2 4 4
1 1 1 π π  π
(sin x + cos x) = sin x + cos x = sin x cos + cos x sin = sin  x + 
2 2 2 4 4  4
or
1 1 1 π π  π
(sin x + cos x) = cos x + sin x = cos x cos + sin x sin = cos  x − 
2 2 2 4 4  4

1 π π
b Use the fact that = cos = sin to write
2 4 4
1 1 1    
(cos x − sin x) == cos x − sin x = cos x cos − sin x sin = cos  x + 
2 2 2 4 4  4

1 π π 3 π π
c Use the fact that = cos = sin and = cos = sin to write
2 3 6 2 6 3

1 1 3 π π  π
(sin x + 3 cos x) = sin x + cos x = sin x cos + cos x sin = sin  x + 
2 2 2 3 3  3
or
1 3 1 π π  π
(sin x + 3 cos x) == cos x + sin x = cos x cos + sin x sin = cos  x − 
2 2 2 6 6  6

1 π π
d Use the fact that = cos = sin to write
2 4 4
1 1 1 π π  π
(sin x − cos x) = sin x − cos x = sin x cos − cos x sin = sin  x − 
2 2 2 4 4  4

11 cos y = sin( x + y)
 cos y = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
Divide throughout by cos x cos y
1
cos y sin x cos y cos x sin y
= +
cos x cos y cos x cos y cos x cos y
 sec x = tan x + tan y
 tan y = sec x − tan x

12 As tan( x − y) = 3
tan x − tan y
so =3
1 + tan x tan y
 tan x − tan y = 3 + 3 tan x tan y
 3 tan x tan y + tan y = tan x − 3
 tan y (3 tan x + 1) = tan x − 3
tan x − 3
 tan y =
3 tan x + 1

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13 sin x(cos y + 2sin y) = cos x(2cos y − sin y)
 sin x cos y + 2sin x sin y = 2 cos x cos y − cos x sin y
 sin x cos y + cos x sin y = 2(cos x cos y − sin x sin y )
 sin( x + y ) = 2 cos( x + y )
sin( x + y )
 =2
cos( x + y )
 tan( x + y ) = 2

1
14 a tan( x − 45) =
4
tan x − tan 45 1
 =
1 + tan x tan 45 4
 4 tan x − 4 = 1 + tan x (as tan 45 = 1)
 3 tan x = 5
5
 tan x =
3

b sin( x − 60) = 3cos( x + 30)

 sin x cos 60 − cos x sin 60 = 3cos x cos 30 − 3sin x sin 30
1 3 3 3 3
 sin x − cos x = cos x − sin x
2 2 2 2
 4sin x = 4 3 cos x
sin x 4 3
 =
cos x 4
 tan x = 3

c tan( x − 60) = 2
tan x − tan 60
 =2
1 + tan x tan 60
tan x − 3
 = 2 (as tan 60 = 3)
1 + 3 tan x
 tan x − 3 = 2 + 2 3 tan x
 (2 3 − 1) tan x = −(2 + 3)
(2 + 3) (2 + 3)(2 3 + 1)
 tan x = − =−
2 3 −1 (2 3 − 1)(2 3 + 1)
8+5 3
=−
11

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  π 1
15 tan  x +  =
 3 2
tan x + tan π3 1
 =
1 − tan x tan π3 2
tan x + 3 1  π 
 =  tan = 3 
1 − 3 tan x 2  3 
 2 tan x + 2 3 = 1 − 3 tan x
 (2 + 3) tan x = 1 − 2 3
1 − 2 3 (1 − 2 3)(2 − 3)
 tan x = =
2+ 3 (2 + 3)(2 − 3)
2−4 3 − 3 +6
= = 8−5 3
1

 2π  2π 4π  2π  2π
16 Write  =   + − and  + =  + +
 3  3 3  3  3
Now use the appropriate addition formulae for cos
 2π  2π   2π  2π  2π  2π
cos    + −  = cos   +  cos + sin   +  sin
 3  3   3  3  3  3
 2π  2π   2π  2π  2π  2π
cos    + +  = cos   +  cos − sin   +  sin
 3  3   3  3  3  3

Now add up all terms

 2π   4π 
cos  + cos   +  + cos   + 
 3   3 
 2π  2π   2π   2π  2π 
 cos    + −  + cos   +  + cos    + + 
 3  3   3   3  3 
 2π  2π  2π  2π  2π   2π  2π
 cos   +  cos + sin   +  sin + cos   +  + cos   +  cos
 3  3  3  3  3   3  3
 2π  2π
− sin   +  sin
 3  3
 2π  2π  2π 
 2 cos   +  cos + cos   + 
 3  3  3 
2π 1
 0 as cos =−
3 2

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Challenge
1 1
a i Area = ab sin  = x( y cos B)(sin A)
2 2
1
= xy sin A cos B
2

1 1
ii Area = ab sin  = y ( x cos A)(sin B)
2 2
1
= xy cos A sin B
2

1 1
iii Area = ab sin  = xy sin( A + B)
2 2

b Area T1 + T2 = Area T1 + Area T2

1 1 1
 xy sin( A + B) = xy sin A cos B + xy cos A sin B
2 2 2
 sin( A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

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Trigonometry and modelling 7B

1 a cos15 = cos ( 45 − 30 ) b cos110 cos 20 + sin110 sin 20
= cos(110 − 20) = cos90 = 0
= cos 45 cos30 + sin 45 sin 30
2 3 2 1 c sin 33 cos 27 + cos33 sin 27
=  + 
2 2 2 2 3

=
2 3+ 2
=
2 3 +1 ( ) = sin(33 + 27) = sin 60 =
2
π π π π
4 4 d cos cos − sin sin
8 8 8 8
b sin 75 = sin(45 + 30) π π π 2
= cos  +  = cos =
= sin 45 cos30 + cos 45 sin 30 8 8 4 2
2 3 2 1
=  + 
2 2 2 2 e sin 60 cos15 − cos 60 sin15

=
2 3+ 2
=
2 3 +1 ( ) = sin(60 − 15) = sin 45 =
2
2

4 4
f cos 70 cos50 − cos 70 tan 70 sin 50
Note sin 75 = cos(90 − 75) = cos15 = cos 70 cos50 − sin 70 sin 50

c sin(120 + 45) Simplifying as

= sin120 cos 45 + cos120 sin 45  sin  
2  1  cos   tan  = cos   = sin  
=
3
 +  − 
2  cos  
2 2  2 2

=
2 3− 2
=
2 3 −1 ( ) So cos 70(cos 50 − tan  sin 50)
= cos(70 + 50)
4 4
1
= cos120 = − cos 60 = −
d tan165 = tan(120 + 45) 2
tan120 + tan 45
= tan 45 + tan15
1 − tan120 tan 45 g
sin120 sin 60 1 − tan 45 tan15
tan120 = = = tan(45 + 15) = tan 60 = 3
cos120 − cos 60
3
=− 2
1
=− 3 h Use the fact that tan 45 = 1 to rewrite as
2 1 − tan15 tan 45 − tan15
=
− 3 +1 1 + tan15 1 + tan 45 tan15
So tan120 =
1+ 3 3
= tan(45 − 15) = tan 30 =
=
(1 − 3 + 1)( 3 − 1) 3

( 3 + 1)( 3 − 1) tan
7π
12
− tan
π
3 = tan  7π − π 
i
π  
−4 + 2 3 7π
1 + tan tan  12 3 
= 12 3
2
3π π
= −2 + 3 = tan = tan = 1
12 4
2 a Using sin( A + B) expansion
sin 30 cos 60 + cos30 sin 60
= sin(30 + 60) = sin 90 = 1

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2 j This is very similar to part (e) but to 5 a cos105 = cos(45 + 60)
appreciate this you need to rewrite the = cos 45 cos 60 − sin 45 sin 60
equation as 1 1 1 3
3cos15 − sin15 =  − 
2 2 2 2
 3 1  1− 3 2− 6
 2  cos15 − sin15  = =
 2 2  2 2 4
 2(sin 60 cos15 − cos 60 sin15)
 2sin(60 − 15) 1
b sec105 =
 2sin 45 cos105
1 4
= 2 = =
2− 6 2− 6
tan 45 + tan 30 4
3 a tan(45 + 30) =
1 − tan 45 tan 30 4 2+ 6
= 
2− 6 2+ 6
1+
( )=−
3
b tan 75 = 2+ 6
( )
3 4
1− 3 = 2 1+ 3
3
−4

=
3+ 3
=
(
3+ 3 3+ 3 )( ) So a = 2 and b = 3
3− 3 (
3− 3 3+ 3 )( ) 6 Draw the right-angled triangles containing
A and B
12 + 6 3
= = 2+ 3
6

4 cot( A + B) = 2
1
 tan( A + B ) =
2
tan A + tan B 1 Using Pythagoras’ theorem gives
 =
1 − tan A tan B 2 x = 3 and y = 3
1
But as cot A = , then tan A = 4. a sin( A+ B) = sin Acos B + cos Asin B
4
4 + tan B 1 4 3 3 1 4 3 +3
So = =  +  =
1 − 4 tan B 2 5 2 5 2 10
 8 + 2 tan B = 1 − 4 tan B
 6 tan B = −7 b cos( A- B) = cos Acos B + sin Asin B
3 3 4 1 3 3+4
 tan B = −
7 =  +  =
6 5 2 5 2 10
1 6
So cot B = =− 1 10
tan B 7 c sec( A - B) = =
cos( A - B) 3 3 + 4
10(3 3 − 4)
=
(3 3 + 4)(3 3 − 4)
10(3 3 − 4)
=
27 − 16
10(3 3 − 4)
=
11

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7 Let A = 180 − A . As A is the second 8 Let B = 180 − B . As B is in the second
quadrant cos A = − cos A quadrant cos B = − cos B , sin B = sin B and
tan B = − tan B .
Draw a right-angled triangle where
4 Drawing right-angled triangles for A and B ,
cos A =
5 use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the missing
sides, which are 15 and 3.

Using Pythagoras’ theorem x = 3

8 15 8
3
So sin A = , tan A =
3 So sin A = , cos A = , tan A =
5 4 17 17 15
3 4 3
and sin B = , cos B = − , tan B = −
a As A is in the second quadrant, 5 5 4
3
sin A = sin A, sin A = a sin( A- B) = sin Acos B - cos Asin B
5
 8  4   15  3 
=   −  −   
b cos(π + A) = cos π cos A − sin πsin A  17  5   17  5 
= − cos A −32 − 45 77
As cos π = −1, sin π = 0 = =−
85 85
4
So cos(π + A) =
5 b cos( A- B) = cos Acos B + sin Asin B
 15  4   8  3 
π  π π =   −  +   
c sin  + A  = sin cos A + cos sin A  17  5   17  5 
3  3 3
−60 + 24 36
 3   4   1  3  = =−
=  85 85
  −  +   
 2   5   2  5 
tan A - tan B
3− 4 3 c tan( A - B) =
= 1+ tan Atan B
10 8
+ 3 77 77
= 15 244 = 60 =
d As A is in the second quadrant, 1- 60 36 60
36
3 1 36
tan A = − tan A = − So cot( A − B) = =
4 tan( A − B) 77
π  tan 4 + tan A
π
tan  + A  =
4  1 − tan π4 tan A
1 + tan A 1
1
= = 4
=
1 − tan A 7
4 7

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9 Angle A is in the third quadrant as it is reflex tan A + tan B
10 a tan( A + B) =
and tan A is positive. Let A = A − 180 , so 1 − tan A tan B
sin A = − sin A, cos A = − cos A, tan A = tan A 1
+2 13 13

Let B = 180 − B . As B is in the second = 5 1 3 2 = 1515−2 = 15

=1
1− 5  3 13
quadrant cos B = − cos B , sin B = sin B and 15 15

tan B = − tan B .
As tan (A + B) is positive, A + B is in the
first or third quadrants, but as A and B are
Drawing right-angled triangles for A and B
both acute A + B cannot be in the third
use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the missing
sides, which are 25 and 12. quadrant, so A + B = tan −1 1 = 45

b A is reflex but tan A is positive, so A is

in the third quadrant, i.e. 180  < A < 270 
and 0  < B < 90  . As tan (A + B) is
positive, A + B is in the first or third
quadrants.

7 24 7 As 180  < A + B < 360  , it must be in the

So sin A = − , cos A = − , tan A = third quadrant, so A + B = tan −1 1 = 225
25 25 24
5 12 5
and sin B = , cos B = − , tan B = −
13 13 12

a sin( A+ B) = sin Acos B + cos Asin B

 7  12   24  5 
=  −  −  +  −  
 25  13   25  13 
84 − 120 36
= =−
325 325

tan A - tan B
b tan( A - B) =
1+ tan Atan B
7
+5 17
204
= 24 7 12 5 = 253 24
=
1 − ( 24 )( 12 ) 288 253

1 325
c cosec( A + B) = =−
sin( A + B) 36

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Trigonometry and modelling 7C
1 sin 2 A = sin( A + A) = sin A cos A + cos A sin A π π 2π π
h cos 2 − sin 2 = cos = cos
= 2sin A cos A 16 16 16 8

2 a cos 2 A = cos( A + A) 5 a 2sin 22.5 cos 22.5 = sin 2  22.5

= cos A cos A − sin A sin A 2
= sin 45 =
= cos2 A − sin 2 A 2

b i cos 2 A = cos2 A − sin 2 A b 2cos2 15 −1 = cos(2 15)

Use cos2 A + sin 2 A = 1 to simplify, so
3
cos 2 A = cos 2 A − (1 − cos 2 A) = cos 30 =
2
= 2 cos 2 A − 1
c (sin 75 − cos75)2
ii cos 2 A = cos A − sin A
2 2
= sin 2 75 + cos 2 75 − 2sin 75 cos 75
= (1 − sin 2 A) − sin 2 A
= 1 − sin(2  75)
= 1 − 2sin 2 A as sin 2 75 + cos2 75 = 1 , and this gives
3 tan 2 A = tan( A + A) (sin 75 − cos75)2 = 1 − sin150
tan A + tan A 1 1
= =
2 tan A = 1− =
1 − tan A tan A 1 − tan 2 A 2 2

4 a 2sin10 cos10 = sin 20 π

2 tan
(using 2sin Acos A º sin2 A) 8 = tan  2  π  = tan π = 1
d
π  
1 − tan 2  8 8
b 1 − 2sin 2 25 = cos50 8
using cos 2 A  1 − 2sin 2 A
6 a (sin A + cos A)2
c cos2 40 − sin 2 40 = cos80 = sin 2 A + 2sin A cos A + cos 2 A
using cos 2 A  cos2 A − sin 2 A = 1 + sin 2 A

2
2 tan 5  π π
d = tan10 b  sin + cos 
1 − tan 2 5  8 8
using tan 2 A 
2 tan A π 2 2+ 2
1 − tan 2 A = 1 + sin = 1 + =
4 2 4
1 1 7 a cos2 3 − sin 2 3 = cos(2  3 ) = cos 6
e =
2sin 24.5 cos 24.5 sin 49
= cosec 49 b 6sin2q cos2q = 3(2sin2q cos2q )
= 3sin(2  2 )
f 6cos2 30 − 3 = 3(2cos2 30 −1) = 3sin 4
= 3cos 60

2 tan
sin 8
= sin 8 cos8 2 = tan  2    = tan 
g
sec8
c
  
1 − tan 2  2
1 1 2
= (2sin 8 cos8) = sin16
2 2

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     9 a cos2 q = x, cos2q = 1- y
7 d 2 − 4sin 2 = 2 1 − 2sin 2   
2   2  Using cos 2 = 2cos2  −1
   1 − y = 2x −1
= 2 cos  2   = 2 cos   y = 2 − 2 x = 2(1 − x)
 2
Any form of this equation is correct

e 1+ cos 2q = 1+ (2cos 2 q -1) 1

b y = cot 2  tan 2 =
= 2cos 2 q y
x = tan 
= 2 cosq 2 tan 
Using tan 2 =
1 − tan 2 
1
f sin 2  cos 2  = (4sin 2  cos 2  ) 1 2x
4  =
y 1 − x2
1
= (2sin  cos  ) 2  2 xy = 1 − x 2
4
1 Any form of this equation is correct
= sin 2 2
4 c x = sinq , y = 2sinq cosq
 y = 2 x cos 
g 4sinq cosq cos2q = 2(2sinq cosq )cos2q
= 2sin 2 cos 2  cos  =
y
= sin 4 2x
As sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A with A = 2 Using sin 2  + cos2   1
y2
 x2 + 2 = 1
tanq tanq 4x
h =
sec q - 2 (1+ tan 2 q ) - 2
2
 4 x + y 2 = 4 x2
4

tanq or y 2 = 4 x 2 (1 − x 2 )
=
tan 2 q - 1 Any form of this equation is correct
tan q
=- x −1
1- tan 2 q d x = 3cos 2 + 1  cos 2 =
1  2 tan   3
=−   y
2  1 − tan 2   y = 2sin   sin  =
1 2
= − tan 2 Using cos 2 = 1 − 2sin 2 
2
x −1 2 y2 y2
 = 1− = 1−
i cos4 q - 2sin2 q cos2 q + sin4 q 3 4 2
= (cos 2 q - sin 2 q )2 Multiplying both sides by 6 gives

= cos 2 2q 2( x − 1) = 6 − 3 y 2
 3 y 2 = 6 − 2( x − 1) = 8 − 2 x
p
8 p = 2 cos   cos  = 2(4 − x)
2  y2 =
cos 2 = q 3
Any form of this equation is correct
Using cos 2 = 2cos2  −1
2
 p 10 cos2x = 2cos2 x -1
 q = 2   −1
2 1
2
1 7
p2 cos 2 x = 2   − 1 = − 1 = −
q= −1 4 8 8
2

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11 cos2q = 1- 2sin2 q ii cos2A = 1- 2sin2 A
23 7
So = 1 − 2sin 2  − = 1 − 2sin 2 A
25 9
23 2 7 16
 2sin 2  = 1 − =  2sin 2 A = 1 + =
25 25 9 9
1 8
 sin 2  =  sin 2 A =
25 9
1 8 2 2
 sin  =   sin A =  =
5 3 3
But A is in the second quarter so sin A
12 Draw a right-angled triangle with  as one of is positive, and the solution is
the angles. The hypotenuse is 5 2 2
sin A =
3

1 1
iii cosec 2 A = =
sin 2 A 2sin Acos A
1
=
2  3  ( − 13 )
2 2

9 9 2
=− =−
3 4 3 8
So sin  = , cos  = , tan  = 4 2
5 5 4
sin 2 A − 4 9 2
2 tan  3 b tan 2 A = = 7
a i tan 2 = = 2 cos 2 A −9
1 − tan 2  1 − 169
4 2 9 4 2
3
3 16 24 =− − =
= 2
7
=  = 9 7 7
16 2 7 7
2 tan 2
3 4 24 14 Using tan  =
ii sin 2 = 2sin  cos  = 2   = 1 − tan 2 2
5 5 25
3 2 tan 2
 =
16 9 7 4 1 − tan 2 2
iii cos 2 = cos 2  − sin 2  = − =
25 25 25  
 3 − 3 tan 2 = 8 tan
2 2
b  
sin 4 = 2sin 2 cos 2  3 tan 2 + 8 tan −3 = 0
2 2
24 7 336
= 2  =     
25 25 625   3 tan − 1  tan + 3  = 0
 2  2 
 
13 a i cos2A = 2cos2 A-1 so tan = 13 or tan
= −3
2 2 2
 1 2 7 π  3π
= 2  −  −1 = −1 = − But π   
3π
so  
 3 9 9 2 2 2 4
 
As is in the second quadrant, so tan is
2 2

negative, and the solution is tan = −3
2
15 cos x + sin x = m
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 cos x − sin x = n 3
So tan  =
Multiply the equations 4

(cos x + sin x)(cos x − sin x) = mn b The gradient of y = mx is m and as y = 34 x

 cos x − sin x = mn
2 2
bisects the angle between y = mx and the
 cos 2 x = mn x-axis
2 tan 
m = tan 2 =
16 1 − tan 2 
2  34 3
3 16 24
= = 2
=  =
1− ( 4 )
3 2 7
16 2 7 7

18 a cos 2 A = cos( A + A)
= cos A cos A − sin A sin A
= cos 2 A − sin 2 A
a Using cosine rule with = cos 2 A − (1 − cos 2 A)
q2 + r 2 − p2
cos P = = 2 cos 2 A − 1
2qr
36 + 9 − 25 20 5 b The lines intersect when
cos 2 = = =
2 63 36 9 4cos 2 x = 6cos2 x − 3sin 2 x
This equation can be written as
b Using cos2q = 1- 2sin 2 q cos 2 x + 3cos 2 x = 6cos2 x + 3sin 2 x
5
= 1 − 2sin 2  Use the fact that 3cos 2 x = 6cos2 x − 3 , so
9 the equation becomes
5 4 cos 2 x + 6cos2 x − 3
 2sin 2  = 1 − =
9 9 = 6cos x2 − 3sin 2 x
2
 sin 2  =  cos 2 x − 3 = 3sin 2 x
9
 cos 2 x + 3sin 2 x − 3 = 0
2
 sin  = 
3
As 2 is acute,  must be in the first sin 2 A 2sin A cos A
quadrant so sin  is positive, so 19 tan 2 A  
cos 2 A cos 2 A − sin 2 A
2
sin  = 2sin A cos A
3 cos 2 A

cos 2 A − sin 2 A
17 Sketch the problem,
cos 2 A
2sin A
 cos A2
sin A
1−
cos 2 A
2 tan A

1 − tan 2 A

a The gradient of line l is 3

4 , which is tan  .

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Trigonometry and modelling 7D
1 a 3cos  2sin(  60)
 3cos   2(sin  cos 60  cos  sin 60)
1 3 
 3cos   2  sin   cos    sin   3 cos 
2 2 
 3  3  cos  sin 
 sin  
 tan   3  3 =1.2679...  as tan   
 cos  
As tan  is positive,  is in the first and third quadrants
  tan 1 1.2679  , 180  tan 1 1.2679 
  51.7, 231.7

b sin(  30)  2sin   0

 sin  cos 30  cos  sin 30  2 sin   0
3 1
 sin   cos   2 sin   0
2 2
  4  3  sin    cos
1
 tan   
4 3
As tan  is negative,  is in the second and fourth quadrants

 1  1  1 
  tan 1     180, tan     360
 4 3   4 3 
  170.1, 350.1

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1 c cos(  25)  sin(  65)  1
 cos  cos 25  sin  sin 25  sin  cos 65  cos  sin 65  1
As sin(90  x)  cos x and cos(90  x)  sin x
cos 25  sin 65 and sin 25  cos 65
So cos  sin 65  sin  cos 65  sin  cos 65  cos  sin 65  1
 2 cos  sin 65  1
1
 cos    0.55168...
2sin 65
  cos 1 (0.55168), 360  cos 1 (0.55168)
  56.5, 303.5

d cos  cos(  60)

1 3
 cos   cos  cos 60  sin  sin 60  cos   sin 
2 2
 cos    3 sin 
1  sin  
 tan     as tan   
3  cos  
As tan  is negative,  is in the second and fourth quadrants

 1  1  1 
  tan 1     180, tan     360
 3  3
  150.0, 330.0

 π π π
2 a sin      sin  cos  cos  sin
 4 4 4
1 1 1
 sin   cos   (sin   cos  )
2 2 2

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 1 1
2 b (sin   cos  ) 
2 2

  1
 sin    
 4 2
π π π π
Find all answers for   . As 0    2π so     2π 
4 4 4 4
  3 9 
  , , , so   0, , 2
4 4 4 4 2

 π 1
c As sin     (sin   cos  )
 4 2

When sin   cos = 1

 π 1
sin     
 4 2
π
So   0, , 2π
2

3 a cos cos30  sin sin30  0.5

 cos(  30)  0.5
   30  60, 300
   30, 270
3 1
b cos  cos 30  sin  sin 30  cos    sin  
2 2
1
So cos  cos 30  sin  sin 30  is identical to 3 cos   sin   1
2
Solutions are same as (a), i.e. 30, 270

4 a 3sin(x  y)  sin(x  y)  0
 3sin x cos y  3cos x sin y  sin x cos y  cos x sin y  0
 2sin x cos y  4 cos x sin y
2sin x cos y 4 cos x sin y
 
cos x cos y cos x cos y
2sin x 4sin y
 
cos x cos y
 2 tan x  4 tan y

b Put y  45  tan x  2

So x  tan 1 2, 180  tan 1 2
x  63.4, 243.4 (1 d.p.)

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5 a sin 2  sin  , 0    2π
 2sin  cos   sin 
 2sin  cos   sin   0
 sin  (2 cos   1)  0
1
 sin   0 or cos  
2
π 5π
Solution set: 0, , π, , 2π
3 3

b cos 2  1  cos  ,  180    180

 2 cos 2   1  1  cos 
 2 cos 2   cos   2  0
1  17
 cos   (using the quadratic formula)
4
1  17 1  17
As  1 , this gives the only solution as cos    0.78077...
4 4
As cos is positive,  is in the first and fourth quadrants
Using a calculator cos 1 0.78077  38.7 (1 d.p.)
Solutions are  38.7

c 3cos 2  2cos 2  , 0    360

 3(2 cos 2   1)  2 cos 2 
 6 cos 2   3  2 cos 2 
 4 cos 2   3
3 3
 cos 2    cos   
4 2
 will be in all four quadrants.
Solution set: 30, 150, 210, 330

d sin 4  cos 2 , 0   π
 2 sin 2 cos 2  cos 2
 cos 2 (2sin 2  1)  0
1
 cos 2  0 or sin 2 
2
cos 2  0 in 0  2  2π
π 3π π 3π
 2  ,   ,
2 2 4 4
1
sin 2  in 0  2  2π
2
π 5π π 5π
 2  ,   ,
6 6 12 12
π π 5π 3π
Solution set: , , ,
12 4 12 4

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 
5 e 3cos   sin  1  0, 0    720
2
  
 3 1  2sin 2   sin  1  0
 2 2
 
 6sin 2  sin
20
2
2
    
  3sin  2   2sin  1  0
 2  2 
 2  1
 sin   or sin 
2 3 2 2
 1 
sin  in 0   360
2 2 2

  30, 150    60, 300
2
 2 
sin  in 0   360
2 3 2

  2  2
  180  sin 1    , 360  sin 1     221.8, 318.2 (1 d.p.)
2  3  3
   443.6, 636.4
Solution set: 60, 300, 443.6, 636.4

f cos 2   sin 2  sin 2  , 0   π

 cos   sin   sin 2
2 2

 cos 2  sin 2
 tan 2  1 (divide both sides by cos 2 )
tan 2  1 in 0  2  2π
π 5π
 2  ,
4 4
π 5π
  ,
8 8

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5 g 2 sin   sec  , 0    2π
1
 2sin  
cos 
 2sin  cos   1
 sin 2  1
sin 2  1 in 0  2  4π
π 5π
 2  ,
2 2
π 5π
  ,
4 4

h 2sin 2  3tan , 0    360

3sin 
 4sin  cos  
cos 
 4sin  cos   3sin 
2

 sin  (4 cos 2   3)  0
3
 sin   0 or cos 2  
4
sin   0    0, 180
3 3
cos 2    cos       30, 150, 210, 330
4 2
Solution set: 0, 30, 150, 180, 210, 330

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5 i 2 tan   3(1  tan  )(1  tan  ), 0    2π
 2 tan   3(1  tan  ) 2

 3 tan 2   2 tan   3  0
 ( 3 tan   1)(tan   3)  0
1
 tan   or tan    3
3
1
tan   , 0    2π
3

1 1 π 7π
   tan 1 , π  tan 1  ,
3 3 6 6
tan    3, 0    2π

 
   π  tan 1  3 , 2π  tan 1  3    2π 5π
3
,
3
π 2π 7π 5π
Solution set: , , ,
6 3 6 3

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5 j sin 2   2sin 2 , 180    180
 sin   4 sin  cos 
2

 sin  (sin   4 cos  )  0

 sin   0 or sin   4 cos 
 sin   0 or tan   4
sin   0    0, 180
tan   4    tan 1 4,  180  tan 1 4  76.0,  104.0 (1 d.p.)

Solution set:  104.0, 0, 76.0

k 4 tan   tan 2 , 0    360

2 tan 
 4 tan  
1  tan 2 
 2 tan  (1  tan 2  )  tan 
 tan  (2  2 tan 2   1)  0
 tan  (1  2 tan 2  )  0
1
 tan   0 or tan   
2
tan   0    0, 180
1
tan   
2
   35.3, 144.7, 215.3, 324.7
Solution set: 0, 35.3, 144.7, 180, 215.3, 324.7

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6 Sketch ∆ ABC

4sin 2  5sin 
 8sin  cos   5sin 
 8sin  cos   5sin   0
 sin  (8 cos   5)  0
5
 sin   0 or cos  
8
As ABC is a triangle, 0    90 , so   0 or 180 are not possible solutions.
1  5 
So   cos    51.3 (1 d.p.)
8

7 a As 5sin 2  10sin  cos 

5sin 2  4sin   10sin  cos   4sin   0
2sin  (5cos   2)  0
So a = 2, b = 5 and c = 2

b 2 sin  (5 cos   2)  0, 0    360

2
 sin   0 or cos   
5
sin   0    0, 180
2  2  2
cos       cos 1    , 360  cos 1     113.6, 246.4 (1 d.p.)
5  5  5
Solution set:   0, 113.6, 180, 246.4

8 a As sin 2  2 sin  cos  and cos 2  1  2 sin 2 

sin 2  cos 2  1
 2 sin  cos   (1  2 sin 2  )  1
 2 sin  cos   2 sin 2   0
 2 sin  (cos   sin  )  0

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8 b 2 sin  (cos   sin  )  0, 0    360
 sin   0 or cos   sin 
sin   0    0, 180
cos   sin   tan   1    45, 225
Solution set:   0, 45, 180, 225

9 a LHS  (cos 2  sin 2 ) 2

 cos 2 2  2sin 2 cos 2  sin 2 2
 (cos 2 2  sin 2 2 )  (2sin 2 cos 2 )
 1  sin 4 (sin 2 A  cos 2 A  1, sin 2 A  2sin A cos A)
 RHS

1
b You can use (cos 2  sin 2 ) 2  but this also solves the equation
2
1
cos 2  sin 2  
2
so you need to check your final answers.
As (cos 2  sin 2 ) 2  1  sin 4
1
  1  sin 4
2
1
 sin 4 
2
0    π, so 0  4  4π
π 5π 13π 17π
 4  , , ,
6 6 6 6
π 5π 13π 17π
  , , ,
24 24 24 24
1 5π 13π
Checking these values in cos 2  sin 2  eliminates ,
2 24 24
1
which apply to cos 2  sin 2  
2
π 17π
Solutions are ,
24 24

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 2 tan 2
10 a i RHS 
1  tan 2 2
2 tan 2

sec2 2
2sin 2
 
 cos 2 2
cos 2
 2sin 2 cos 2
 sin  (sin 2 A  2sin A cos A)
 LHS

1  tan 2 2
ii RHS 
1  tan 2 2
1  tan 2 2

sec 2 2
 cos 2 2 1  tan 2 2 
 2  sin 2 2 
 cos 2 2  sin 2 2  tan 2  
 cos 2 2 
 cos  (cos 2 A  cos 2 A  sin 2 A)
 LHS


b Let tan t
2

i sin   2cos  1
2t 2(1  t 2 )
  1
1 t2 1 t2
 2t  2  2t 2  1  t 2
 3t 2  2t  1  0
 (3t  1)(t  1)  0
 1  
 tan   or tan  1, 0   180
2 3 2 2
 
tan 1   45    90
2 2
 1 
tan    161.56    323.1 (1 d.p.)
2 3 2
Solution set: 90, 323.1

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10 b ii 3cos  4sin   2
3(1  t 2 ) 4  2t
  2
1 t2 1 t2
 3(1  t 2 )  8t  2(1  t 2 )
 5t 2  8t  1  0
8  84
 t
10
 8  84 
For tan  0  180
2 10 2

 6.65    13.3 (1 d.p.)
2
 8  84 
For tan  0  180
2 10 2

 120.2    240.4 (1 d.p.)
2
Solution set: 13.3, 240.4

11 a RHS  1  2cos 2x
 1  2(cos 2 x  sin 2 x)
 1  2 cos 2 x  2sin 2 x
 cos 2 x  sin 2 x  2 cos 2 x  2sin 2 x (using sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1)
 3cos 2 x  sin 2 x
 LHS

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11 b y  3cos 2 x  sin 2 x is the same as y  1 2cos 2x
Using your work on transformations, this curve is the result of
(i) stretching y  cos x by scale factor 1
2 in the x direction, then
(ii) stretching the result by scale factor 2 in the y direction, then
(iii) translating by 1 in the positive y direction.

The curve crosses y-axis at (0, 3). It crosses x-axis where y  0

i.e. where 1  2 cos 2 x  0 π x π
1
 cos 2 x    2π  2 x  2π
2

4π 2π 2π 4π
So 2 x   ,  , ,
3 3 3 3
2π π π 2π
 x ,  , ,
3 3 3 3
 2π   π   π   2π 
The curve meets the x-axis at   , 0  ,   , 0  ,  , 0  ,  ,0 
 3   3  3   3 

 1  cos   1  cos 
12 a cos 2  , sin 2 
2 2 2 2
 
So 2 cos 2  4 sin 2  (1  cos  )  2(1  cos  )  3cos   1
2 2

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12 b 3cos   1  3, 0    360
 3cos   2
2
 cos   
3
As cos  is negative,  is in second and third quadrants.
 2
Calculator value is cos 1     131.8 (1 d.p.)
 3

Solutions are 131.8, 360  131.8  131.8, 228.2 (1 d.p.)

13 a As sin 2 A  cos 2 A  1 so (sin 2 A  cos 2 A) 2  1

 sin 4 A  cos 4 A  2sin 2 A cos 2 A  1
 sin 4 A  cos 4 A  1  2sin 2 A cos 2 A
1
 1  (4sin 2 A cos 2 A)
2
1
 1   (2sin A cos A) 2 
2
1
 1  sin 2 2 A
2
1
 (2  sin 2 2 A)
2
1 cos 4 A
b As cos 2 A  1 2sin 2 A so cos 4 A  1 2sin 2 2 A so sin 2 2 A 
2
1  1  cos 4 A  1  4  1  cos 4 A  1
 from (a) sin 4 A  cos 4 A   2        3  cos 4 A
2 2  2 2  4

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13 c Using part (b)

8sin 4   8cos 4   7
1
 8  (3  cos 4 )  7
4
7
 3  cos 4 
2
1
 cos 4 
2
1
Solve cos 4  in 0  4  4π
2
π 5π 7π 11π
 4  , , ,
3 3 3 3
π 5π 7π 11π
  , , ,
12 12 12 12

14 a cos 3  cos(2   )  cos 2 cos   sin 2 sin 

 (cos 2   sin 2  ) cos   (2sin  cos  ) sin 
 cos3   sin 2  cos   2sin 2  cos 
 cos3   3sin 2  cos 
 cos3   3(1  cos 2  ) cos 
 4 cos3   3cos 

b 6 cos   8 cos 3   1  0 , 0    π

 1  8 cos3   6 cos 
1
 4 cos3   3cos  
2
1
 cos 3  , 0  3  3π using the result from part (a)
2
π 5π 7π
So 3  , ,
3 3 3
π 5π 7π
  , ,
9 9 9

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Trigonometry and modelling 7E
1 5sin  + 12cos  R sin  cos  + R cos sin  b This is the graph of y = cosq , translated
Comparing sin  : R cos  = 5 by π3 to the left and then stretched in the
Comparing cos  : R sin  = 12 y direction by scale factor 2.
Divide the equations:
sin  12 2
=  tan  = 2
cos  5 5
Square and add the equations:
R 2 cos 2  + R 2 sin 2  = 52 + 12 2
R 2 (cos 2  + sin 2  ) = 132
R = 13
since cos 2  + sin 2   1

2 3sinq + 6 cosq Meets y -axis at (0, 1)

 3cos cos  + 3sin  sin 
 π   7π 
Meets x-axis at  , 0  ,  , 0 
Comparing sin  : 3 = 3sin  (1) 6   6 
Comparing cos  : 6 = 3cos  (2)
5 a Let 7cos − 24sin   R cos( +  )
Divide (1) by (2) :
 R cos cos  − R sin  sin 
3 1
tan  = = Compare cos  : R cos  = 7 (1)
6 2
Compare sin  : R sin  = 24 (2)
So  = 35.3 (1 d.p.)
Divide (2) by (1) : tan  = 24
7

3 2sinq - 5cosq   = 73.7 (1 d.p.)

 −3cos cos  + 3sin  sin  Square and add: R 2 = 242 + 7 2
Comparing sin  : 2 = 3sin  (1)  R = 25
Comparing cos  : +  5 = +3cos  (2) So 7 cos  − 24sin   25cos( + 73.7)
Divide (1) by (2) :
b Graph meets y-axis where q = 0,
2 i.e. y = 7 cos 0 − 24sin 0 = 7
tan  =
5 so coordinates are (0, 7)
So  = 41.8 (1 d.p.)
c Maximum value of 25cos( + 73.7) is
4 a Let cos  − 3 sin   R cos( +  ) when cos( + 73.7) = 1
 R cos cos  − R sin  sin  So maximum is 25
Compare cos  : R cos  = 1 (1) Minimum value is 25(−1) = −25
Compare sin  : R sin  = 3 (2)
π
Divide (2) by (1) : tan  = 3   =
3
Square and add : R = 1 + 3 = 4  R = 2
2

 π
So cos  − 3 sin   2 cos   + 
 3

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5 d i The line y = 15 will meet the graph 7 a Set cos 2 − 2sin 2  R cos(2 +  )
twice in 0    360, so there are cos 2 − 2sin 2
2 solutions.  R cos 2 cos  − R sin 2 sin 

ii As the maximum value is 25 it can Comparing sin 2 : R sin  = 2 (1)

never be 26, so there are 0 solutions. Comparing cos 2 : R cos  = 1 (2)
iii As - 25 is a minimum, line y = -25 Divide (1) by (2)
only meets curve once, so only R sin 
= tan  = 2
1 solution. R cos 
So  = 1.107 (3 d.p.)
6 a Let sin  + 3cos   R sin ( +  )
 R sin  cos  + R cos sin  R 2 cos 2  + R 2 sin 2  = 12 + 22

Comparing sin  : R cos  = 1 (1) R 2 (cos 2  + sin 2  ) = 5

Comparing cos : R sin  = 3 (2) R= 5

Divide (2) by (1) So cos 2 − 2sin 2 = 5 cos(2 + 1.107)

R sin 
= tan  = 3 b 5 cos(2 + 1.107) = −1.5
R cos 
1.5
So  = 71.56 (2 d.p.) cos(2 + 1.107) = −
5
R 2 cos 2  + R 2 sin 2  = 12 + 32  1.5 
cos −1  −  = 2.306 (3 d.p.)
R 2 (cos 2  + sin 2  ) = 10  5
R 2 = 10 As 0    π, the interval for

R = 10,  = 71.6 (1 d.p.) ( 2 + 1.107 ) is

1.107  2 + 1.107  2π + 1.107
b Use the value of  to 2 d.p. in calculating
values of  to avoid rounding errors So 2 + 1.107 = 2.306, 2π − 2.306
2 + 1.107 = 2.306, 3.977
10 sin( + 71.56) = 2
2  = 0.60, 1.44 (2 d.p.)
sin( + 71.56) =
10
 2 
sin −1   = 39.23 (2 d.p.)
 10 
As 0    360, the interval for
( + 71.56 ) is
71.56   + 71.56  431.56
So  + 71.56 = 180 − 39.23,
and  + 71.56 = 360 + 39.23
 + 71.56 = 140.77, 399.23
 = 69.2, 327.7 (1 d.p.)

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8 a Write 6sin x + 8cos x in the form c Let 8cosq +15sinq º Rcos(q - a )
R sin( x +  ), where R  0, 0    90  R sin x cos  + R cos x sin 

So 6sin x + 8cos x Compare cos  : R cos  = 8 (1)

 R sin x cos  + R cos x sin  Compare sin  : R sin  = 15 (2)
Compare sin x: R cos  = 6 (1) Divide (2) by (1) : tan  =
15
Compare cos x: R sin  = 8 (2) 8
  = 61.93 (2 d.p.)
4
Divide (2) by (1): tan  = R 2 = 82 + 152  R = 17
3
  = 53.13 (2 d.p.) Solve 17 cos( − 61.93) = 10,
R 2 = 62 + 82  R = 10 in the interval 0    360
So 6sin x + 8cos x  10sin( x + 53.13) 10
So cos ( − 61.93 ) = ,
17
Solve 10sin( x + 53.13) = 5 3,
−61.93   − 61.93  298.07
in the interval 0  x  360
 10 
3 cos −1   = 53.97 (2 d.p.)
so sin( x + 53.13) =  17 
2
 x + 53.13 = 60, 120
 x = 6.9, 66.9 (1 d.p.)

b Let 2cos3q - 3sin3q º Rcos(3q + a )

 R cos3 cos  − R sin 3 sin 
Compare cos 3 : R cos  = 2 (1)
Compare sin 3 : R sin  = 3 (2)
3
Divide (2) by (1) : tan  =
2 So  − 61.93 = −53.97, + 53.97
  = 56.31 (2 d.p.)   = 8.0, 115.9 (1 d.p.)
R 2 = 22 + 32  R = 13
Solve 13 cos(3 + 56.31) = −1,
in the interval 0    90
1
so cos(3 + 56.31) = −
13
for 56.31  3 + 56.31  326.31

 3 + 56.31 = 106.10, 253.90

 3 = 49.8, 197.6
  = 16.6, 65.9 (1 d.p.)

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 x x 9 a Set 3sin 3 − 4cos3  R sin(3 −  )
8 d Let 5sin − 12 cos
2 2 3sin 3 − 4cos3
x  R sin 3 cos  − R cos3 sin 
 R sin − 
2 Compare sin 3 : R cos  = 3 (1)
x x Compare cos 3 : R sin  = 4
 R sin cos  − R cos sin  (2)
2 2
4
x Divide (2) by (1) : tan  =
Compare sin : R cos  = 5 (1) 3
2
  = 53.13 (2 d.p.)
x
Compare cos : R sin  = 12 (2) R 2 = 32 + 42 = 25  R = 5
2
12 So 3sin 3 − 4cos3  5sin(3 − 53.13)
Divide (2) by (1) : tan  =
5
  = 67.38 (2 d.p.) b The minimum value of 3sin 3 − 4cos3
R = 13 is −5. This occurs when
sin(3 − 53.13) = −1
x 
Solve 13sin  − 67.38  = −6.5, 3 − 53.13 = 270
2 
 = 107.7 (1 d.p.)
in the interval − 360  x  360
x  1
So sin  − 67.38  = − , c 5sin(3 − 53.13) = 1 ,
2  2
in the interval 0    180
x 1
−247.4  − 67.4  112.6 So sin(3 − 53.13) = ,
2 5
in the interval
−53.13  3 − 53.13  506.87
3 − 53.13 = 11.54, 168.46, 371.54
 = 21.6, 73.9,141.6 (1 d.p.)

1- cos2q
10 a As sin 2 q = and
2
1 + cos 2
cos 2  =
2
From quadrant diagram: So 5sin  − 3cos 2  + 6sin  cos 
2

x 1 − cos 2 1 + cos 2
− 67.38 = −150, − 30 5 −3
2 2 2
x + 3(2sin  cos  )
 = −82.62, 37.38
2 5 5 3 3
 x = −165.2, 74.8 (1 d.p.)  − cos 2 − − cos 2 + 3sin 2
2 2 2 2
 1 − 4 cos 2 + 3sin 2

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10 b Write 3sin2q - 4cos2q in the form b Squaring 3cosq = 2 - sinq
R sin(2 −  ) gives 9 cos 2  = 4 + sin 2  − 4sin 
The maximum value of R sin(2 −  ) is R
 9(1 − sin 2  ) = 4 + sin 2  − 4sin 
The minimum value of R sin(2 −  )
is –R  10sin 2  − 4sin  − 5 = 0
You know that R 2 = 3 2 + 42 so R = 5 c 10sin2 q - 4sinq - 5 = 0
4  216
So maximum value of  sin  =
1 − 4 cos 2 + 3sin 2 is 1 + 5 = 6 20
4 + 216
and minimum value of For sin  = , sin  is positive,
1 − 4 cos 2 + 3sin 2 is 1 − 5 = −4 20
so  is in the first and second quadrants.
c 1 − 4cos 2 − 3sin 2 = −1   = 69.2, 180 − 69.2
 3sin 2 − 4cos 2 = −2 = 69.2, 110.8 (1 d.p.)
Write 3sin2q - 4cos2q in the form 4 − 216
R sin(2 −  ) For sin  = , sin  is negative,
20
So R sin(2 −  ) = −2 so  is in the third and fourth quadrants.
 5sin(2 − 53.13) = −2   = 180 − (−32.3), 360 + (−32.3)
(By solving in same way as Question 9, = 212.3, 327.7 (1 d.p.)
part a)
So solutions of quadratic in (b) are
Look for solutions in the interval
69.2, 110.8, 212.3, 327.7 (1 d.p.)
−53.13  2 − 53.13  306.87
2 − 53.13 = −23.58, 203.58
d In squaring the equation, you are also
 = 14.8,128.4 (1 d.p.) including the solutions to
3cosq = -(2 - sinq ) ,
11 a Let 3cosq + sinq º Rcos(q - a )
 R cos cos  + R sin  sin  which when squared produces the same
quadratic. The extra two solutions satisfy
Compare cos  : R cos  = 3 (1) this equation.
Compare sin  : R sin  = 1 (2)
1
Divide (2) by (1): tan  =
3
  = 18.43 (2 d.p.)
R 2 = 32 + 12 = 10  R = 10 = 3.16
Solve 10 cos( − 18.43) = 2,
in the interval 0    360
2
 cos( − 18.43) =
10
  − 18.43 = 50.77, 309.23
  = 69.2, 327.7 (1 d.p.)

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12 a cot  + 2 = cos ec b cos + 3 sin  = 2
cos  1 Set 3 sin  + cos   R sin( +  )
 +2=
sin  sin   R sin  cos  + R cos  sin 
Multiplying both sides by sin  gives So R cos  = 3 and R sin  = 1
cos + 2sin  = 1 R sin  1
= tan  =
R cos  3
b cos + 2sin  = 1
 1  π
Set 2sin  + cos  R sin( +  )  = tan −1  =
 R sin  cos  + R cos sin   3 6

So R cos  = 1 and R sin  = 1

2
R 2 = 3 + 12 = 4  R = 2
R sin  1  π
= tan  = 2sin   +  = 2
R cos  2  6
1  π
 = tan −1   = 26.57 (2 d.p.) sin   +  = 1, in the interval
2  6
R = 2 + 12  R = 5
2 2
π π 11π
 + 
So 5 sin( + 26.57) = 1 6 6 6
 
sin( + 26.57) =
1
, in the interval + =
5 6 2
26.57   + 26.57  386.57 
=
3
 + 26.57 = 26.57, 153.43
 = 0, 126.9 (1 d.p.) 14 a Set 9cos + 40sin   R cos( −  )
As both cot  and cosec are undefined  R cos cos  + R sin  sin 
at 0,  = 126.9 is the only solution. So R cos  = 9 and R sin  = 40
R sin  40

13 a

2 cos   −  +
 4
( )
3 − 1 sin  = 2 R cos 
= tan  =
9
   40 
 2 cos  cos + 2 sin  sin  = tan −1  
4 4  9 
+ 3 sin  − sin  = 2 So  = 77.320 (3 d.p.)

 1 1  R 2 cos 2  + R 2 sin 2  = 40 2 + 92
 2 cos  + sin  
 2 2  R 2 (cos 2  + sin 2  ) = 1681
+ 3 sin  − sin  = 2 R = 41
So 9cos + 40sin  = 41cos( − 77.320)
 cos  + sin  + 3 sin  − sin  = 2
 cos  + 3 sin  = 2 18
b i g( ) =
50 + 41cos( − 77.320)
The minimum value of g( ) is when
cos( − 77.320) = 1
18 18
So the minimum value is =
50 + 41 91

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14 b ii The minimum occurs when
cos( − 77.320) = 1
 − 77.320 = 0
 = 77.320

15 a Set 12cos 2 − 5sin 2  R cos(2 +  )

 R cos 2 cos  − R sin 2 sin 
So R cos  = 12 and R sin  = 5
R sin  5
= tan  =
R cos  12
5
 = tan −1  
 12 
So  = 22.62 (2 d.p.)
R 2 cos 2  + R 2 sin 2  = 122 + 52
R 2 (cos 2  + sin 2  ) = 169
R = 13

b 13cos(2 + 22.62) = −6.5

6.5
cos(2 + 22.62) = − , in the interval
13
22.62  2 + 22.62  382.62
2 + 22.62 = 120, 240
 = 48.7, 108.7 (1 d.p.)

c 24cos2  −10sin  cos

 cos 2 + 1 
 24   − 5sin 2
 2 
 12 cos 2 − 5sin 2 + 12
a = 12, b = −5 and c = 12

d 24cos2  −10sin  cos

 12cos 2 − 5sin 2 + 12
From part (a)
12cos 2 − 5sin 2 + 12
= 13cos(2 + 22.62) + 12
The minimum value is therefore when
cos(2 + 22.620) = −1
It is 13(−1) + 12 = −1

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Trigonometry and Modelling 7F

cos 2 A
1 a LHS º
cos A + sin A
cos 2 A  sin 2 A

cos A  sin A
(cos A  sin A)(cos A  sin A)

cos A  sin A
 cos A  sin A  RHS

sin B cos B
b LHS  
sin A cos A
sin B cos A  cos B sin A

sin A cos A
sin( B  A)
1
2 (2sin A cos A)

2sin( B  A)

sin 2 A
 2 cosec 2 A sin( B  A)  RHS

1  cos 2
c LHS 
sin 2
1  (1  2sin 2  )

2sin  cos 
2sin 2 

2sin  cos 
sin 

cos 
 tan   RHS

sec 2 q
d LHS º
1- tan 2 q
1

cos  (1  tan 2  )
2

1  sin 2  
  as tan 2
  
cos   sin 2 
2
 cos 2  
1

cos 2
 sec 2  RHS

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1 e LHS º 2(sin3 q cosq + cos3 q sinq )
º 2sinq cosq (sin 2 q + cos 2 q )
º sin 2q (since sin 2 q + cos 2 q º 1)
º RHS

sin3q cos3q
f LHS º -
sinq cosq
sin3q cosq - cos3q sin q
º
sinq cosq
sin(3q - q )
º 1
2 sin 2q

sin 2q
º 1
2
sin 2q
º 2 º RHS

g LHS º cosecq - 2cot 2q cosq

cos 2q
º cosec q - 2 cosq
sin 2q
2cos 2q cosq
º cosec q -
2sin q cosq
1 cos 2q
º -
sin q sin q
1- cos 2q
º
sin q
1- (1- 2sin 2 q )
º
sin q
2sin q
2
º
sin q
º 2sin q º RHS

secq -1
h LHS º
secq +1
1
-1
º cos1 q
cosq
+1
1- cosq
º
1+ cosq

º
(
1- 1- 2sin 2 q2 )
1+ (2cos 2 q
2 - 1)
2 q
2sin
º 2
2 q
2cos 2

q
º tan 2 º RHS
2

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1 i LHS º tan ( p4 - x )
tan p4 - tan x
º
1+ tan p4 tan x
1- tan x
º
1+ tan x
sin x
1- cos
º x
sin x
1+ cos x

cos x - sin x
º
cos x + sin x
cos 2 x + sin 2 x - 2sin x cos x
º (multiply 'top and bottom' by cos x - sin x)
cos 2 x - sin 2 x
1- sin 2x
º º RHS
cos 2x

2 a LHS º sin( A+ 60°) + sin( A- 60°)

º sin Acos60° + cos Asin60° + sin Acos60° - cos Asin60°
º 2sin Acos60°
º sin A (since cos60° = ) 1
2

º RHS

cos A sin A
b LHS º -
sin B cos B
cos Acos B - sin Asin B
º
sin Bcos B
cos( A + B)
º
sin Bcos B
º RHS

sin(x + y)
c LHS º
cos xcos y
sin x cos y + cos x sin y
º
cos x cos y
sin x cos y cos x sin y
º +
cos x cos y cos x cos y
sin x sin y
º +
cos x cos y
º tan x + tan y
º RHS

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 cos(x + y)
2 d LHS º +1
sin x sin y
cos(x + y) + sin x sin y
º
sin x sin y
cos x cos y - sin x sin y + sin x sin y
º
sin x sin y
cos x cos y
º
sin x sin y
º cot x cot y
º RHS

æ pö
e LHS º cos ç q + ÷ + 3sin q
è 3ø
p p
º cosq cos - sin q sin + 3sin q
3 3
1 3
º cosq - sin q + 3sinq
2 2
3 1
º sin q + cos q
2 2
p p æ p 3 p 1ö
º sinq cos + cosq sin ç cos = ,sin = ÷
6 6 è 6 2 6 2ø
æ pö
º sin ç q + ÷
è 6ø
( sin( A + B))
º RHS

cos( A + B)
f LHS º cot( A + B) º
sin( A + B)
cos Acos B - sin Asin B
º
sin Acos B + cos Asin B
cos Acos B sin Asin B
-
º sin Asin B sin Asin B (dividing top and bottom by sin Asin B)
sin Acos B cos Asin B
+
sin Asin B sin Asin B
cot Acot B - 1
º º RHS
cot A + cot B

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2 g LHS º sin 2 (45° + q ) + sin2 (45° - q )
º (sin45°cosq + cos45°sinq )2 + (sin45°cosq - cos45°sinq )2
º (sin45°cosq + sin45°sinq )2 + (sin45°cosq - sin45°sinq )2 (as sin45° = cos45°)
(
º (sin 45°)2 (cosq + sin q )2 + (cosq - sinq )2 )
1
º (cos 2 q + 2sin q cosq + sin 2 q + cos 2 q - 2sin q cosq + sin 2 q )
2
1
((
º 2 sin 2 q + cos 2 q
2
))
1
º ´2 (sin 2 q + cos 2 q º 1)
2
º1
º RHS

Alternatively as sin(90° - x°) º cos x°, if x = 45° + q ° then sin(45° - q °) º cos(45° + q °)

and original LHS becomes sin 2 (45 + q )° + cos2 (45 + q )°, which = 1

h LHS º cos( A+ B)cos( A- B)

º (cos Acos B - sin Asin B)(cos Acos B + sin Asin B)
º cos 2 Acos 2 B - sin 2 Asin 2 B
º cos 2 A(1- sin 2 B) - (1- cos 2 A)sin 2 B
º cos 2 A - cos 2 Asin 2 B - sin 2 B + cos 2 Asin 2 B
º cos 2 A - sin 2 B
º RHS

3 a LHS º tanq + cot q

sin q cosq
º +
cosq sin q
sin 2 q + cos 2 q
º
sinq cosq
2
º (sin 2 q + cos 2 q º 1)
2sin q cosq
2
º
sin 2q
º 2cosec 2q º RHS

b Use q = 75°
1 1
Þ tan75° + cot 75° = 2cosec150° = 2 ´ = 2´ 1 = 4
sin150° 2

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4 a sin 3  sin(2   )  sin 2 cos  cos 2 sin 
º (2sinq cosq )cosq + (cos 2 q - sin 2 q )sin q
º 2sinq cos 2 q + sinq cos 2 q - sin 3 q
º 3sinq cos 2 q - sin3 q

b cos3q º cos(2q + q ) º cos 2q cosq - sin 2q sin q

º (cos 2 q - sin 2 q )cosq - (2sinq cosq )sin q
º cos3 q - sin 2 q cosq - 2sin 2 q cosq
º cos3 q - 3sin 2 q cosq

sin3q 3sinq cos2 q - sin3 q

c tan3q º º
cos3q cos3 q - 3sin 2 q cosq
3sin q cos 2 q - sin 3 q
º cos3 q
cos3 q - 3sin 2 q cosq
cos3 q
3sin q sin 3 q
-
º cos q cos 3 q
cos3 q 3sin 2 q
-
cos3 q cos 2 q
3tan q - tan 3 q
º
1- 3tan 2 q

d Sketch the right-angled triangle containing q

This shows tanq = 2 2

( ) ( ) =6
3
32 2 - 2 2 2 -16 2 -10 2 10 2
So tan3q = = =
1- 3( 2 2 )
2
1- 24 -23 23

x
5 a i Using cos 2 A º 2cos2 A -1 with A =
2
x
Þ cos x º 2cos 2 -1
2
x
Þ 2cos 2 º 1+ cos x
2
x 1+ cos x
Þ cos 2 º
2 2

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5 a ii Using cos2A º 1- 2sin2 A
x
Þ cos x º 1- 2sin 2
2
x
Þ 2sin 2 º 1- cos x
2
x 1- cos x
Þ sin 2 º
2 2

q
1+ cosq 1.6 4
b i Using (a) (i) cos 2 = =
= 0.8 =
2 2 2 5
q 2 2 5 æ q ö
Þ cos = = ç as acute÷
2 5 5 è 2 ø

q 1- cosq 0.4 1
ii Using (a) (ii) sin 2 = = = 0.2 =
2 2 2 5
q 1 5
Þ sin = =
2 5 5

q sin q2 5 5 1
iii tan = = ´ =
2 cos q2 5 2 5 2

c Using (a) (i) and squaring

2
A æ 1+ cos A ö 1+ 2cos A + cos 2 A
cos ºç
4
º
2 è 2 ÷ø 4
but using cos 2 A º 2cos 2 A - 1 gives
1
cos 2 A º (1+ cos 2 A)
2
A 1+ 2cos A + 12 (1+ cos 2 A) 2 + 4cos A + 1+ cos 2 A 3+ 4cos A + cos 2 A
So cos 4 º º º
2 4 8 8

2
æ 1+ cos 2q ö
6 LHS º cos q º (cos q ) º ç
4 2 2
÷ø
è 2
1
º (1+ 2cos 2q + cos 2 2q )
4
1 1 1 æ 1+ cos 4q ö
º + cos 2q + ç ÷ø
4 2 4è 2
1 1 1 1
º + cos 2q + + cos 4q
4 2 8 8
3 1 1
º + cos 2q + cos 4q º RHS
8 2 8

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7 sin 2 (x + y) - sin2 (x - y) º [sin(x + y) + sin(x - y)][sin(x + y) - sin(x - y)]
 [sin x cos y  cos x sin y  sin x cos y  cos x sin y][sin x cos y  cos x sin y  (sin x cos y  cos x sin y )]
 [2sin x cos y][2 cos x sin y]
 [2sin x cos x][2 cos y sin y]
 sin 2 x sin 2 y

8 Let cos2q - 3sin2q º Rcos(2q + a ) º Rcos2q cos a - Rsin2q sin a

Compare cos 2q : Rcosa = 1 (1)
Compare sin 2q : Rsina = 3 (2)
Divide (2) by (1) :
p
tana = 3 Þ a =
3
Square and add equations:
R 2 = 1+ 3 = 4 Þ R = 2
æ pö
So cos 2q - 3sin 2q º 2cos ç 2q + ÷
è 3ø

æ pö p p
9 4cos ç 2q - ÷ º 4cos2q cos + 4sin 2q sin
è 6ø 6 6
º 2 3cos 2q + 2sin 2q
( )
º 2 3 1- 2sin 2 q + 4sinq cosq

º 2 3 - 4 3sin 2 q + 4sinq cosq

æ pö
10 a RHS º 2 sin ç q + ÷
è 4ø
æ p pö
º 2 ç sin q cos + cosq sin ÷
è 4 4ø
æ 1 1 ö
º 2 ç sin q ´ + cosq ´ ÷
è 2 2ø
º sin q + cosq
º LHS

æ pö
b RHS º 2sin ç 2q - ÷
è 6ø
æ p pö
º 2 ç sin 2q cos - cos 2q sin ÷
è 6 6ø
æ 3 1ö
º 2 ç sin 2q ´ - cos 2q ´ ÷
è 2 2ø

º 3sin 2q - cos 2q
º LHS

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Challenge

1 a cos( A+ B) - cos( A- B) º cos Acos B - sin Asin B - (cos Acos B + sin Asin B)
º -2sin Asin B

b Let A + B = P and A − B = Q
Solving simultaneously gives
2A = P + Q
P+Q
A=
2
and
2B  P  Q
P Q
B
2
Substituting these into the identity from part a gives
 P Q   P Q 
cos P  cos Q  2sin   sin  
 2   2 
1 1
c Rearranging the identity from part a to give sin Asin B º - cos( A + B) + cos( A - B)
2 2
3 3
3sin x sin7x º - cos(x + 7x) + cos(x - 7x)
2 2
3 3
º - cos8x + cos(-6x)
2 2
3 3
º - cos8x + cos(6x) (as cos(-x) º cos x)
2 2
3
º - (cos8x - cos6x)
2

2 a sin( A+ B) + sin( A- B) º sin Acos B + cos Asin B + (sin Acos B - cos Asin B)
º 2sin Acos B
Let A + B = P and A − B = Q
Solving simultaneously gives
2A  P  Q
PQ
A
2
and
2B  P  Q
P Q
B
2
Substituting these into the equation for sin( A+ B) + sin( A- B) gives
 PQ   P Q 
sin P  sin Q  2sin   cos  
 2   2 

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 11p P + Q 5p P - Q
2 b Let = , =
24 2 24 2
22p 10p
= P + Q, = P-Q
24 24
Solving simultaneously gives:
32p 16p
2P = , P=
24 24
and
12p 6p
2Q = , Q=
24 24
11p 5p æ 16p ö æ 6p ö æ 2p ö æ pö 3 2 3+ 2
So 2sin cos = sin ç ÷ + sin ç ÷ = sin ç ÷ + sin ç ÷ = + =
24 24 è 24 ø è 24 ø è 3ø è 4ø 2 2 2

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Trigonometry and modelling 7G
1 a The maximum height is at 0.25 m when b The maximum price of the stock is when
sin(1800t)° = 1 sin(0.7t − 3) = 1, so 17.4 + 2 = £19.40
This is when sin(0.7t − 3) = 1
b 0.25sin(1800t ) = 0.1
p
0.1 0.7t - 3 =
sin(1800t)° = = 0.4 2
0.25 t = 6.5297 (4 d.p.)
1800t = 23.578 (3 d.p.)
t = 6 hours 32 minutes
t = 0.013099 minutes
= 0.8 seconds (1 d.p.) c Trader will show a £0.40 profit when
17.4 + 2sin(0.7t − 3) = £17.12 + £0.40
c The minimum height is at −0.25 m when Þ sin(0.7t - 3) = 0.06
sin(1800t)° = −1
Þ 0.7t - 3 = 0.060 (3 d.p.)
This occurs when 1800t = 270, 630
t = 4.371
t = 0.15, 0.35 minutes
Interval = 0.35 – 0.15 = 0.2 minutes So trader should sell 4 hours 22 minutes
= 12 seconds after the market opens.

2 a The maximum displacement is at 4 a The minimum temperature of the oven is

0.03 radians when cos(25t) = 1 when sin(2x − 3) = 1
T = 225 − 0.3 = 224.7 °C
b After 0.2 seconds
b Solve 225 −0.3sin(2x − 3) = 224.7, for
q = 0.03cos(25 ´ 0.2) = 0.03´ 0.28366 0 £ x £10
= 0.0085 radians (2 s.f.)  sin(2 x − 3) = 1,
for − 3  2 x − 3  17
c At t = 0, q = 0.03cos(25´ 0) = 0.03
 5 9 
To find when q = 0.03, solve 2x − 3 = , ,
2 2 2
0.03cos(25t ) = 0.03
x = 2.285, 5.427, 8.569 (3 d.p.)
Þ cos(25t) = 1
x = 2 m 17 s, 5 m 26s, 8 m 34s
Þ 25t = 0, 2p, 4p,...
Þ t = 0, 0.251, 0.503,... (3 d.p.) c 225 − 0.3sin(2x − 3) = 225.2, for x ³ 0
The pendulum is first back to its starting 2
position after 0.251 seconds. Þ sin(2x - 3) = - , for 2x - 3 ³ -3
3
d Solve 0.03cos(25t) = 0.01 2x - 3 = -2.412, - 0.730... (3 d.p.)
1 So oven first reaches minimum
cos(25t) = , 0 £ 25t £ 12.5 temperature at 2x – 3 = –2.412, so
3
x = 0.294 minutes, which is 17.6 seconds
25t = 1.231, 2p - 1.231, 2p + 1.231,
(1 d.p.)
4p - 1.231
25t = 1.231, 5.052, 7.514, 11.335 (3 d.p.)
t = 0.0492, 0.2021, 0.3006, 0.4534 secs

3 a Beginning price when t = 0 is

17.4 + 2sin(0.7  0 − 3) = £17.12
End price when t = 9 is
17.4 + 2sin(0.7  9 − 3) = £17.08

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5 a Set 0.3sin  − 0.4cos   R sin( −  ) 6 a Set 65cos  − 20sin   R cos( +  )
º Rsinq cosa - Rcosq sina º Rcosq cosa - Rsinq sina
So R cos  = 0.3 and R sin  = 0.4 So R cos  = 65 and R sin  = 20
Rsin a Rsin a 20
= tan a =
0.4 = tan a =
Rcos a 0.3 Rcos a 65
æ 4ö æ 20 ö
a = tan -1 ç = 0.2985 (4 d.p.)
a = tan -1 ç ÷ = 53.13° (2 d.p.)
è 3ø è 65 ÷ø

R 2 cos 2  + R 2 sin 2  = 0.32 + 0.42 R 2 cos 2 a + R 2 sin 2 a = 652 + 202

R 2 (cos 2 a + sin 2 a ) = 4625
R 2 (cos 2  + sin 2  ) = 0.25
R = 0.5 R = 68.0074 (4 d.p.)
So
So 0.3sinq - 0.4cosq = 0.5sin(q - 53.13°) 65cosq - 20sinq
= 68.0074cos(q + 0.2985)
b i The maximum value of
0.3sin  − 0.4cos is when b Using part (a)
sin(q - 53.13°) = 1, so the maximum
value is 0.5 70 - 65cos0.2t - 20sin0.2t
º 70 - 68.0074cos(0.2t + 0.2985)
ii Solve sin(q - 53.13°) = 1, for the The maximum height is when
interval -53.13° < q - 53.13° <126.87° cos(0.2t + 0.2985) = -1
 − 53.13 = 90 So H = 70 + 68.0074 = 138.0 m (1 d.p.)

 = 143.13 c Find consecutive times that the tourist is at

the maximum height. This is when
c Using part (a)
cos(0.2t + 0.2985) = -1
23+ 0.3sin(18x)° - 0.4cos(18x)°
0.2t + 0.2985 = p, 3p
º 23+ 0.5sin(18x - 53.13°)
t = 14.216, 45.631 (3 d.p.)
The minimum occurs when
The time for one revolution is
sin(18x - 53.13°) = -1
45.631–14.216 = 31.4 minutes (1 d.p.)
So the minimum temperature is
23- 0.5 = 22.5°C
d Find the times the tourist is at 100 m
It occurs when 18x − 53.13 = 270 ,
70 - 68.0074cos(0.2t + 0.2985) = 100
x = 17.95 minutes (2 d.p.)
30
cos(0.2t + 0.2985) = - = -0.4411
d At exactly 23 °C, 68.0074
23+ 0.5sin(18x - 53.13°) = 23 0.2t + 0.2985 = 2.0277, 2p - 2.0277
Find solutions for 0.5sin(18x - 53.13)° = 0 0.2t + 0.2985 = 1.1139, 4.2555
for 0 £ x £ 60 , i.e. in the interval t = 8.646,19.785 (3 d.p.)
-53.13 £18x - 53.13 £1026.87 Between these times the tourist is above
So 18x - 53.13 = 0,180, 360, 540, 720, 900 100 m because the highest point is reached
at t = 14.216 minutes.
Solutions are 3, 13, 23, 33, 43, 53 minutes
So time spent above 100 m in each
(nearest minute)
revolution = 19.785 – 8.646
= 11.1 minutes (1 d.p.)

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7 a Set 200sin  − 150cos   R sin( −  ) c Solve
º Rsinq cosa - Rcosq sina  4 x 
1700 + 250sin  − 0.6435  = 1800
So R cos  = 200 and R sin  = 150  25 
Rsin a 150 for the same interval as in part b ii
= tan a =
Rcos a 200 æ 4p x ö 100
sin ç - 0.6435÷ = = 0.4
æ 3ö è 25 ø 250
a = tan -1 ç ÷ = 0.6435 (4 d.p.)
è 4ø 4px
- 0.6435 = 0.4115, p - 0.4115,
R 2 cos 2  + R 2 sin 2  = 2002 + 1502 25
R 2 (cos 2  + sin 2  ) = 62500 2p + 0.4115, 3p - 0.4115
R = 250 = 0.4115, 2.7301, 6.6947, 9.0133
x = 2.10, 6.71, 14.60, 19.21 (2 d.p.)
So 200sinq -150cosq
º 250sin(q - 0.6435) These results show where E = 1800 V/m.
So, because of the shape of the sine curve,
æ 4px ö æ 4px ö E £ 1800 V/m when 2.10 £ x £ 6.71 and
b i 1700 + 200sin ç ÷ -150cos ç 14.60 £ x £ 19.21
è 25 ø è 25 ÷ø
æ 4px ö Challenge
º 1700 + 250sin ç - 0.6435÷ 1 k
è 25 ø a Energy µ E 2 and Energy  , so E 2 =
The maximum value of E is when t t
When E = 1950, t = 20 seconds
æ 4px ö
sin ç - 0.6435÷ = 1 k = 19502 ´ 20 = 76 050 000
è 25 ø
So maximum value of E is When t = 30, E = 1592.1683 V/m
1700 + 250 = 1950 V/m Find where E = 1592.1683 V/m, using the
formula for E from question 7:
ii This maximum occurs when
æ 4px ö æ 4p x ö
sin ç - 0.6435÷ = 1 1592.1683 = 1700 + 250sin ç - 0.6435÷
è 25 ø è 25 ø
Look for solutions in the interval æ 4p x ö
-0.4313 = sin ç - 0.6435÷
4px è 25 ø
-0.6435 £ - 0.6435 < 4p - 0.6435
25 4p x
- 0.6435 = -0.4460, 3.5876, 5.8372,
4px p 5p 25
- 0.6435 = ,
25 2 2 9.8707,12.1204
4px This gives these results 0 £ x < 0.393cm ,
= 2.2143, 8.4975
25 8.42cm < x < 12.9cm and
4px = 55.3575, 212.4375 20.9cm < x < 25cm
x = 4.41cm, 16.91cm (2 d.p.)
b Two limitations of the model are
(i) assumes that the field strength is the same
from the front to the back of the microwave
and (ii) the microwave oven would not
necessarily work exactly the same every time
it is used.

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Trigonometry and Modelling Mixed Exercise
sin 40° cos10° − cos 40° sin10°
1 a i 2 As cos( x − y ) = sin y
1 cos x cos y + sin x sin y =
sin y (1)
= sin(40° − 10
= °) sin= 30°
2 Draw a right-angled triangle,
1
1 1 where sin x =
ii cos15° − sin15° 5
2 2
cos 45° cos15° − sin 45° sin15°
1
cos(45° + =
15°) cos= 60°
2

1 − tan15° tan 45° − tan15°

iii =
1 + tan15° 1 + tan 45° tan15°
3 Using Pythagoras’ theorem,
= tan(45° − 15
= °) tan= 30°
3
( 5)
2
a 2= − 1= 4 ⇒ a= 2
2
So cos x =
5
Substitute into (1):
2 1
cos y + sin y =
sin y
5 5
⇒ 2 cos y + sin y =5 sin y
⇒ 2 cos y= sin y ( 5 −1 )
2  sin y 
⇒ = tan y  tan y
= 
5 −1 ( )  cos y 

⇒ tan y =
2 5 +1 ( )
5 −1 5 +1( )( )
2 ( 5 + 1) 5 +1
= =
4 2

1 1 1
3 a tan A = 2, tan B = since y = x −
3 3 3
b The angle required is (A – B)
tan A − tan B
Using tan( A − B) =
1 + tan A tan B
2 − 13 5

= = 3= 1
1 + 2 × 13 53
⇒ A − B = 45°

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 4 6 a

sin B sin C sin A

= 3
, cos A
= 4
sin B
= , cos B
=
5 12
Using = 5 5 13 13
b c
sin(θ − 30°) sin(θ + 30°) i sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cos A sinB
⇒ =
4 5 3 12 4 5 56
= × + × =
⇒ 5sin(θ − =30°) 4sin(θ + 30°) 5 13 5 13 65
⇒ 5(sin θ cos 30° − cos θ sin 30°) 2 tan B
ii tan 2 B =
= 4(sin θ cos 30° + cos θ sin 30°) 1 − tan 2 B
2 × 125 5
⇒ sin
= θ cos 30° 9 cos θ sin 30° = = 6

1 − ( 12 )
5 2 119
144
sin θ sin 30°
⇒ =9 = 9 tan 30° 5 144 120
cos θ cos 30° =× =
6 119 119
3
⇒ tan θ =×
9 =3 3 cos C cos (180° − ( A + B) )
b=
3
= − cos( A + B)
5 As the three values are consecutive terms of = −(cos A cos B − sin A sin B)
an arithmetic progression,  4 12 3 5 
sin(θ − 30°) − 3 cos θ= sin θ − sin(θ − 30°) =−  × − × 
 5 13 5 13 
⇒ 2sin(θ − 30=°) sin θ + 3 cos θ 33
= −
⇒ 2(sin θ cos 30° − cos θ sin 30°) 65
= sin θ + 3 cos θ 7 a cos 2 x ≡ 1 − 2sin 2 x
2
⇒ 3 sin θ − cos θ = sin θ + 3 cos θ  2  8 3
=1 − 2   =1 − 5 =− 5
 5
⇒ sin θ ( )
3 − 1 cos θ
= ( 3 +1 )
3 +1 b cos 2 y ≡ 2 cos 2 y − 1
⇒ tan θ = 2
3 −1  3  9 4
= 2 =− 1 2  = −1
3 +1  10   10  5
Calculator value is θ= tan −1 = 75°
3 −1
No other values as θ is acute.

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7 c π 7π π 7π
2θ
= , ⇒
= θ ,
6 6 12 12

10 a cos 2θ = 5sin θ
⇒ cos 2θ − 5sin θ =
0
⇒ 1 − 2sin 2 θ − 5sin θ =0
⇒ 2sin 2 θ + 5sin θ − 1 =0
tan x + tan y a = 2, b = 5 and c = −1
i tan( x + y ) =
1 − tan x tan y
b 2sin 2 θ + 5sin θ − 1 =0
2 + 13 7
Using the quadratic formula
= = = 7
3

1 − 23 1
3
−5 ± 52 − 4(2)(−1)
tan x − tan y 5 sin θ =
ii tan( x − y ) = = =1 3
2(2)
1 + tan x tan y 5
3
−5 ± 33
=
As x and y are acute, and x > y, 4
sin θ = 0.1861 , for −π ≤ θ ≤ π
x − y is acute
sin θ is positive so solutions in the first
π  5π 
So x − y =  it cannot be  and second quadrants
4  4 
8 a sin (x + y) = sinx cosy + cos x siny =θ sin −1 0.1861, π − sin −1 0.1861
1 1 5 θ = 0.187, 2.954 (3 d.p.)
= + =
2 3 6
5sin( x − y ) ≡ 5(sin x cos y − cos x sin y ) 11 a cos(
= x − 60°) cos x cos 60° + sin x sin 60°
1 1 1 5 1 3
=5  −  =5 × = = cos x + sin x
 2 3 6 6 2 2
1 3
So 2sin
= x cos x + sin x
sin x cos y 12 3 2 2
b = =
cos x sin y 13 2  3 1
⇒  2 −  sin x =cos x
tan x 3 2  2
⇒ = 
tan y 2 1
1 2 1
3 tan y 3k ⇒ tan x =2 3 =× =
so=tan x = 2− 2 2 4− 3 4− 3
2 2
1
2 tan x 3k tan x
b= = 0.44 (2 d.p.) , in the
c=
tan 2 x = 4− 3
1 − tan x 1 − 94 k 2
2

interval 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°
12k
= tan θ is positive so solutions in the first
4 − 9k 2
and third quadrants
9 a 3 sin 2θ + 2sin 2 θ =
1 x =23.8°, 203.8° (1 d.p.)
3 sin 2θ = 1 − 2sin 2 θ =cos 2θ
sin 2θ 1 1
= ⇒ tan 2θ =
cos 2θ 3 3
1
tan 2θ
b = , for 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ 2π
3

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12 a cos( x + =
20°) sin(90° − 20° − x) b cos( x + 270°)
= sin(70° − x) ≡ cos x° cos 270° − sin x° sin 270°
= sin 70° cos x − cos 70° sin x (1) =(−0.8)(0) − (0.6)(−1)
4sin(70=
° + x) 4sin 70° cos x =0 + 0.6 =0.6
+ 4 cos 70° sin x (2)
cos( x + 540°)
As (1) = (2) ≡ cos x° cos 540° − sin x° sin 540°
4sin 70° cos x + 4 cos 70° sin x =(−0.8)(−1) − (0.6)(0)
= sin 70° cos x − cos 70° sin x
= 0.8 − 0 = 0.8
5sin x cos 70° = −3sin 70° cos x
3 14 a One example is sufficient to disprove
tan x = − tan 70° a statement. Let A = 60°, B =°
0
5
sec( A=+ B) sec(60° + 0°)
3 1
− tan 70° , for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180°
b tan x = = sec= 60° = 2
5 cos 60°
tan θ is negative so the solution is in the 1
sec
= A sec= 60° = 2
second quadrant cos 60°
 3  1
x 180° + tan −1  − tan 70° 
= sec=B sec= 0° = 1
 5  cos 0°
−1
x 180° − tan (−1.648)
= So sec A + sec B = 2 + 1 = 3
x 180° − (−58.8°=
= ) 121.2° (1 d.p.) So sec(60° + 0°) ≠ sec 60° + sec 0°
⇒ sin( A + B) ≡ sec A + sec B is not true
13 a Draw a right-angled triangle and find for all values of A, B.
sin α and cos α .
b LHS ≡ tan θ + cot θ
sin θ cos θ
≡ +
cos θ sin θ
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
≡
sin θ cos θ
1
≡1
2 sin 2θ
3 4
⇒ sin α= , cos α= Using sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ≡ 1, and
5 5
3sin(θ + α ) + 4 cos(θ + α ) sin 2θ ≡ 2sin θ cos θ
2
≡ 3(sin θ cos α + cos θ sin α ) So LHS ≡
sin 2θ
+ 4(cos θ cos α − sin θ sin α ) ≡ 2 cosec 2θ
4 3  ≡ RHS
≡ 3  sin θ + cos θ 
5 5 
4 3 
+ 4  cos θ − sin θ 
5 5 
12 9 16 12
≡ sin θ + cos θ + cos θ − sin θ
5 5 5 5
25
≡ cos θ ≡ 5 cos θ
5

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 2 tan θ π b Sketch= y 2sin( x − 60°) by first
15 a=
Using tan 2θ = with θ
1 − tan θ
2
8 translating
= y sin x by 60° to the
π 2 tan π
right and then stretching the result
⇒ tan =28 π
4 1 − tan 8 in the y direction by scale factor 2.
π
Let t = tan
8
2t
So 1 =
1− t2
⇒ 1− t2 =2t
⇒ t 2 + 2t − 1 =0
−2 ± 8 −2 ± 2 2
⇒ t
= =
2 2
Graph meets y -axis when x = 0,
=−1 ± 2

As
π
is acute, tan
π i.e. y =2sin(−60°) =− 3, at 0, − 3 ( )
8 8 Graph meets x-axis when y = 0,
π i.e. (−300°, 0), (−120°, 0),
is positive, so tan= 2 − 1
8 (60°, 0), 240°, 0)
3π  π π  tan π4 + tan π8 17 a Let 7 cos 2θ + 24sin 2θ ≡ R cos(2θ − α )
b tan = tan  + = 
8  4 8  1 − tan π4 tan π8 ≡ R cos 2θ cos α + R sin 2θ sin α

= =
(
1+ 2 −1 2 ) R > 0, 0 < α <
π
(
1− 2 −1 2 − 2 ) 2
Compare cos 2θ : R cos α = 7 (1)

=
(
2 2+ 2 ) Compare sin 2θ : R sin α = 24 (2)
( 2 − 2 )( 2 + 2 ) Divide (2) by (1) : tan α =
24
7
2
=
2
(
2 + 2 = 2 +1 ) ⇒ α= 1.29 (2 d.p.)
R 2 = 242 + 7 2 ⇒ R = 25
16 a Let sin x − 3 cos x ≡ R sin( x − α ) So 7 cos 2θ + 24sin 2θ ≡ 25cos(2θ − 1.29)
≡ R sin x cos α − R cos x sin α
R > 0, 0 < α < 90° b 14 cos 2θ + 48sin θ cos θ
 1 + cos 2θ 
Compare sin x: R cos α = 1 (1) ≡ 14   + 24(2sin θ cos θ )
 2 
Compare cos x: R sin α = 3 (2) ≡ 7(1 + cos 2θ ) + 24sin 2θ
Divide (2) by (1): tan α = 3 ≡ 7 + 7 cos 2θ + 24sin 2θ
⇒ α =60° The maximum value of
( 3)
2
R2 = + 12 = 4 ⇒ R = 2 7 cos 2θ + 24sin 2θ is 25

So sin x − 3 cos x ≡ 2sin( x − 60°) ( using (a) with 1)

cos(2θ − 1.29) =
So maximum value of
7 + 7 cos 2θ + 24sin 2θ =7 + 25 =32

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17 c Using the answer to part a: θ
19 a sin 2 = 2sin θ
Solve 25cos(2θ − 1.29) = 12.5 2
1 1 − cos θ
cos(2θ − 1.29) = = 2sin θ
2 2
π π 1 − cos θ = 4sin θ
2θ − 1.29 = − ,
3 3 4sin θ + cos θ =
1
θ = 0.119902..., 1.167099...
θ = 0.12, 1.17 (2 d.p.) Let 4sin θ + cos θ = R sin(θ + α )
= R sin θ cos α + R cos θ sin α
18 a Let 1.5sin 2 x + 2 cos 2 x ≡ R sin(2 x + α ) So R cos α = 4 and R sin α = 1
≡ R sin 2 x cos α + R cos 2 x sin α R sin α 1
= tan = α
π R cos α 4
R > 0, 0 < α <
2 −1  1 
=α tan =   tan = −1
0.25 14.04 (2 d.p.)
Compare sin 2 x : R cos α = 1.5 (1) 4
 
Compare cos 2 x : R sin α = 2 (2) R 2 = 42 + 12 = 17
4 4sin θ =+ cos θ 17 sin(θ + 14.04
= °) 1
Divide (2) by (1) : tan α =
3
⇒ α= 0.927 (3 d.p.) b 17 sin(θ + 14.04°) =1 , for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°
2 2 2
R = 2 + 1.5 ⇒ R = 2.5
1
sin(θ + 14.04=
°) = 0.24 (2 d.p.)
b 3sin x cos x + 4 cos 2 x 17
3  1 + cos 2 x  θ + 14.04
= ° sin −1 0.24
= 14.04°, for
≡ (2sin x cos x) + 4  
2  2  14.04° ≤ θ + 14.04° ≤ 374.04°
3 θ + 14.04
= ° 14.04°, 165.96°, 374.04°
≡ sin 2 x + 2 + 2 cos 2 x
2 θ= 0°, 151.9°, 360°
3
≡ sin 2 x + 2 cos 2 x + 2
2 20 a 2 cos θ = 1 + 3sin θ
So 2 cos θ − 3sin θ = 1
c From part (a) 1.5sin 2 x + 2 cos 2 x Let 2 cos θ − 3sin θ = R cos(θ + α )
≡ 2.5sin(2 x + 0.927) = R cos θ cos α − R sin θ sin α
So maximum value of So R cos α = 2 and R sin α = 3
1.5sin 2 x + 2 cos 2 x= 2.5 ×1= 2.5 R sin α 3
= tan = α
So maximum value of R cos α 2
3sin x cos x + 4 cos 2 x = 2.5 + 2 = 4.5 3
α tan −1  =
=  56.3° (1 d.p.)
2
R 2 = 22 + 32 = 13
R = 13
So
2 cos θ −=
3sin θ 13 cos(θ +=
56.3°) 1

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20 b 13 cos(θ + 56.3°) =1 , for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360° ≡ 2 cos 2θ + 2 cos 2 2θ
1 ≡ 2 cos 2θ (1 + cos 2θ )
cos(θ + 56.3°) = ,
13 ≡ 2 cos 2θ (2 cos 2 θ )
for 56.3° ≤ θ + 56.3° ≤ 416.3° ≡ 4 cos 2 θ cos 2θ =
RHS
θ + 56.3
= ° 73.9°, 286.1° (1 d.p.)
θ= 17.6°, 229.8° (1 d.p.) 1 − cos 2 x 1 − (1 − 2sin 2 x)
22 a LHS ≡ ≡
1 + cos 2 x 1 + (2 cos 2 x − 1)
1 1 1 2sin 2 x
21 a LHS ≡ × ≡1 ≡ ≡ tan 2 x =
RHS
cos θ sin θ 2 sin 2θ 2 cos 2 x
2
≡ ≡ 2 cos ec2θ ≡ RHS
sin 2θ b tan 2 x = 3
tan x = ± 3, for − π ≤ x ≤ π
tan π4 + tan x tan π4 − tan x
b LHS ≡ − π 2π
1 − tan π4 tan x 1 + tan π4 tan x tan x = 3 ⇒ x = ,−
3 3
1 + tan x 1 − tan x π 2π
≡ − tan x = − 3⇒x= − ,
1 − tan x 1 + tan x 3 3
2π π π 2π
(1 + tan x ) − (1 − tan x )
2 2
x= − ,− , ,
≡ 3 3 3 3
(1 − tan x )(1 + tan x )
≡
(1 + 2 tan x + tan x ) 2
23 a LHS ≡ cos 4 2θ − sin 4 2θ
1 − tan 2 x ≡ ( cos 2 2θ − sin 2 2θ )( cos 2 2θ + sin 2 2θ )

−
(1 − 2 tan x + tan 2 x ) ≡ ( cos 2 2θ − sin 2 2θ ) (1)
1 − tan 2 x ≡ cos 4θ ≡ RHS
4 tan x
≡
1 − tan 2 x 1
b cos 4θ = , for 0° ≤ 4θ ≤ 720°
 2 tan x  2
≡ 2 
2
 1 − tan x  4θ =60°, 300°, 420°, 660°
≡ 2 tan 2 x ≡ RHS θ= 15°, 75°, 105°, 165°

c LHS ≡ (sin x cos y + cos x sin y ) 1 − (1 − 2sin 2 θ )

24 a LHS ≡
2sin θ cos θ
× (sin x cos y − cos x sin y )
2sin 2 θ
≡ sin 2 x cos 2 y − cos 2 x sin 2 y ≡
2sin θ cos θ
≡ (1 − cos 2 x) cos 2 y sin θ
≡ ≡ tan θ = RHS
− cos 2 x(1 − cos 2 y ) cos θ
≡ cos 2 y − cos 2 x cos 2 y
b When = θ 180° , sin =2θ sin= 360° 0
− cos 2 x + cos 2 x cos 2 y and 2 − 2 cos 360° = 2 − 2 = 0
≡ cos 2 y − cos 2 x =
RHS θ 180° is a solution of the
therefore =
equation sin 2θ= 2 − 2 cos 2θ

d LHS ≡ 1 + 2 cos 2θ + (2 cos 2 2θ − 1)

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 24 c Rearrange sin 2θ= 2 − 2 cos 2θ to give  360t 
°
 360t 
°

2(1 − cos 2θ ) c 12 − 5.6 cos   + 1.4sin  

=1  365   365 
sin 2θ °
Using the identity in part (a) gives  360t 
≡ 12 + 5.772sin  − 75.964 
2 tan θ = 1  365 
1 The minimum number of daylight hours is
⇒= tan θ , for 0 < θ < 360° °
2  360t 
when sin  − 75.964  =−1
θ =26.6°, 206.6° (1 d.p.)  365 
So minimum is 12 − 5.772 = 6.228 hours
25 a Set 2 cos x − 5 sin x ≡ R cos( x + α )
°
≡ R cos x cos α − R sin x sin α  360t 
d sin  − 75.964  =
−1
So R cos α = 2 and R sin α = 5  365 
R sin α 5 360t
= tan =α − 75.964 =270°
R cos α 2 365
 5 t = 351 days
=α tan= −1
  0.841 (3 d.p.)
 2  27 a Let 12sin x + 5cos x ≡ R sin( x + α )
( 5)
2
2
2
R =+ 2
9
= ≡ R sin x cos α + R cos x sin α
So R cos α = 12 and R sin α = 5
R=3
R sin α 5
= tan = α
2 cos x − 5 sin x ≡ 3cos( x + 0.841) R cos α 12
 5
b 3cos( x + 0.841) = −1, =α tan −1  =  22.6° (1 d.p.)
 12 
for 0.841 ≤ x + 0.841 < 2π + 0.841 R 2 = 122 + 52 = 169
1
cos( x + 0.841) =− R = 13
3
x + 0.841 = 1.911, 4.372 So 12sin x + 5cos=
x 13sin( x + 22.6°)
x = 1.07, 3.53 (2 d.p.)
50
b v( x) = ° °
26 a Set 1.4sin θ − 5.6 cos θ ≡ R sin(θ − α )  2x   2x 
12sin   + 5cos  
≡ R sin θ cos α − R cos θ sin α  5   5 
50
So R cos α = 1.4 and R sin α = 5.6 =
R sin α 5.6  2x 
13sin  + 22.6° 
= tan = α  5 
R cos α 1.4
α = tan 4 == 75.964° (3 d.p.)
−1
The minimum value of v is when
R 2 =1.42 + 5.62 = 33.32  2x 
sin  + 22.6  ° =1
R = 5.772 (3 d.p.)  5 
50
So = 3.85 m/s (2 d.p.)
b The maximum value of 13
5.772sin(θ − 75.964)° is when
sin(θ − 75.964)° =1 . So the maximum
value is 5.772 and it occurs when
θ − 75.964°= 90°, θ= 165.964°

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  2x  b LHS ≡ cos x + 2 cos 3 x + cos 5 x
27 c sin  + 22.6°  = 1 , for ≡ cos 5 x + cos x + 2 cos 3 x
 5 
2x  6x   4x 
22.6° ≤ + 22.6° ≤ 166.6° ≡ 2 cos   cos   + 2 cos 3 x
5  2   2 
2x ≡ 2 cos 3 x cos 2 x + 2 cos 3 x
+ 22.6°= 90°
5
≡ 2 cos 3 x(cos 2 x + 1)
x = 168.5 minutes
≡ 2 cos 3 x(2 cos 2 x)
Challenge ≡ 4 cos 2 x cos 3 x ≡ RHS

1 a Write cos 2θ as cos(3θ − θ) and write

cos 4θ as cos(3θ + θ).

2 a As ∠OAB = π − 2θ , so
∠OBA ⇒ ∠AOB =
Then, using cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B 
∠BOD = 2θ
sin A cos B,
cos 2θ = cos 3θ cos θ + sin 3θ sin θ
cos 4θ = cos 3θ cos θ − sin 3θ sin θ
⇒ cos 2θ + cos 4θ = 2cos 3θ cos θ
Similarly, using sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ±
cos A sin B,
sin 2θ = sin 3θ cos θ − cos 3θ sin θ
sin 4θ = sin 3θ cos θ + cos 3θ sin θ
⇒ sin 2θ − sin 4θ = −2cos 3θ sin θ
Therefore, OB = 1
OD = cos 2θ
cos 2θ + cos 4θ 2 cos 3θ cos θ
= BD = sin 2θ
sin 2θ − sin 4θ −2 cos 3θ sin θ
cos θ AB = 2 cos θ
= −
sin θ BD BD
θ =
sin=
= − cot θ as required. AB 2 cos θ
So BD = 2sin θ cos θ
 6θ   2θ 
2 cos   cos   But BD = sin 2θ
≡  2   2 
So sin 2θ ≡ 2sin θ cos θ
 6θ   −2θ 
2 cos   sin  
 2   2  b AB = 2 cos θ
2 cos 3θ cos θ = AD (= 2 cos θ ) cos θ 2 cos 2 θ
≡
2 cos 3θ sin ( −θ )
OD 2 cos 2 θ − 1
=
cos θ From part a, OD = cos 2θ
≡ ≡ − cot θ
sin ( −θ ) So cos 2θ ≡ 2 cos 2 θ − 1

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