Chapter 2: Graphs
2.1 The Cartesian Coordinate System
2.2 Circles
2.3 Equation of a Line
54
2.1: The Cartesian Coordinate System
Definition:
The Cartesian coordinates in the plane are specified in terms of
the x-coordinates axis and the y-coordinate axis, as illustrated in the
figure below. The origin is the intersection of the x and y-axes. The
Cartesian coordinates of a point in the plane are written as(x,y). The
first number x is called the x-coordinate (or x-component), as it is the
signed distance from the origin in the direction along the x-axis.
The x-coordinate specifies the distance to the right (if x is positive) or to
the left (if x is negative) of the y-axis.
Similarly, the second number y is called the y-coordinate (or y-
component), as it is the signed distance from the origin in the direction
along the y-axis, The y-coordinate specifies the distance above (if y is
positive) or below (if y is negative) the x-axis.
X and Y Axis:
𝑥 The left-right (horizontal) direction is commonly called X-axis.
𝑦 The up-down (vertical) direction is commonly called Y-axis.
The coordinate plane:
origin
55
Graphing an Equation using Point-by-Point Plotting:
We can plot a set of points to represent an equation. When such an
equation contains both x variable and a y variable, it is called
an equation in two variables. Its graph is called a graph in two
variables. Any graph on a two-dimensional plane is a graph in two
variables.
NOW;
HOW TO GRAPH AN EQUATION BY PLOTTING POINTS.
1. Make a table with one column labeled x, a second column labeled
with the equation, and a third column listing the ordered pairs.
2. The x-values listed in the first column using positive and negative
values.
3. By using the equation, we will get y-values.
4. Plot the ordered pairs.
5. Connect the points if they form a line.
56
Example 1 :
Sketch a graph of 𝑦 = x ! + 1
By using the ordered pairs of real numbers we make a table which
satisfy the given equation.
𝑥 1 2 3 0 -1 -2 -3
𝑦 2 5 10 1 2 5 10
(𝑥, 𝑦)
57
Example 2 :
Sketch a graph of the line y = 4x – 3.
By using the ordered pairs of real numbers we make a table which
satisfy the given equation.
𝑥 1 2 3 0 -1 -2 -3
𝑦 2 5 10 1 2 5 10
(𝑥, 𝑦)
58
2.2: Circles
Standard Form of the Equation of a Circle:
Definition:
A circle is the set of all Points in a plane equidistanant from a fixed
point. The fixed distance is called the radius, and the fixed point is
called the center.
The formula: (𝑥 − ℎ)! + (𝑦 − 𝑘)! = 𝑟 ! is an equation in which ℎ, 𝑘 are
the x, and y coordinates of the center of the circle, and r is the radius.
For example:
The formula: (𝑥 − 3)! + (𝑦 − 4)! = 25! is a circle centered at (3, 4)
with a raduius of 5.
Definition:
The standard form of a Circle with radius 𝒓 and center at (ℎ, 𝑘) is:
(𝑥 − ℎ)! + (𝑦 − 𝑘)! = 𝑟 ! , 𝑟>0
59
Example 1 :
a. Find an equation of the circle with radius 3 and center
(2, − 5).
b. Write an equation for the set of all points that are 6 units
from the origion. 𝐶 = (ℎ, 𝑘) = (2, −5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 3
(𝑥 − ℎ)! + (𝑦 − 𝑘)! = 𝑟 !
!
(𝑥 − 2)! + C𝑦 − (−5)D = 3!
Example2:
Identify the center and raduis of the circle:
a. (x − 1)! + (y + 2)! = 9 .
b. 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 23
Center : (1, −2)
Raduis = √9 = 3
60
Distance in the Plane:
1. The Distance Formula:
The relation between three sides on the right triangle can be written by
Pythagorean Theorem; 𝑃𝑄! = 𝑃𝑅! + 𝑄𝑅!
Now, substitute lengths of the all three sides;
𝑑! = (𝑥! − 𝑥" )! + (𝑦! − 𝑦" )! “Take the square root for both sides”
⟹ 𝑑 = ±J(𝑥! − 𝑥" )! + (𝑦! − 𝑦" )! “Since the distance always positive”
∴ 𝑑 = J(𝑥! − 𝑥" )! + (𝑦! − 𝑦" )!
Definition:
The distance between 𝑃 = (𝑥" , 𝑦" )and 𝑄 = (𝑥! , 𝑦! ) is:
𝑑(𝑃 , 𝑄) = J(𝑥! − 𝑥" )! + (𝑦! − 𝑦" )!
61
Example 3:
a. Find the distance between the points (−2, −3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−4,4)
b. Find the distance between the points (1,2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (13,4)
c. Find the distance between the points (0,3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1,0)
𝒅 = J(−4 − (−2))! + (4 − (−3))!
𝒅 = J(−4 + 2)! + (4 + 3)!
𝒅 = J(−2)! + (7)!
𝒅 = √4 + 49 𝒅 = √53
62
2. Midpoint of a Line Segment:
Midpoint Formula
The midpoint of the line segment joining;
𝑃" = (𝑥" , 𝑦" )and 𝑃! = (𝑥! , 𝑦! ) is
𝑥"$ 𝑥! 𝑦" + 𝑦!
𝑀 =R , S
2 2
The point 𝑀 is the unique point satisfying
1
𝑑(𝑃" , 𝑀) = 𝑑(𝑀, 𝑃! ) = 𝑑(𝑃" , 𝑃! )
2
63
Example 4 :
a. Find the midpoint M of the line segment joining ;
𝐴 = (1, −3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = (4, 5).
"
b. Verify that: 𝑑(𝐴, 𝑀) = 𝑑(𝑀, 𝐵) = ! 𝑑(𝐴, 𝐵).
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑀 =R , S
2 2
1 + 4 −3 + 5
𝑀 =R , S
2 2
5 2
𝑀 =R , S
2 2
= (2.5, 1)
64
2.3: Equation of a Line
1. Standard equation of a line:
If A, B, and C are constants, where A and B non zero integers, and x,
and y are variables, then the graph of the equation,
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐶 is a line.
Remark:
1. The y intercept is the y coordinate of the point where the graph
crosses the y axis.
To find the y intercept: Let x=0, and solve the equation for y.
2. The x intercept is the x coordinate of the point where the graph
crosses the x axis.
To find the x intercept: Let y =0, and solve the equation for x.
65
Example1:
Graph the equation 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 12.
By using the ordered pairs of real numbers we make a table which
satisfy the given equation.
𝑥 0 4 8
𝑦 -3 0 3
66
Difintion: Slope of a line
Slope of a line passes through two distinct points
𝑃" = (𝑥" , 𝑦" ) and 𝑃! = (𝑥! , 𝑦! )
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )
Is given by the formula;
𝒚𝟐 &𝒚𝟏
𝒎= , where x" ≠ x! (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )
𝒙𝟐 &𝒙𝟏
Example 2:
Find the slope of each line with pair of points:
a. (2,1), (3,5)
b. (−2,3), (2, −3)
c. (3,1), (−1,1) h
orizontal lin
e
d. (2,3), (2,5)
67
2.Slope-Intercept Form:
An equation of the line slope m and y intercept b is :
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
Where m is slope and b is y-intercept
Example 3:
!
a. Write the slope-intercepts form of a line with slope
"
and 𝑦-intercept −3 .
2
𝑚= 𝑎𝑛𝑑
7
!
Then the line equation is : 𝑦 = 𝑥−3
(
#
b. Find the slope and 𝑦-intercept, and graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1
!
)
Slope 𝑚 = and 𝑦-intercept is (0, −1)
!
(0, −1)
68
3.point- Slope Form:
An equation of the line with slope 𝒎 that passes through (𝑥" , 𝑦" ) is:
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
is called the point-slope form.
Example 4:
a) Find an equation for the line that has slope 𝟒 and passes
through the point (−𝟐, 𝟑), write the answer in the standard
form .
b) Find an equation for the line that passes through the two
points (𝟒, −𝟏) and (𝟏, 𝟑) , write the answer in the slop-
intercept form.
69
+ ")
3𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 13 (now divide by 3)𝑦 = − 𝑥 +
) )
Graphing Horizonal and Vertical Lines :
Examples:
The line; x=5 is a horizontal line.
The line; y=3 is a vertical line.
Example 5:
Graph the line 𝑥 = −3 and the line 𝑦 = 2 .
𝑥=−
70
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines :
Given two nonvertical line 𝑳𝟏 and 𝑳𝟐 with slopes 𝒎𝟏 and 𝒎𝟐 ,
respectively, then:
𝑳𝟏 ∥ 𝑳𝟐 if and only if 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐
𝑳𝟏 ⊥ 𝑳𝟐 if and only if 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏
&"
Or 𝒎𝟏 =
𝒎𝟐
&"
Or 𝒎𝟐 =
𝒎𝟏
Example 6:
Given the line 𝐿: 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 5 and the point 𝑝 = (2, −4),
Find an equation of a line through 𝑝 that is:
1) Parallel to 𝐿 .
2) Perpendicular to 𝐿.
Write the final answer in the slope-intercept form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏.
,-.-,/ 01 &! ) 2
Solution: 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 5 → −2𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 5 b⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯d 𝑦 = 𝑥 −
! !
)
the slope of the line =
!
71
