multiple
intelligences
THEORY
The theory of multiple intelligences was developed by psychologist Howard
Gardner in 1983. According to this theory, there is not a single general
intelligence but rather several specific types of intelligence that reflect
different ways of interacting with the world. Gardner initially identified eight
types of intelligence, each representing a skill or set of skills that we all
possess to varying degrees. The main intelligences according to this theory
are:
1. Linguistic intelligence: the ability to use language effectively,
both in spoken and written expression. It is common in writers, poets,
journalists, and speakers.
2. Logical-mathematical intelligence: the ability to analyze
problems logically, perform mathematical operations, and think
scientifically. This is characteristic of scientists, mathematicians, and
programmers.
3. Spatial intelligence: the ability to perceive the visual and
spatial world accurately and to recreate it in the mind. It is important for
architects, designers, sculptors, and visual artists.
4. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: the ability to use the body
effectively to express ideas and feelings. It is seen in athletes, dancers,
actors, and surgeons.
5. Musical intelligence: sensitivity to sounds, rhythms, tones, and
music. This is common in musicians, composers, conductors, and music
critics.
6. Interpersonal intelligence: the ability to understand other
people, their motivations, desires, and needs. It is important for leaders,
teachers, therapists, and salespeople.
7. Intrapersonal intelligence: the ability to understand oneself,
including one’s own emotions and motivations. This is valuable for
philosophers, psychologists, and those seeking self-knowledge.
8. Naturalistic intelligence: sensitivity and understanding of the
natural world, including plants, animals, and the environment. It is
common in biologists, environmentalists, and people who work with
nature.
Gardner suggested that these intelligences are relatively independent of
one another and that each of us has a unique combination of them. The
theory of multiple intelligences has influenced education, as it suggests
the importance of developing students’ diverse skills rather than focusing
solely on linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence.
Pros
1. Personalized approach in education: The theory of
multiple intelligences promotes the idea that each
person learns differently and has specific strengths,
allowing for the development of varied,
personalized teaching methods.
2. Values skills beyond academic knowledge: It
recognizes skills like art, music, and sports, which
are not traditionally considered indicators of
intelligence in standard tests, highlighting their
importance and the value of a holistic education.
3. Improves students’ self-esteem: By recognizing
different types of intelligence, students can feel
valued and motivated, especially those who do not
excel in conventional areas like linguistics or
mathematics.
4. Diversity in teaching methods: The theory has
encouraged educators to use various methods to
engage all students, such as physical, musical, and
visual activities, promoting a richer and more
complete educational experience.
cons
1. Lack of strong scientific evidence: Although the
theory is popular, it lacks substantial empirical
support. Multiple intelligences have not been widely
validated by rigorous scientific studies, and some
experts argue that it relies more on anecdotal
observations.
2. Difficult to measure: Assessing and measuring the
different intelligences is challenging, which
complicates its practical application in educational
assessments. This limits the ability to create
accurate and standardized tests to identify
individual intelligences.
3. Confusion between skills and types of intelligence:
Some critics argue that Gardner does not identify
actual intelligences but rather specific skills or
talents. This could dilute the concept of intelligence
by encompassing too many areas that may not
necessarily involve complex cognitive processes.
4. Complexity in educational implementation: Applying
the theory in the classroom requires time,
resources, and training. Not all educational systems
are equipped to provide a personalized approach
that addresses all the intelligences in their daily
teaching.
Personal opinion
It is a useful tool in education, since it promotes the personalization of
learning. If teachers recognize that students have different ways of
understanding and processing information, they can adapt their methods to
reach each student in a more effective way.
