IEEE Standard for Transient Overvoltage

Protection of DC Electrification Systems

by Application of DC Surge Arresters

IEEE Vehicular Technology Society

Developed by the
Rail Vehicle Transportation Standards Committee

IEEE IEEE Std 1627™-2019

3 Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016-5997
USA

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 IEEE Std 1627™-2019

IEEE Standard for Transient Overvoltage

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transient overvoltage caused by lightning and switching surges is the purpose of this standard.
Lightning surges can cause high energy transient overvoltages by direct or indirect coupling with
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This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1627-2019, IEEE Standard for Transient Overvoltage Protection of DC
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power from the dc traction power substations (TPSSs) to the vehicles. The probability of lightning surges
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direct lightning (ND) exceeds its tolerable frequency of lightning (NC) (established by National Electrical
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the lightning-protection system (LPS) should be applied (refer to NFPA 780 and the IEC 62305 series to
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analysis.

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considered self-protected from lightning. However, surge arresters should still be applied to protect equipment
insulation damage from inherent switching surges and surges induced by nearby lightning.

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system, such as overhead contact system (OCS) poles; change the geometry and may increase chances of
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the application of ground wires and ground rods above the OCS should not be used as LPSs. The approach
of this standard is to develop a transient overvoltage protection scheme that focuses on the basic approach of
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support structures. To achieve such a protection scheme, a review of the following is necessary:

a) Selection of appropriately rated dc surge arresters.

b) Grounding of surge arresters by use of an insulated individual grounding conductor (as short as
practical) connected to their individual ground electrodes.
c) For a transit system consisting of an OCS, the grounding of surge arresters shall not be bonded to
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over time.

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discussion on BILs level of dc switchgear is included in Table 6. BIL values of dc switchgear are also included
in IEC 61992-1:2006.

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insulated structures of the two systems are quite different: An OCS structure is very close to ground and
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FRQFHSWRIOLJKWQLQJSURWHFWLRQE\XVHRIJURXQGVKLHOGZLUHGRHVQRWDSSO\WRGFHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPV
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ground wire that carries return traction ac current as well as shield wire above the ground wire are applied.

1
Information on references can be found in Clause 2.

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 Prior to and during the development of this standard, there were reports of surge-arrester failures on several
transit systems resulting in service interruption and equipment failures. Questions were raised regarding the
grounding of OCS support poles and the pros and cons of using surge arresters in the OCS. Most importantly,
there was no clear understanding of the proper selection and application location of dc surge arresters to OCSs
DQGLQJHQHUDOWRGFHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPV7KLVVWDQGDUGQRZSURYLGHVWHFKQLFDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIVXUJH
arrester application to dc transit projects.

7RHVWDEOLVKDOLJKWQLQJSURWHFWLRQGHVLJQVFKHPHIRUGFHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPVWKHGHULYDWLRQRIOLJKWQLQJ
LQWHQVLW\DQGOLJKWQLQJVWURNHVXUJHHQHUJ\XVLQJOLJKWQLQJSDUDPHWHUVLVUHTXLUHG)RUVXFKDGHULYDWLRQRI
lightning intensity, surge arrester selection is established based upon the typical available lightning data.

:KHQFRQVLGHULQJOLJKWQLQJSURWHFWLRQIRUGFWUDQVLWHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPFRPSRQHQWVHVSHFLDOO\IRUWKH
OCS, numerous questions arise, such as:

D :LOODGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUKDQGOHVXUJHHQHUJ\LIDOLJKWQLQJÀDVK VWULNH GLUHFWO\KLWVWKH2&6ZLUHQHDU

the arrester location?
E ,IDOLJKWQLQJÀDVKGLUHFWO\KLWVWKH2&6ZLUHEHWZHHQWZR7366VZKDWZLOOEHWKHHQHUJ\GLVFKDUJHG
through the surge arresters at respective feeder poles?
F ,QKLJKHUNHUDXQLFDUHDVLVWKHUHDQHHGWRDSSO\GFVXUJHDUUHVWHUVDWWKHPLGSRLQWRIWZRDGMDFHQW
substations to enhance the lightning protection of the OCS?
d) Do we need to apply surge arresters at the connection points of underground dc supplementary feeder
cable to OCS contact wire located approximately every 122 m to 152.4 m (400 ft to 500 ft), where
overhead messenger wire design is not possible in areas due to aesthetics and other restrictions of
height of the messenger wires?
e) Should there be a shield/ground wire above the messenger to enhance lightning protection?
f) Should we apply surge arresters at dc disconnect sectionalizing switches?
g) Should surge arresters be considered at the running rails, especially at elevated structures and bridges?

Responses to the above questions are discussed in this standard.

2ULJLQDQGGHYHORSPHQW,(((6WG

The Overhead Contact Systems Subcommittee was formed in 2001 with the purpose of developing standards
governing the design, construction, and maintenance of the OCS and current collection system.

,(((6WG,(((6WDQGDUGIRU7UDQVLHQW2YHUYROWDJH3URWHFWLRQRI'&(OHFWUL¿FDWLRQ6\VWHPVE\
$SSOLFDWLRQRI'&6XUJH$UUHVWHUVZDVGHYHORSHGE\:RUNLQJ*URXSRIWKH2YHUKHDG&RQWDFW6\VWHPV
Subcommittee of the Rail Transit Vehicle Interface Standards Committee of the IEEE Vehicular Technology
Society.

:RUNLQJ*URXSZDVHVWDEOLVKHGWRGHYHORSVWDQGDUGVJRYHUQLQJWKHWUDQVLHQWRYHUYROWDJHSURWHFWLRQRI
GFWUDQVLWV\VWHPV7KHSULPDU\FRQFHUQRIWKHZRUNLQJJURXSZDVDODFNRIXQLIRUPSUDFWLFHVDQGDODFN
RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH SURSHU DSSOLFDWLRQ RI GF VXUJH DUUHVWHUV DQG JURXQGLQJ FRQ¿JXUDWLRQV 3UHFLVH
information of the transient environment, expected magnitude, duration, and frequency of transient surges
is very unpredictable, and there has been no recorded data available to guide application engineers in the
selection and application of appropriate dc surge arresters. However, it is clear that the unpredictable threat
of transient overvoltage caused by power-system switching surges and lightning surges exists that can occur
without warning, causing damage to the dc transit system equipment without proper application of surge-
protective devices(SPDs).

9
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RIGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUVOHGWRJXHVVZRUNLQWKHVHOHFWLRQDQGDSSOLFDWLRQRIVXFKSURWHFWLYHGHYLFHVFDXVLQJ
failures at some installations. At some transit properties, failures of dc surge arresters and associated transit
HTXLSPHQWGDPDJHKDYHEHHQUHSRUWHG$ODFNRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWUDQVLHQWRYHUYROWDJH
GFVXUJHDUUHVWHUUDWLQJVWKHLUSURSHUVHOHFWLRQLQVWDOODWLRQDQGJURXQGLQJFRQ¿JXUDWLRQVDQGDODFNRIWKHLU
clear test and application data from the manufacturers has been a major concern in the industry, which led to
the development of this standard. Proper application of dc SPDs to practically divert surge energy away from
the surge location at the dc transit system relates directly to their effect on equipment protection and personnel
safety from surge hazards.

7KHSUHYLRXV3$5IRU,(((3H[SLUHGLQ'HFHPEHUMXVWEHIRUHWKHFRPPLWWHHZDV¿QDOL]LQJWKH
ballot review comments. Thus, a new PAR was submitted and approved by the IEEE Standards Association in
June 2016. This standard is based on the new PAR.

10
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 Contents

1. Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 12
1.1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 12
1.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................... 12
1.3 Contents.............................................................................................................................................. 12

2. Normative references ................................................................................................................................ 13

 'H¿QLWLRQVDFURQ\PVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQV ................................................................................................. 14

 'H¿QLWLRQV .......................................................................................................................................... 14
3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 16

4. Transient surges ......................................................................................................................................... 16

4.1 Lightning and switching surges .......................................................................................................... 17
4.2 Surge characteristics—Propagation ................................................................................................... 18
4.3 Magnetic stored energy of surge ......................................................................................................... 19

 6XUJHHQYLURQPHQW²'&WUDQVLWHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHP ............................................................................. 20

5.1 DC surge arrester test data and energy capability ............................................................................... 23
5.2 DC surge arrester application ............................................................................................................. 26
 '&VXUJHDUUHVWHU0&29UDWLQJIRUGFWUDQVLWHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPV ................................................ 27
5.4 DC surge arrester voltage—Margin of protection............................................................................... 27
5.5 DC surge arrester energy discharge capability .................................................................................... 28
5.6 DC surge arrester application analysis calculation ............................................................................. 29

 /LJKWQLQJVWURNHWHUPLQRORJ\ .................................................................................................................... 30

 /LJKWQLQJVWURNH²2&6FRPSRQHQWVÀDVKRYHU .................................................................................. 31
 /LJKWQLQJVWURNHPDJQLWXGH ................................................................................................................ 32
 /LJKWQLQJVWURNHLQGXFHGRYHUYROWDJH ................................................................................................ 33
 /LJKWQLQJVWURNHVXUJHHQHUJ\ ............................................................................................................ 33
6.5 Arrester discharge energy ................................................................................................................... 34

 /LJKWQLQJVWURNHWRDQ2&6 ....................................................................................................................... 34

 /LJKWQLQJVWULNHVWKH2&6DKHDGRIWKHVXSSOHPHQWDU\FDEOHFRQQHFWLRQV ......................................... 38
7.2 Lightning hits the OCS within the supplementary cable connections zone......................................... 39
7.3 Lightning surge propagation discussion for supplementary feeder cable ........................................... 39

8. Grounding and bonding ............................................................................................................................. 40

9. DC surge arresters ..................................................................................................................................... 41

9.1 Application criteria and other considerations ..................................................................................... 41
9.2 Surge arrester rating............................................................................................................................ 44

10. DC surge arrester service requirements ................................................................................................... 45

11. DC surge arrester assembly and testing ................................................................................................... 45

11.1 Design tests....................................................................................................................................... 45
 ,QVHUYLFH ¿HOG WHVWV ........................................................................................................................ 46

Annex A (informative) Bibliography.............................................................................................................. 47

11
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 IEEE Standard for Transient Overvoltage
3URWHFWLRQRI'&(OHFWUL¿FDWLRQ6\VWHPV
E\$SSOLFDWLRQRI'&6XUJH$UUHVWHUV

 2YHUYLHZ
 6FRSH
This standard covers the application of dc surge arresters for transient overvoltage protection of dc transit
HOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPV7KHVHGFWUDQVLWHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPVLQFOXGHOLJKWUDLOKHDY\UDLOVWUHHWFDUDQG
trolley bus systems. This standard covers the selection and application of metal-oxide varistor (MOV) gapless-
surge arresters to divert surge energy away from the transit system components. It does not cover low-voltage
63'VWKDWDUHUHTXLUHGZLWKLQGFWUDFWLRQSRZHUV\VWHPHTXLSPHQWVXFKDVUHFWL¿HUXQLWVYHKLFOHSURSXOVLRQ
systems, or other sensitive components of the dc transit system.

 3XUSRVH
It is the purpose of this standard to provide uniform practices for lightning and switching transient overvoltage
SURWHFWLRQRIGFWUDQVLWHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQE\SURSHUVHOHFWLRQRIGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUVEDVHGRQWKHVXUJHHQYLURQPHQW
and site conditions of the transit system. This standard allows the use of SPDs in dc transit systems to avoid
insulation failure due to transient overvoltage. Transient overvoltage protection is just as important as short-
circuit protection. This standard will minimize equipment damage caused by transient overvoltages, increasing
system reliability that will result in reduced maintenance.

1.3 Contents
First, the basic characteristics of transient surges, their origin, and energy and propagation behavior
are described in Clause 4 and Clause 7. This is followed by a brief description of the surge environment
H[SHFWHGDWGFHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPLQClause 5 and Clause 7. Clause 5 also includes dc SPD requirements for
comparison of transient overvoltage protection, dc surge arrester tested parameters by manufacturers, surge
arrester application analysis calculation, and energy absorbing (handling) capability. Clause 6 and Clause 7
FRYHUDQDO\VLVRIOLJKWQLQJVWULNHVWRWKHGFWUDQVLWHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPFRPSRQHQWVClause 8 covers surge
arrester grounding and grounding of OCS poles. Clause 9 includes dc surge arrester application locations
and discussion of application parameters including various voltages assigned to a dc surge arrester to help in
the selection of dc surge arresters. In addition, Clause 9 includes insulation and BIL levels of dc switchgear.
Clause 10 covers dc surge arrester service requirements. Clause 11 covers dc surge arrester assembly and
WHVWLQJDQGGHVLJQDQG¿HOGWHVWVLQFOXGLQJDQDSSOLFDWLRQH[DPSOHRIGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUVWR2&6V

12
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 ,(((6WG
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The terms “surge arrester” and “earth” have been used in this standard in place of “lightning arrester” and
“ground” (respectively) without affecting the technical contents of the standard.

 1RUPDWLYHUHIHUHQFHV
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must
be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.

Accredited Standards Committee C2, National Electrical Safety Code® (NESC®).2

CENELEC CLC/TS 50544, Low voltage dc surge protective devices for traction systems—Selection and
application rules for surge arresters.

CSA C22.1, Canadian Electrical Code.3

EN 50526-1:2012, Railway applications—Fixed installations—DC. Surge arresters and voltage limiting

devices—Part 1: Surge arresters.4

EN 50526-2, Railway applications—Fixed installations—DC. Surge arresters and voltage limiting devices—
Part 2: Voltage limiting devices.

EN 50526-3, Railway applications—Fixed installations—DC. Surge arresters and voltage limiting devices—
Part 3: Application guide.

IEC 61992-1:2006, Railway applications—Fixed installations—DC switchgear—Part 1: General, 2006.5

IEC 62305, Protection against Lightning.

,((( 6WG &Π,((( 6WDQGDUG IRU '&  9 DQG EHORZ  3RZHU &LUFXLW %UHDNHUV 8VHG LQ
Enclosures.,6,7

IEEE Std C37.90.1™-2012, IEEE Standard for Surge Withstand Capability (SWC) Tests for Relays and Relay
Systems Associated with Electric Power Apparatus.

NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code® (NEC®).8

NFPA 780, Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems.

2
The NESC is available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (https://
[Link]/).
3
CSA publications are available from the Canadian Standards Association ([Link]
4
EN publications are available from the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) ([Link]
5
IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission ([Link] IEC publications are also
available in the United States from the American National Standards Institute ([Link]
6
7KH,(((VWDQGDUGVRUSURGXFWVUHIHUUHGWRLQWKLVFODXVHDUHWUDGHPDUNVRI7KH,QVWLWXWHRI(OHFWULFDODQG(OHFWURQLFV(QJLQHHUV,QF
7
IEEE publications are available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
([Link]
8
NFPA publications are available from Publications Sales, National Fire Protection Association ([Link]

13
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 'H¿QLWLRQVDFURQ\PVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQV
 'H¿QLWLRQV
)RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVGRFXPHQWWKHIROORZLQJWHUPVDQGGH¿QLWLRQVDSSO\7KHIEEE Standards Dictionary
OnlineVKRXOGEHFRQVXOWHGIRUWHUPVQRWGH¿QHGLQWKLVFODXVH9)RUDGGLWLRQDOGH¿QLWLRQVIRUXQGHUVWDQGLQJ
GF VXUJH DUUHVWHUV¶ YDULRXV SDUDPHWHUV ZKLFK DUH GF UPV YROWDJHV DQG SHDN YROWDJHV UHIHU WR VWDQGDUGV
CENELEC CLC/TS 50544, BS EN 50163, EN 50526-1:2012, EN 50526-2: 2014, EN 50526-3: 2016, and
IEC 61992-1:2006.

basic lightning impulse insulation level: Insulation levels designed to withstand surge voltages rather than
only normal operating voltages. Since the insulation lines and equipment are protected by surge arresters
draining the surges rapidly before the insulation is damaged, the arrester must operate below the minimum
basic lightning impulse insulation level (BIL) and must withstand the surges.

clearance: The shortest distance in air between two conductive materials.

creepage distance: The shortest distance along the surface of the insulating material between two conductive
materials.

electrical section: The part of an electrical circuit having its own voltage rating for insulation coordination.

ÀDVKRYHU: Disruptive discharge over a solid surface.

grounded: An electrical section intentionally connected to earth that cannot be interrupted.

impulse: A unidirectional wave of voltage or current that without appreciable oscillations rises rapidly to a
maximum value and falls—usually less rapidly—to zero with small, if any, excursions of opposite polarity.

insulated: All components isolated from the energized dc conductors by at least one level of insulation. An
LQVXODWHGVHFWLRQVKDOOEHXQGHUWKHLQÀXHQFHRIDGMDFHQWHQHUJL]HGFLUFXLWV$QLQVXODWHGVHFWLRQVKDOOEH
considered as an electrical section.

keraunic level: The number of thunderstorm days per year in an area.

lightning arrester: See: surge arrester.

OLJKWQLQJÀDVK$YHU\EULJKWOLJKWVWUHDPVHHQLQWKHVN\IURPFORXGWRJURXQGRUIURPFORXGWRFORXGRU
from ground to cloud on a stormy day.

lightning intensity7KHQXPEHURIOLJKWQLQJVWULNHVSHUVTXDUHPHWHU\HDULQDQDUHD

lightning strike$FORXGWRJURXQGOLJKWQLQJVWULNHZKLFKLVDVKRUWGXUDWLRQVWURNHWKDW RIWHQEXWQRWDOZD\V 

DSSHDUVDVDVLQJOHYHU\EULJKWÀDVKDQGRIWHQKDVFRQVLGHUDEOHEUDQFKLQJSyn: lightning stroke.

lightning stroke: See: lightning strike.

maximum continuous operating voltage (MCOV): The maximum designated rms continuous operating
voltage in dc volts assigned to surge arrester where minimum current is conducted to ground through the
arrester for any voltage less than this voltage.

9
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online is available at: [Link]

14
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nominal voltage: The value assigned to a circuit or system approximately equivalent to the operating voltage
for designating the voltage class.

non-linear metal-oxide varistor (MOV): The part of the surge arrester which, by its non-linear voltage verses
current characteristic, acts as a low resistance to overvoltage, thus limiting the voltage across the arrester
terminals, and as a high resistance at nominal dc voltage or power-frequency voltage.

overhead contact system (OCS)7KHSDUWRIWUDFWLRQSRZHUHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPFRPSULVLQJRIRYHUKHDG

conductor(s), aerial feeders, support structure, balance weights and other associated equipment and
DVVHPEOLHVZKLFKPDNHVDFRQGXFWLQJSDWKWKURXJKFRQWDFWZLUHIRUWKHGFSRZHUVXSSO\WRWKHYHKLFOHV
Examples include:

a) Single contact wire: a contact wire electrically connected to a TPSSs by underground/overhead

IHHGHUV7KHFRQWDFWZLUHPDNHVFRQWDFWZLWKWKHYHKLFOHFXUUHQWFROOHFWRUDQGLVDFWLQJDVDSRVLWLYH
polarity contact point for the dc power supply delivered to the vehicles from the TPSS.
b) Overhead conductor rail: various shapes of rigid bars, used in maintenance shops, movable bridges,
under bridges, and in tunnels as an alternative to a contact wire or trolley wire
c) Electric trolley bus: An electrically powered bus running on rubber-tires drawing dc power by means
of trolley overhead positive and negative conductors.

overvoltage9ROWDJHKDYLQJDSHDNYDOXHH[FHHGLQJWKHPD[LPXPVWHDG\VWDWHUDWHGYROWDJHGXULQJV\VWHP
operating conditions.

rated impulse voltage 9DOXH RI YROWDJH DVVLJQHG WR WKH HTXLSPHQW UHIHUULQJ WR WKH VSHFL¿HG ZLWKVWDQG
capability of the insulation against transient over voltages. This is also called basic impulse level (BIL), where
equipment is tested by using a 1.2/50 μs lighting impulse voltage wave to assign a BIL level to equipment.

rated insulation voltage7KHUPVZLWKVWDQGYROWDJHDVVLJQHGWRWKHHTXLSPHQWUHIHUULQJWRWKHVSHFL¿HG

SHUPDQHQW RYHU¿YHPLQXWHV ZLWKVWDQGFDSDELOLW\RIWKHLQVXODWLRQEHWZHHQHQHUJL]HGFRPSRQHQWVDQGHDUWK

rated voltage: The value of voltage assigned to a component, device or equipment.

residual discharge voltage (VIR)7KHSHDNYDOXHRIYROWDJHWKDWDSSHDUVEHWZHHQWKHWHUPLQDOVRIDQDUUHVWHU

during the passage of discharge current

supplementary cable: A cable connected in parallel with an OCS is called positive supplementary cable.
Cable connected in parallel with running rail is called negative supplementary cable.

surge arrester$GHYLFHLQWHQGHGWROLPLWWUDQVLHQWRYHUYROWDJHWRDVSHFL¿HGOHYHO,WFRQWDLQVQRQOLQHDU
metal-oxide (MO) elements.

surge-protective device (SPD): A device that is intended to limit transient overvoltage and divert surge
currents. It contains at least one nonlinear component.

temporary overvoltage (ETOV): The maximum rms temporary overvoltage value in dc volts that may occur at
the dc transit system by vehicle regeneration or utility power supply voltage regulation.

third rail$FRQGXFWRURIVWHHOVWHHODOXPLQXPRURWKHUPDWHULDOPRXQWHGDGMDFHQWWRWKHWUDFNUDLODVVHPEO\
DWWKHOHYHORIWKHWUDFNWKDWLVHOHFWULFDOO\FRQQHFWHGWRWKH7366E\XQGHUJURXQGIHHGHUV7KHWKLUGUDLOPDNHV
contact with vehicle current collector and acts as a positive polarity point for the dc power supply delivered to
the vehicles from the TPSS.

15
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voltage margin of-protection (VSA)7KH UDWLR RI HTXLSPHQW EDVLF LPSXOVH OHYHO %,/  YROWDJH WR SHDN
voltage seen in equipment when a surge arrester is conducting a lightning surge wave. Generally, 120% to
125% ratio is considered adequate for insulation coordination and protecting equipment insulation failure by
transient surges.

 $FURQ\PVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQV

BIL basic lightning impulse insulation level

BSL basic switching surge insulation level
ETOV temporary overvoltage
ETB electric trolley bus
LPS lightning-protection system
LRV light rail vehicle
MCOV maximum continuous operating voltage
MO metal oxide
MOV metal-oxide varistor
NC frequency of lightning
ND direct lightning
OCS overhead contact system
SPD surge-protective device
TPSS traction power substation
VIR residual discharge voltage
VLD voltage-limiting device
Vsa voltage margin of protection

 7UDQVLHQWVXUJHV
Transient surges are caused by lightning, switching phenomena within the system, or induced and impressed
YROWDJHVWKDWEHFRPHVXSHULPSRVHGRYHUWKHGFSRZHUV\VWHPYROWDJH7KH\DUHXQSUHGLFWDEOHDQGNQRZQ
to be brief. Their wave-shape, magnitude, and energy content may vary considerably, depending upon their
FDXVH RI RULJLQ WKH V\VWHP FRQ¿JXUDWLRQ DQG VXUJHLPSHGDQFH SDUDPHWHUV7KLV LV WKH GHVLJQ LQWHQW WKDW
such transient overvoltages and associated energy shall be diverted away from the dc power system by the
DSSOLFDWLRQRIDSSURSULDWHGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUVDWVSHFL¿FORFDWLRQVZLWKLQWKHRYHUDOOHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHP
/LJKWQLQJVXUJHV FDOOHGH[WHUQDOVXUJHV FDQVWULNHRQWKHGFHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPGLUHFWO\RULQGLUHFWO\DQG
can induce transient overvoltages with considerable energy to create hazards. Switching surges (called internal
VXUJHV DUHFDXVHGE\VXGGHQFKDQJHVLQWKHGFHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPVXFKDVGFEUHDNHURSHUDWLRQRSHQLQJRI
a fuse, sudden load drop, dc regeneration, etc. Typically, they are not as severe as lightning surges due to their
relatively low energy contents.

16
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 /LJKWQLQJDQGVZLWFKLQJVXUJHV
IEEE Std C62.22-2019 [B11] and EN 60099-4 [B5]PDNHDGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQVZLWFKLQJDQGOLJKWQLQJVXUJHV
RQWKHEDVLVRIWKHGXUDWLRQRIWKHIURQWRUULVHWLPHIURP]HURWRSHDNYDOXH10 Surges with front rise-times of
up to 20 ȝVDUHGH¿QHGDVOLJKWQLQJVXUJHVDQGWKRVHZLWKORQJHUIURQWVDUHGH¿QHGDVVZLWFKLQJVXUJHV

/LJKWQLQJVXUJHLQWHQVLW\GHSHQGVXSRQWKHNHUDXQLFOHYHORIWKHDUHD7KHSUREDELOLW\RIGLUHFWVWURNHFDQ
be estimated by the various factors listed in NFPA 780 and IEC 62305. To understand the characteristics
and nature of such surges, considerable published data is available (e.g., Bardo [B1], IEEE Std C62.41-1991
[B14]DQG:RUNLQJ*URXSRQ/LJKWQLQJ3HUIRUPDQFHRI7UDQVPLVVLRQ/LQHV[B25]).

For lightning surge protection application purposes, the industry has standardized voltage impulse waveform
1.2/50 ȝs indicating crest is reached in 1.2 ȝs, and it decays to half the crest in 50 ȝs. Similarly, a current
impulse wave of 8/20ȝs is used where the crest is reached in 8 ȝs and decays half the crest value in 20ȝs.

A steep-fronted surge is one with a rise time of 0.1 ȝs to 0.5 ȝs and a virtual time to half value of around 5 ȝs.
An impulse current wave shape of 10/1000 ȝs (long wave) is more representative of the high-energy surges
usually experienced from the inductive elements (see IEEE Std C37.20.1-2015 [B9] and IEEE Std C62.22-
2009 [B11]).

 &DXVHVRIOLJKWQLQJVXUJHV

/LJKWQLQJLVDQHOHFWULFDOGLVFKDUJHRUGLHOHFWULFEUHDNGRZQWKDWRFFXUVLQWKHDWPRVSKHUHEHWZHHQFORXGV
or between clouds and ground. It is a very high-energy phenomenon and can be a source of harm for transit
V\VWHPV/LJKWQLQJÀDVKHVLQIDFWUHOHDVHKXQGUHGVRIPHJDMRXOHVRIHQHUJ\

$W\SLFDOFORXGWRFORXGOLJKWQLQJVWULNHEHJLQVZLWKDSUHOLPLQDU\GLHOHFWULFEUHDNGRZQGXHWRWKHLQWHQVH
HOHFWULF¿HOGLQLWLDWHGLQWKHORZHUSDUWRIWKHFORXGDQGLVJHQHUDOO\QHJDWLYHO\FKDUJHG7KHSRODULW\RIWKH
lightning, in fact, which is a function of the local territory, is statistically assumed as negative in 90% of the
cases.

The process is followed by a discharge, or leader, which creates a highly conductive channel that advances
in a zigzag path toward the earth and meets an upward advancing leader. This stepped discharge is caused
E\WKHQRQXQLIRUPLW\RIWKHHOHFWULF¿HOG7KHPHGLXPEHWZHHQFORXGVDQGHDUWKLVQRWXQLIRUPDVWKHDLU
characteristics (density, pollution, humidity, etc.) continuously vary, hence the non-linearity of the lightning
path.

,QIDLUZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQVWKHHOHFWULF¿HOGDWWKHJURXQGLVTXLWHKLJK:KLOHLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIVWRUP\FORXGV
LQWKHVN\DVWKHGLVFKDUJHSURJUHVVHVWRZDUGWKHHDUWKWKHHOHFWULF¿HOGH[LVWLQJEHWZHHQWKHDGYDQFLQJ
FKDQQHOVDQGWKHHDUWKRUREMHFWVRQHDUWK LHEXLOGLQJVSROHVDQGWUHHVHWF ¿HOGUDQJHVN9PWR
N9P$WWKHSRLQWRIVWULNHWKH¿HOGPD\DVVXPHWKHYDOXHRIN9PIRUWKHGXUDWLRQRIWKHOLJKWQLQJ
discharge.

7KHGLHOHFWULFVWUHQJWKRIWKHDLUGXULQJVWRUP\ZHDWKHULVJHQHUDOO\ZHOOEHORZLWVVWUHQJWKRIN9PLQGU\
weather conditions. Such circumstances facilitate the cloud-to-earth electric charge to reach the surrounding
DLUFULWLFDOEUHDNGRZQYDOXHDQGFDXVH GXHWRFRURQDHIIHFW XSZDUGGLUHFWHGGLVFKDUJHV XSZDUGOHDGHUV DW
earth potential.

$Q³DWWDFKPHQW´SURFHVVWDNHVSODFHEHWZHHQWKHWZRFKDQQHOV7KHJURXQGSRWHQWLDOSURSDJDWHVXSZDUGV
circulating to earth, and the negative charge is accumulated in the downward directed channel. This process,
XVXDOO\FDOOHGDUHWXUQVWURNHFDXVHVWKHFLUFXODWLRQRIWKHKLJKLQWHQVLW\LPSXOVHOLJKWQLQJFXUUHQWWRJURXQG
$YHU\UDSLGULVHWRWKHSHDNZLWKLQDIHZPLFURVHFRQGVDQGWKHQDUHODWLYHO\VORZGHFD\DUHWKHW\SLFDO
characteristics of a lightning surge current wave.
10
7KHQXPEHUVLQEUDFNHWVFRUUHVSRQGWRWKRVHRIWKHELEOLRJUDSK\LQAnnex A.

17
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 &DXVHVRIVZLWFKLQJVXUJHVLQGFWUDQVLWHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPV

Switching operations that cause overvoltages are mainly due to stored energy in part of the circuit and
subsequent release of that energy. The following system operations in dc transit systems can cause switching
surges of varying degrees:

D DC circuit breaker operation: Interruption of dc current generates an arc with transient overvoltage on
the order of 2.5 times the dc system voltage (see Paul, 2005 [B19]).
E Pantograph arcing: An uneven pantograph contacts with the OCS wire causes arcing. The intensity of
such an arc and associated voltage/current surge depends upon various factors, such as load current,
vehicle speed, air gap clearance, and atmospheric conditions.
F AC vacuum breaker operation: In rare circumstances, current chopping during interruption and pre-
LJQLWLRQGXULQJFORVLQJRIWKHYDFXXPEUHDNHUFDQOHDGWRWUDQVLHQWRYHUYROWDJH VHH6KDGH[B22]).
Such transient surges can propagate both ways, toward the incoming ac power supply as well as
WRZDUGWKHUHFWLILHUWUDQVIRUPHUDQGWKHQWRGFRXWSXWYROWDJH6XFKVXUJHVPD\DWWHQXDWHWKURXJKWKH
VXUJHLPSHGDQFHRIWKHUHFWLILHUWUDQVIRUPHUDQGWKHVXUJHFDSDFLWRUVDSSOLHGWRUHFWLILHUGLRGHV
G Voltage transient due to dv/dt across diodes: Surges are generated due to inherent characteristics of the
circuit.
H Induced switching surges from ac power systems:+HDY\1'VWULNHWRDQDFSRZHUOLQHLQFORVHYLFLQLW\
WRWKH2&6FDQLQGXFHVXUJHVLQWKHGFHOHFWULILFDWLRQV\VWHP
I Current limiting fuse blowing: &XUUHQWOLPLWLQJ IXVHV SURWHFWLQJ WKH UHFWLILHU GLRGHV FDQ JHQHUDWH
transient arc overvoltage.
J Feeder cable arcing fault: Loose cable connection arcing can lead to transient surges.

K $&OLQHPDNLQJFRQWDFWZLWKWKH2&6ZLUHFDQOHDGWRYROWDJHVXUJHWRGFV\VWHP
L Collector shoes coming on and off of the third rail.
M Pantograph arcing due to ice on the contact wire during winter weather conditions.

 6XUJHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV²3URSDJDWLRQ
The surge Impedance ( Z ) and the surge propagation velocity ( v DUHGH¿QHGE\Equation (1) and Equation (2)
from Paul and Venugopalan [B21]:

Z LC (1)

v  LC (2)

where:

Z is the surge impedance in ohms

L is the inductance in henries per unit length
C is the capacitance in farads per unit length
v is the surge velocity in m/s if the units of L are in henries/meter and units of C if in farads/meter

The surge current ( I ), the surge voltage (V ) and the surge impedance ( Z ) are related by the expression
below (from IEEE Std 141-1993 [B8]):

V  IZ (3)

18
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The rate-of-rise of surge voltage ( dv dt ) and rate-of-rise of surge current ( di dt ) are related to surge
impedance ( Z ) as in Equation (4) (from Greenwood [B7]):

di dt = dv dt (1 Z ) (4)

Surge propagates at the speed of light, 304.5 m/ȝs (1000 ft/ȝs), in the OCS(s) wire and approximately half this
speed 152.3 m/ȝs (500 ft/ȝs) in the dc feeder cables (see IEEE Std 141-1993 [B8]). The surge experiences a
VXUJHUHÀHFWLRQDQGUHIUDFWLRQDWDMXQFWLRQSRLQWGXHWRFKDQJHLQVXUJHLPSHGDQFHYDOXHV6XUJHSURSDJDWLRQ
theory is well-documented (see IEEE Std 141-1993 [B8]).

Equation (5) from Paul, 2002 (5), can be used to derive the surge voltage that could propagate toward dc
switchgear via feeder cables.

2VI ( Z C n)
VFC = (5)
Z OCS + ( Z C n)
where:

VFC is the surge voltage through feeder cables

VI   LVWKHLQFLGHQWVXUJHYROWDJHDWWKH2&6IHHGHUSROHMXQFWLRQSRLQW HJN9ÀDVKRYHU
value
Z OCS  LVWKH2&6ZLUHVXUJHLPSHGDQFH>ȍ VHH,(((6WG[B8])
ZC   LVHDFKIHHGHUFDEOHVXUJHLPSHGDQFH>ȍ VHH,(((6WG[B8])
n is the number of feeder cables in parallel (assume three for this example)

 0DJQHWLFVWRUHGHQHUJ\RIVXUJH
Switching surge energy (W) is exchanged between system inductance L and capacitance C parameters (see
IEEE Std 141-1993 [B8] GXULQJSURSDJDWLRQGH¿QHGE\Equation (6).

W = (1 2) LI 2 joules ( watt-seconds) (6)

where

L is the inductance in henries

I is the current in rms amperes

Estimation of the energy trapped in the OCS wire using Equation (6) is as follows.

L LVP+NP P+PL LQGXFWDQFHRIWKH2&6ZLUH VHH,(((6WG[B8])

I is 2000 A (assumed surge current

7KHDVVXPHGGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQVXEVWDWLRQVLVNP PL DVVXPHGGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQDGMDFHQHW7366V

It is reasonable to consider that 1/2 of the surge current will propagate toward each adjacent substation,
WUDYHOLQJNP PL  VHH,(((6WG[B8]) as in the following equation:

1
W=
2
(2×10−3 )(1000)2 = 1000

19
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,WVKDOOEHQRWHGWKDWWKHFDOFXODWHGHQHUJ\ZLOOEHFRPHN-LIWKHFXUUHQWVXUJHLVDVVXPHGDVN$

Similar calculations can be performed for third-rail transit systems where the inductance parameter ( L ) will
have a different value.

 6XUJHHQYLURQPHQW²'&WUDQVLWHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHP
8VLQJDQ2&6DVDQH[DPSOHLWLVHYLGHQWIURPGFHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPVWKDWWKHUHDUHWZRSDWKVIRUWKH
surges to impact substation equipment: one from the OCS side and the other from the incoming ac primary
power supply system. The expected upper limit of the surge without the dc surge arrester that could propagate
WKURXJKWKH2&6ZLOOEHHTXDOWRWKHGU\ÀDVKRYHUYDOXHRIWKH2&6ZKLFKLVW\SLFDOO\N9SHDNIRU9
dc systems (Paul, 2004 [B18]). Incoming ac primary voltage to TPSSs is generally medium-voltage (MV) and
GHVLJQSUDFWLFHLVWRDSSO\SURSHUO\UDWHGDFVXUJHDUUHVWHUVRQWKHSULPDU\VLGHRIWKHUHFWL¿HUWUDQVIRUPHU
7KLVZLOOUHGXFHWKHVXUJHYROWDJHPDJQLWXGHRQWKHVHFRQGDU\VLGHRIWKHUHFWL¿HUWUDQVIRUPHUDQGWKHQ
application of capacitors in parallel with diodes leaves a remote possibility of lightning surge getting into the
dc switchgear.

7KHLQFRPLQJSULPDU\VXUJHZLOOVHHWKHGRXEOLQJHIIHFWDWWKHUHFWL¿HUWUDQVIRUPHUGXHWRWKHFKDQJHLQVXUJH
impedance. The intensity of the incoming surge will be related to distribution system parameters and the
magnitude of the incoming surge and system impedance parameters. Internal switching surges and surges at
the OCS will be related to any of the system operational causes listed in 4.1.2.

Due to the proximity of the OCS positive wire, and the running rails or negative wire in case of an electric
WUROOH\EXV (7% V\VWHPVWKHUHDUHHTXDOFKDQFHVWKDWWKHOLJKWQLQJPD\VWULNHERWKSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYH
ZLUHVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\$Q\VXUJHYROWDJHVWULNLQJWKH2&6ZLUHLVIUHHWRSURSDJDWHWRZDUGWKHGFVZLWFKJHDU
as well as to the vehicle via the current collector. The associated surge current will divide according to the
surge impedance paths and will experience some attenuation before reaching the equipment if there are no
VXUJHDUUHVWHUVEHWZHHQWKHVWULNHORFDWLRQDQGHTXLSPHQW

A discussion of surge environment is provided here for the OCS; however, similar discussion applies to other
GFWUDQVLWHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPV

For dc applications, the same nonlinear resistors that are used in ac surge arrester assemblies are used in the
dc arrester housing but tested differently. The basic requirements of a dc surge arrester include the following:

D $WKLJKHVWZRUNLQJYROWDJHWKHGHYLFHVKDOOEHHVVHQWLDOO\QRQFRQGXFWLQJZLWKDPLQLPDOOHDNDJH
current. Surge current conduction only occurs when transient voltage becomes higher than surge
arrester MCOV rating.
E $WRYHUYROWDJHPRGHUDWHO\DERYHWKHZRUNLQJYROWDJHWKHGHYLFHZKLOHFRQGXFWLQJVKDOOSHUPLWRQO\
small increases in its own terminal voltage.
F $ GHYLFH VKDOO KDYH VXI¿FLHQW HQHUJ\ DEVRUSWLRQ FDSDELOLW\ WR KDQGOH WKH VWRUHG HQHUJ\ LQ WKH GF
system.
G 8SRQVXSSUHVVLQJWKHV\VWHPWUDQVLHQWRYHUYROWDJHWKHGHYLFHVKDOOTXLFNO\LQWHUUXSWWKHQRUPDOGF
voltage follow-current.
e) A device shall be suitable for outdoor and indoor application and subjected to harsh atmospheric
conditions without degradation in performance. Outdoor arresters shall be tested for pollution to
DVVXUHWKHVXUJHDUUHVWHUKRXVLQJGRHVQRWVKRZVLJQVRIWUDFNLQJDFURVVWKHDUUHVWHUDVVHPEO\GXHWR
SROOXWLRQDQGFRQWDPLQDWLRQRIPHWDOOLFGXVWLQWKHWUDQVLWWUDFNDUHDV
f) The residual voltage at the OCS at maximum expected surge current magnitude shall be less than the
damaging voltage of the equipment to be protected. Residual voltage is affected by the lead length’s
inductance and rate-of-rise of surge current.

20
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g) A device shall accommodate a dc power system temporary overvoltage (ETOV) condition as described
in 5.3 without its failure due to repeated occurrence of ETOV at the OCS.
h) A device shall be capable of providing a close voltage margin of protection (VSA) without excessive
maintenance and damage.
i) Device shop testing procedures are essential (see 11.1).

6XUJHDUUHVWHUDSSOLFDWLRQFRQ¿JXUDWLRQWRDQ2&6LVVKRZQLQFigure 1. The surge arresters made of metal-

oxide (MO) material discs with characteristics shown in Figure 2 (b) appear to meet the above considerations
and closely match with the characteristics of an ideal device shown in Figure 2 (a). However, their energy
DEVRUELQJFDSDELOLWLHVSXEOLVKHGE\WKHPDQXIDFWXUHUVVKRXOGEHFKHFNHGXVLQJVWDWLVWLFDOGDWDIRUWKHH[SHFWHG
transient overvoltage surges at the application location for the dc transit system.

21
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)LJXUH²2YHUYLHZRIDOOWKH029VXUJHDUUHVWHUVDWWKH2&6

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)LJXUH²&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIYDULRXVVXUJHDUUHVWHUV>%@

The gapped MO surge arrester shown in Figure 2 (d) will not provide a close VSA as the triggering of the gap
ZLOORFFXUDWDUHODWLYHO\KLJKHUSHDNRYHUYROWDJHFRQGLWLRQ6SDUNJDSW\SHDUUHVWHUVZLWKFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI
Figure 2 F ZLOOQRWUHVHDOFDXVLQJV\VWHPIROORZFXUUHQWWRÀRZWRJURXQG6RPHPDQXIDFWXUHUVSURPRWH
PDJQHWLFDOO\EORZQVSDUNJDSVZLWKVHULHVFRQQHFWHGQRQOLQHDUUHVLVWRUVLQDVLQJOHVWDFN7RLPSURYHWKH
LQWHUQDOYROWDJHGLVWULEXWLRQDJUDGLQJUHVLVWRUDQGFDSDFLWRULVSURYLGHGIRUHDFKVSDUNJDS6XFKDGHYLFH
could provide adequate surge-absorbing capability as well as close ETOV. This standard requires the use of
DSSURSULDWHO\UDWHGDQGWHVWHGJDSOHVVW\SH029VXUJHDUUHVWHUVZLWKVXI¿FLHQWVXUJHDEVRUELQJFDSDELOLW\

 '&VXUJHDUUHVWHUWHVWGDWDDQGHQHUJ\FDSDELOLW\
Without a standard for the manufacture and application of dc surge arresters, the testing and rating method
among the various suppliers may vary. The energy-absorbing capability varies depending on the type of
housing material quality and quantity of the basic material (zinc oxide) used in the manufacture of the dc
surge arrester. The manufacturers rely on the test data provided by the suppliers of the basic surge arrester
material. For example, the data shown in Table 1 by the surge arrester manufacturer is the same as shown by
Harris Semiconductor Corporation [B23] for the Type CA MOVs, concluding that the manufacturers have not
performed shop tests after using basic material in surge arrester housing that can change the listed parameters.
However, there is no indication how the individual units were tested after assembly in their housing. The design
of the connection terminals and housing assembly and material can change the test data. The surge arresters
assembled units are to be tested after completing assembly. It is noted that the terminology used in Table 1
is in accordance with [B23], however, it differs from the terminology used in Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4.

23
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The terminology and test methods used in the IEEE Std 141 [B8] and EN 60099-4 [B5] standards for MOV
surge arresters also vary. This can lead to a different arrester manufactured per an IEC standard compared to
arresters per IEEE Std 141, thus, arrester analysis included in this standard shall help the application engineer
to select appropriate dc surge arrester.

7DEOH²0HWDOR[LGHGLVFYDULVWRUV &$VHULHV IURPEDVLF029PDWHULDO>%@

Maximum Ratings (85 °C) Characteristics (25 °C)
Cont- Transient energy Peak amp Varistor voltage at Max. peak Typical capacitance
inuous with wave wave 1-ma dc test clamping voltage @ 1 MHz
dc ȝV ȝV current (rms) dc (VC) with surge
voltage wave 200-A
(rms) SHDNȝV
Vm(dc) Wtm (J) Itm (kA) Min. VN(dc) Max VC (V) Pico-farads (pf)
(V) (V) (V) (V)
970 2600 70 1080 1200 1320 1880 3500
1150 3200 70 1290 1500 1650 2340 2700
1400 3200 70 1620 1800 2060 2940 2200
1750 5000 70 2020 2200 2550 3600 1800
2150 6000 70 2500 2700 3030 4300 1500
2500 7500 70 2970 3300 3630 5200 1200
3000 8600 70 3510 3900 4290 6200 1000
3500 10000 70 4230 4700 5170 7400 800

ItmVLQJOHSXOVHWUDQVLHQWSHDNHQHUJ\
Vm(dc):MCOV, rms
VN(dc): nominal varistor dc voltage, rms
Wtm: rated single-pulse transient energy

7DEOH²'&VXUJHDUUHVWHUSDUDPHWHUVIURPSXEOLVKHGFDWDORJ²0DQXIDFWXUHU$
MCOV ȝVN$ 500-A switching ȝVLPSXOVHZDYHSHDNFXUUHQWPD[LPXP
volts dc maximum surge maximum discharge voltage - VIR (kV peak)
(rms) discharge voltage discharge voltage 1.5 kA 3 kA 5 kA 10 kA 20 kA
VIR (kV peak) VIR (kV peak)
900 3.4 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5
1800 5.8 4.4 5.0 5.1 5.5 6.0 7.0

7DEOH²'&VXUJHDUUHVWHUSDUDPHWHUVIURPSXEOLVKHGFDWDORJ²0DQXIDFWXUHU%
Nominal Rated Arrester Thermal Max. values of the residual voltages in kV peak (discharge
system arrester MCOV energy voltage-VIR) at peak discharge currents of impulses
voltage voltage rating absorbing ȝV ȝV ȝV
(rms) dc (rms) dc (rms) dc capability
0.5 kA 1 kA 5 kA 10 kA 20 kA 10 kA
kV kV kV kJ kV kV kV kV kV kV
0.75 1 1 10 1.9 2 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.6
1.50 2 2 20 3.8 4 4.5 4.8 5.3 5.1
3.00 4 4 40 7.6 8 9.0 9.6 10.6 10.2

24
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DOWLWXGHDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGVSHHGRIWKHYHKLFOHVKRXOGDOVREHFRQVLGHUHG$YHKLFOHVXUJHDUUHVWHU
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PAULO. Downloaded on November 26,2024 at [Link] UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
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 '&VXUJHDUUHVWHU0&29UDWLQJIRUGFWUDQVLWHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPV
'&VXUJHDUUHVWHUPD[LPXPFRQWLQXRXVRSHUDWLQJYROWDJH 0&29 ZLOOGH¿QLWHO\EHJUHDWHUWKDQWKHV\VWHP
operating voltage, but shall also be greater than the occasional ETOV value determined using Equation (7) (Paul,
2005 [B19]).

ETOV = ( F )(VR )( RG ) E (7)

where

E is the system no-load voltage, 800 V (for 750-V dc systems)

VR  LVWKHVSHFL¿HGYROWDJHUHJXODWLRQRIWKHWUDQVIRUPHUUHFWL¿HUXQLWLQSHUXQLWZKLFKZLOOEH
(1.06) for 6% voltage regulation
F is the upper limit of utility primary power supply’s voltage regulation factor. It is suggested
that this value not be less than 1.10
RG is the vehicle regeneration factor (use 1.15, for example)

Using these values, ETOV will be 1073 V, thus the dc surge arrester MCOV rating shall be greater than 1073 V in
this example. This statement is based upon the consideration that in a dc transit system, ETOV will appear at the
positive supply conductor as many times as the operating trains go through the regeneration mode, especially
if there are no other trains nearby to absorb the regenerated power. Such ETOV shall also occur during night time
ZKHQXWLOLW\YROWDJHZLOOJRXSDQGGFORDG WUDLQV LVUHODWLYHO\OHVV7RFRQ¿UPWKHVHOHFWHGGFVXUJHDUUHVWHU
is correct, the MCOV shall be greater than ETOV. An engineering analysis shall be conducted of the actual dc
power system performance parameters listed in Equation (7)DQGDVXI¿FLHQWYROWDJHPDUJLQRISURWHFWLRQLV
required. This standard recommends MCOV greater than or equal to ETOV to avoid surge arrester premature
failure due to ETOV, especially when an indication that the surge arrester failed (degraded without enclosure
rupture) is not easily available. A degraded surge arrester will conduct harmful dc stray current to earth without
any indication until it thermally fails to cause fault conditions.

Also, the TOV capability of the arrester shall not be exceeded by the magnitude and duration (total accumulated
cycles) of any TOV of the system at the arrester location.

 '&VXUJHDUUHVWHUYROWDJH²0DUJLQRISURWHFWLRQ
Surge arrester voltage-margin-of-protection (Vsa DERYHUHPRWHHDUWKLVGH¿QHGDVWKHSHDNYROWDJHVHHQDWWKH
dc equipment by conduction of a surge current that results in maximum residual discharge voltage (VIR), and
maximum voltage drop across its connection leads on both sides. For correct application of a dc surge arrester
WRDGFHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPUDWHGYROWDJH0&29UDWLQJVKRUWFLUFXLWZLWKVWDQGUDWLQJHQHUJ\KDQGOLQJ
capability, and discharge voltage of the surge arrester shall be such that no damage occurs to the dc transit
HOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPFRPSRQHQWVLQFOXGLQJGFIHHGHUFDEOHVYHKLFOHVDQGVXEVWDWLRQVZKHQVXUJHFXUUHQW
discharges to ground through the arrester. This voltage may be calculated using Equation (8).

Vsa = VIR + L di dt + IZ SG (8)

where

Z SG is the surge arrester ground rod (electrode) impedance measured in ohms at 60 Hz (usually
  OHVVWKDQȍ
VIR  LVWKHIURQWRIWKHZDYHPD[LPXP,5GLVFKDUJHYROWDJHGURSRIWKHDUUHVWHULQNLORYROWSHDN
L is the inductance of surge arrester leads in henries
I  LVWKHSHDNVXUJHFXUUHQWLQDPSHUHV
di dt  LVWKHUDWHRIULVHRIWKHVXUJHFXUUHQWLQNLORDPSHUHVSHUVHFRQG

27
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It shall be noted that the voltage drop across the ground electrode impedance (IZSG) does not affect the dc
HTXLSPHQWSURWHFWLRQPDUJLQDVWKHV\VWHPQHJDWLYHZKLFKDFWVDVDUHIHUHQFHSRLQWLVJURXQGHGYLDOHDNDJH
resistance to the ground of the running rails’ insulators. In addition, all metallic components, including the
OCS pole, are usually grounded to the same earth near to surge arrester ground electrode. Thus, for the surge
arrester Vsa calculation, as shown in Equation (9), below the factor IZSG may be neglected.

Vsa = VIR + L di dt (9)

:LWKRXWFRPSOHWHNQRZOHGJHRIWKHVXUJHHQYLURQPHQWDQGWHVWGDWDRQWKHGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUVRQHDSSOLFDWLRQ
approach is to apply a lower voltage surge arrester, such as 970 V MCOV dc for the 750 V dc systems,
NQRZLQJLWKDVUHODWLYHO\ORZHUHQHUJ\FDSDELOLW\EXWEHWWHU96$,QFDVHRILWVIDLOXUHLQDFWXDODSSOLFDWLRQ
it will provide the measure of the surge environment. One way to increase surge energy handling capability
RIWKHVXUJHDUUHVWHUZLWKRXWLQFUHDVLQJLWV0&29UDWLQJDQGZLWKRXWLQFUHDVLQJLWVOHQJWKLVWRPDNHLWZLWK
a larger diameter. Another approach to increase energy handling capability without increasing MCOV rating
is to install two arresters in parallel such that both arresters are connected in parallel with the shortest lead
on the ground side to a common grounding electrode. Both arresters should have the same rating and the
manufacturer of the arrester should allow parallel installation based on tests performed at the factory.

Based on this analysis, MCOV is greater than or equal to ETOV to avoid premature failure of surge arresters
due to ETOV, especially when indication of the failed (degraded without enclosure rupture) surge arrester is not
HDVLO\DYDLODEOH$GHJUDGHGVXUJHDUUHVWHUDWWKHGFHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPPD\EHFRQGXFWLQJXQGHVLUDEOHGF
stray current to earth as dc power system protection relays may not clear this faulty surge arrester condition.
Conversely, train operation may not be affected under the faulty surge arrester condition, and the failed arrester
provides no visual indication of its damage. Therefore, it is important that a reliable surge arrester with proper
UDWLQJEHDSSOLHGWRGFWUDQVLWHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPV

 '&VXUJHDUUHVWHUHQHUJ\GLVFKDUJHFDSDELOLW\
Surge arrester surge energy (W) in joules shall be calculated using Equation (10).

W = ∫ V I dt (10)
0

where

V is the surge arrester front-of-the-wave protective level in volts

I  LVWKHSHDNGLVFKDUJHFXUUHQWLQDPSHUHV
t is the time in seconds the surge reaches voltage (V)

,IWKHVXUJHZDYHVKDSHLVNQRZQDQRWKHUHDVLHUH[SUHVVLRQIRUWKHHQHUJ\GLVFKDUJHGWKURXJKDQDUUHVWHUVKDOO
be calculated by using the Equation (11).

W = K ×VC × Iτ (11)

where

K is constant: 0.5 for triangular wave, 1.0 for rectangular wave, and 1.4 for exponential decaying
wave
W is energy in joules
VC is the clamping voltage in volts
I is the impulse current in amperes
τ is the impulse duration in seconds

28
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 '&VXUJHDUUHVWHUDSSOLFDWLRQDQDO\VLVFDOFXODWLRQ
An engineering analysis calculation for the application of a dc surge arrester to an OCS operating at 750 V
GF 9QRPLQDOGFYROWDJHFODVVHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHP LVGLVFXVVHG$VLPLODUFDOFXODWLRQDSSOLHVWRRWKHU
GFHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQSURMHFWV&DOFXODWLRQVDUHEDVHGXSRQXVLQJVXUJHDUUHVWHUVZLWKDQ0&29UDWLQJRI9
1800 V, and other parameters published by their manufacturer. The example below is for illustration purposes
RQO\$FWXDOVHOHFWLRQRIVXUJHDUUHVWHUVVKDOOEHEDVHGXSRQVSHFL¿FSURMHFWSDUDPHWHUVVLWHHQYLURQPHQWDO
conditions, and arrester test data from the supplier.

a) Using rate-of-rise of incoming surge voltage (dv/dt DWWKH2&6VXUJHDUUHVWHUORFDWLRQRIN9ȝs per

N90&29 3DXO[B20]), the calculated values of dv/dtZLOOEHN9ȝVDQGN9ȝs for the
900-V and 1800-V arresters respectively.
b) Surge arrester lead lengths inductance using 1.31 μH/m (0.4 ȝH/ft) with 7.58 m (25 ft) length will be
in the order of 10 ȝH for each arrester.
c) Rate-of-rise of the surge current at the arrester location by using Equation (4) and surge impedance of
DUUHVWHUOHDGVRIȍZLOOEHN$ȝVDQGN$ȝs, respectively, for each arrester.
d) Using the published data shown in Table 2 for surge arrester front of wave protective level at 0.5 ȝs, 10
N$SHDNGLVFKDUJHFXUUHQW9IRZLOOEHN9DQGN9UHVSHFWLYHO\IRUHDFKDUUHVWHU
e) Margin of protection voltage (Vsa) by using Equation (9) will be:
900 V: Vsa = 3.4 + 0.25 = 3.65 kV
1800 V: Vsa = 5.8 + 0.50 = 6.30 kV
d) Energy (W) in Joules discharged by the surge arrester for a switching surge shall conservatively be
estimated by the Equation (11). The values indicated in Table 3 are in the order of 2600 J and 5000 J,
respectively, for 900 V and 1800 V arresters for the long wave 10/1000 ȝs and shall be compared with
the calculations in this step for 45/1000 ȝs wave:

900 V dc MCOV rated surge arrester: W = 0.5× 2.2× 0.5× 45 + 1.4× 2.2× 0.5×1000
W = 24.75 + 1540.00 = 1564.75 J
1800 V dc MCOV rated surge arrester: W = 0.5× 4.4× 0.5× 45 + 1.4× 4.4× 0.5×1000 = 3129.5 J

It shall be noted that the calculated values of energy for each surge arrester using 45/1000 ȝs wave parameters
are lower than the published data of energy discharge capability of the arrester using 10/1000 ȝs wave. Since
the characteristics of the two wave shapes are different, the manufacturer shall be consulted to provide
discharge energy capability for (45/1000 ȝs) wave.

e) Voltage surge through feeder cable (VFC LQNLORYROWVDWWKHGFVZLWFKJHDUVKDOOEHFDOFXODWHGE\XVHRI

Equation (5):

900 V dc MCOV rated surge arrester:

VFC = 2×3.65×(40 3) (400 + 40 3) = 0.24 kV
1800 V dc MCOV rated surge arrester:
VFC = 2× 6.30×(40 3) (400 + 40 3) = 0.41 kV

:LWKRXWWKHHIIHFWRIVXUJHLPSHGDQFHVWKHFRQVHUYDWLYHYROWDJHLPSUHVVHGDWWKHHTXLSPHQWVKDOOEHN9
DQGN9UHVSHFWLYHO\DVLQGLFDWHGLQ5.6 item e).

29
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f) Current surge (IS) associated with voltage surge derived in item g) above shall be calculated by use of
Equation (3):

900 V dc MCOV rated surge arrester:

IS = ES ZS = 0.24×(3 40) = 0.018 kA
1800 V dc MCOV rated surge arrester:
IS = ES ZS = 0.41×(3 40) = 0.031 kA

Although the energy capability of a1800-V arrester is higher than the energy capability of a 900-V arrester,
the 900-V arrester provides better voltage protection if it can withstand the system energy capability. It shall
be noted that the 900-V MCOV rating appears to be lower than the system ETOV value of 1073 V derived by
using Equation (7) and thus will lead to premature failures in actual installation. Thus, a surge arrester with
an MCOV rating of higher than 1073 V (for example 1150 V, 1200 V, or 1800 V) will be the proper choice for
an 800 V dc nominal supply voltage system. Engineering judgement of surge arrester reliability based upon
energy rating and environmental pollution may lead to the selection of an arrester with an 1800-V MCOV
rating.

 /LJKWQLQJVWURNHWHUPLQRORJ\
Bardo, et al. [B1]PDNHVDGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHWUDGLWLRQDOO\XVHGWHUP³VWURNH´DQGDPRUHSUHFLVHUHIHUHQFH
WRWKHWHUP³ÀDVK´$ÀDVKGHVFULEHVWKHHQWLUHHOHFWULFDOGLVFKDUJHWRWKHVWULFNHQREMHFW6WURNHRQWKHRWKHU
KDQGGHVFULEHVRQO\WKHKLJKFXUUHQWFRPSRQHQWVRIDÀDVK%HFDXVHRIWKHREVHUYHGPXOWLSOLFLW\RIVWURNHV
WKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHWHUPV³ÀDVK´DQG³VWURNH´LVVXFKWKDWWKHUHZLOOEHPDQ\VWURNHVLQDVLQJOHÀDVK
5HVHDUFKLQWRÀDVKFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQGLFDWHVWKDWRIDOOÀDVKHVFRQWDLQPXOWLSOHVWURNHVZLWKDQDYHUDJH
YDOXHRIWKUHHVWURNHV %DUGRHWDO[B1]DQG:RUNLQJ*URXSRQ/LJKWQLQJ3HUIRUPDQFHRI7UDQVPLVVLRQ/LQHV
[B25] 7KLVLQIRUPDWLRQLVLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHRIWKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQZDYHVKDSHRIWKHVXFFHVVLYHVWURNHV7KH
WHUP³ÀDVKRYHU´LVGH¿QHGDVDQHOHFWULFDOGLVFKDUJHFRPSOHWHGIURPDQHQHUJL]HGFRQGXFWRUWRDJURXQGHG
support structure, which will be OCS poles in case of an LRT system.

/LJKWQLQJ LQWHQVLW\ ZLWKLQ D VSHFL¿F DUHD LV JHQHUDOO\ EDVHG XSRQ WKH JURXQG ÀDVK GHQVLW\ 1g LQ ÀDVKHV
SHUNLORPHWHUVTXDUHGSHU\HDU/LJKWQLQJLQWHQVLW\PXVWEHEDVHGXSRQWKHNHUDXQLFOHYHORUWKHQXPEHURI
thunderstorms per year, Td. The value of Ng is approximated by using the following empirical expression (see
Paul and Venugopalan [B21] and IEEE Std C62.11-2012 [B10]). With more research data available in the
future, this expression may change.

N g  0.04 Td1.25 (12)

For example, consider the area of a light rail transit (LRT) where Td is in the order of 40 to 60 (Paul, 2005
[B19]). Using Equation (12) and Td of 60, the calculated value of Ng will be near 6.68. It is noted that the
exponent value of 1.25 in Equation (12) is somewhat uncertain, for some published literature indicates this
value to be 1.35. However, 1.25 has been accepted by the committee responsible for the development of
IEEE Std C62.11-2012 [B10] and thus, for this example, OCS lightning protection analysis will be based upon
the value of Ng to be around 6.68.

This calculated number for NgSURYLGHVVRPHPHDVXUHRIWKHOLNHOLKRRGRIOLJKWQLQJVWULNHVWRJURXQGLQWKH

DUHD7KHDFWXDOQXPEHURIOLJKWQLQJÀDVKHV\HDU1OCS,WKDWPD\VWULNHWKHOLJKWUDLO2&6RUQHDUE\JURXQG
inducing direct or indirect lightning surge waves may be calculated by using Equation (13).

N OCS = w× L × N g (13)

where

L  LVWKHOHQJWKRIWKH/57V\VWHPLQNLORPHWHUV
w  LVWKHZLGWKRIDUHDFRYHULQJ/57WUDFNVLQNLORPHWHUV
30
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Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE DE SAO PAULO. Downloaded on November 26,2024 at [Link] UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
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$VVXPLQJDGRXEOHWUDFNGFV\VWHPZLWKZLGWKQHDUNPDQG1g of 6.68, by Equation (13), the calculated

value of NOCS will be: L/10.

N OCS  L 10 (14)

$VVXPLQJWKHSUREDELOLW\RI1'VWULNHWR2&6 1D) is 20% of the value calculated for the actual number of
OLJKWQLQJÀDVKHV\HDU1OCS in that case, for the above example, Equation (15) applies.

N D = 1 5 ( N OCS ) = L 50 (15)

where

L LVWKHGFHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPOHQJWKLQNLORPHWHUV

Assumed low probability of 20% of ND hit to OCS indicated above is based upon the reasoning that there are
equal chances that lightning shall hit any of the OCS support structures, nearby buildings, trees, substation
structures, communication and control cabinets as well as running rails.

7KXVLQWKHDERYHH[DPSOHIRUDGFV\VWHPZLWKNPOHQJWKWKHFDOFXODWHGQXPEHURIOLJKWQLQJIODVKHV
per year (NOCS WKDWZLOOVWULNHWKH2&6LVRQH  DQGD-NPOHQJWKLVQHHGHGIRUGLUHFWKLWWR2&6)RU
-NPOHQJWKRI2&6WKHH[SHFWHGVLQJOHOLJKWQLQJIODVKSHU\HDUZLOOQRWEHDGLUHFWKLWWRWKH2&6,Q
DGGLWLRQ WKH H[SHFWHG VLQJOH OLJKWQLQJ IODVK PD\ RU PD\ QRW EH RI FRQFHUQ GHSHQGLQJ XSRQ WKH VHYHULW\
DQGHQHUJ\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHOLJKWQLQJVWURNH VXUJH FRQWDLQHGLQWKHIODVK

 /LJKWQLQJVWURNH²2&6FRPSRQHQWVÀDVKRYHU
This discussion is intended to establish the lightning overvoltage intensity to the OCS components, especially
the contact wire, which is generally protected by dc surge arresters. The various components of the OCS,
including the messenger wire, contact wire, feeder cables, and supporting structure (which consists of metallic
poles and cantilevers) are relatively close to each other and close to running rails. There are equal chances that
WKHOLJKWQLQJPD\VWULNHDQ\RIWKHVHFRPSRQHQWVDWDJLYHQORFDWLRQRIOLJKWQLQJ

7KHPHVVHQJHUZLUHFDQWLOHYHUVDQGJURXQGHGPHWDOOLFSROHVZLOOSURYLGHVRPHVKLHOGLQJRI1'VWULNHWRWKH
RYHUKHDGFRQWDFWZLUH,QUDUHFLUFXPVWDQFHVLIOLJKWQLQJGLUHFWO\VWULNHVWKH2&6ZLUHÀDVKRYHULVFHUWDLQ
since the insulated air gaps and clearances from the grounded metallic components (including the poles) are
UHODWLYHO\ORZ FRPSDUHGWRZHWDQGGU\ÀDVKRYHUYDOXHVQHDUN9WRN9SHDNUHVSHFWLYHO\ IRUD9
GFWUDQVLWV\VWHP/LJKWQLQJVWULNHHQHUJ\DIWHUWKHÀDVKRYHURIWKH2&6FRPSRQHQWVZKLFKLQFOXGHVSROHVDQG
running rails, will go to earth via grounding electrodes and the earth’s surface. In this scenario, the probability
of lightning surge current reaching the TPSS negative box via the running rails and underground feeder cables
is very low, as surge current will see attenuation during its propagation.

$IWHUWKHÀDVKRYHUWKHPD[LPXPWUDQVLHQWYROWDJHH[SHFWHGDWWKH2&6ZRXOGQRWEHPRUHWKDQWKHDFWXDOGU\
ÀDVKRYHUYDOXHRIWKHLQVXODWRUV7KHWLPHWRÀDVKRYHUIURPWKHVWURNHWKHHQHUJ\FRQWDLQHGLQWKHUHPDLQLQJ
VXUJHZDYHDWWKH2&6DQGLWVSURSDJDWLRQDZD\IURPWKHSRLQWRIVWULNHZLOOGHSHQGXSRQWKHUDWHRIULVHRI
WKHLQFRPLQJVXUJHZDYHVRIWKHOLJKWQLQJÀDVKVWURNHV$VLQGLFDWHGHDUOLHURIWKHVWURNHVPD\VWULNHWKH
OCS poles and the remainder at mid-span between poles.

7KHPD[LPXPGLVWDQFHWKDWDOLJKWQLQJVXUJHZLOOQHHGWRWUDYHOEHIRUHKLWWLQJWKHJURXQGHGSROHIRUÀDVKRYHU
phenomenon is one half of the pole-spacing distance, which in terms of the surge wave propagation time is
relatively small. Without the application of dc surge arresters at each OCS pole, the metallic grounded OCS
SROHVZLOOSURYLGHDGHTXDWHSDWKWRWKHOLJKWQLQJVWURNHVWRJRWRJURXQGZLWKSHDNYROWDJHVH[FHHGLQJGU\
ÀDVKRYHUYROWDJHRIWKHLQVXODWRUV7KH2&6SROHVÀDVKRYHUWRJURXQGZLOOFHDVHDXWRPDWLFDOO\RQFHWKH2&6
VXUJHYROWDJHIDOOVEHORZWKHLQVXODWRU¶VÀDVKRYHUYROWDJH7KHÀDVKRYHURILQVXODWRUVPD\UHSHDWLIWKHUHDUH
PXOWLSOHOLJKWQLQJVWURNHVLQDSDUWLFXODUÀDVK

31
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,IWKHÀDVKRYHURFFXUVQHDUWKHGFIHHGHUSROHVHTXLSSHGZLWKGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUVWKHGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUZLOO
DOVRVWDUWGLVFKDUJLQJGXULQJWKHSROHÀDVKLQJRYHUWKHLQWHUYDO,WLVDOVRDSSDUHQWWKDWDVWKHSURSDJDWLRQ
time of the surge to adjacent feeder pole toward the next substation is small, the surge arrester on the adjacent
substation may also start conducting. In addition, the surge wave will also propagate via an underground
feeder cable to the dc switchgear with a reduced surge magnitude indicated by Equation (5). Thus, the surge
arresters applied at the dc feeders outside the TPSS housing will reduce the effect of surge propagation to the
GFVZLWFKJHDUEHIRUHLWUHDFKHVWKHGFIHHGHUEUHDNHUV

)RUDQ/57V\VWHPLQDKLJKNHUDXQLFDUHDLIWKHÀDVKRYHURFFXUVDW2&6SROHVRUUDLOVWKHQWKHLQGXFHGVXUJH
YROWDJHZLOOJHWLQWRWKHUXQQLQJUDLOVRULIWKHVXUJHVWULNHVGLUHFWO\WRWKHUXQQLQJUDLOVWKHQWKHVXUJHVKDOO
propagate to the substation negative bus via the negative underground dc feeders. Therefore, in such areas
surge arresters shall also be applied outside the TPSS house at the dc sectionalizing disconnect switches (see
Figure 1).

,QWKHFDVHRIDKLJKNHUDXQLFDUHDZLWKVHYHUHOLJKWQLQJVWURNHDFRQFHUQRIGDPDJHWRWKHVXUJHDUUHVWHUULVHV
GXHWRLWVOLPLWHGVXUJHHQHUJ\KDQGOLQJFDSDELOLW\,WDSSHDUVWKDWIRUVXFKDVHYHUHOLJKWQLQJVWURNHÀDVKRYHU
DFURVVWKHRXWHUVXUIDFHRIWKHVXUJHDUUHVWHUPD\RFFXUGXHWRLWVVKRUWOHQJWK6XFKÀDVKRYHUVZLOOGUDLQWKH
surge energy to ground, leaving lesser surge current and energy to be discharged through the surge arrester
MOV material. If there is still some concern of the dc surge arrester to be inadequate in handling the surge
energy, then properly rated surge arresters with higher surge energy handling capability shall be applied.

'&VXUJHDUUHVWHUVDSSOLHGDWWKHGFIHHGHUSROHVRURWKHUORFDWLRQVVKDOOEHVXI¿FLHQWWRKDQGOHWKHGLVFKDUJH
FXUUHQWRIWKHOLJKWQLQJVXUJHZDYHGHSRVLWHGE\WKHOLJKWQLQJÀDVKVWURNHVDIWHUWKH2&6ÀDVKRYHURFFXUV
,QDGGLWLRQWKHGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUGLVFKDUJHYROWDJHVKDOOEHVXFKWKDWLWSURYLGHVVXI¿FLHQW96$WRWKHWUDQVLW
V\VWHPFRPSRQHQWV7KLVLVFRQ¿UPHGE\FRPSDULQJWUDQVLHQWVXUJHYROWDJHDWWKHWUDQVLWFRPSRQHQWWRLWV%,/
level. As in the ac power system surge protection, generally 80% margin of protection is considered adequate
and shall be applied for dc surge protection, See 9.2.1 for same information. These surge arresters at the
2&6FRQWDFWZLUHDUHWKH¿UVWOLQHVRIGHIHQVHWRWUDSWKHOLJKWQLQJVZLWFKLQJVXUJHHQHUJ\WRUHGXFHWUDQVLHQW
voltage below the protection level of the connected equipment, so surge arrester selection and application of
engineering analysis included in this standard shall be used for proper selection of the surge arresters (Paul,
2005 [B19]).

 /LJKWQLQJVWURNHPDJQLWXGH
5HVHDUFKRQWKHVWURNHFXUUHQWSHDNDPSOLWXGHUHSRUWHGWKDWWKHPHDQYDOXHRI¿UVWVWURNHLVQHDUN$ZLWK
DSUREDELOLW\RIDVWURNHPDJQLWXGHEHLQJEHWZHHQN$DQGN$ %DUGR[B1] 7KH¿UVWVWURNHZDYH
VKDSHPHDQYDOXHMXVWEHIRUHWKHFXUUHQWSHDNKDVEHHQUHSRUWHGWREHFORVHWRN$ȝs, which is helpful
in understanding the impulse voltages that will occur for discharges through inductances. It is necessary to
LQGLFDWHWKDWDOWKRXJKWKHDYHUDJHYDOXHRIWKHSHDNPDJQLWXGHRIWKHVXEVHTXHQWVWURNH V LVJHQHUDOO\OHVV
WKDQWKH¿UVWVWURNHWKHZDYHIURQW V RIWKHVXEVHTXHQWVWURNH V DUHW\SLFDOO\IDVWHU7KHDYHUDJHYDOXHLV
QHDUN$ȝVDOWKRXJKYDOXHVLQH[FHVVRIN$ȝVKDYHEHHQUHSRUWHG7KHDERYHPHQWLRQHGVWURNH
SDUDPHWHUVUHODWHWRWKHÀDVKLWVHOIDQGPXFKRIWKHGDWDZDVREWDLQHGIURPPRXQWDLQWRSREVHUYDWRULHV %DUGR
[B1] ,WLVDOVRUHSRUWHGE\WKH:RUNLQJ*URXSRQ/LJKWQLQJ3HUIRUPDQFHRI7UDQVPLVVLRQ/LQHV[B25] that
RIWKHGLUHFWÀDVKHVVWULNHWKHWRZHUZKHUHWKH\ZRXOGÀDVKRYHUWRWKHJURXQGDQGWKHUHPDLQGHUVWULNHRQ
the spans between the towers.

The above listed current lightning waves develop very high corresponding voltage waves based upon their
relationship provided by Equation (3) and Equation (4).

&RQVLGHUDWLRQVKDOOEHJLYHQWRVRPHPRGL¿FDWLRQRIWKHÀDVKFKDUDFWHULVWLFVVWULNLQJWKH2&6HVSHFLDOO\
ZKHQWUDFNVDUHVXUURXQGHGE\XUEDQGHYHORSPHQW$Q\KLJKULVHEXLOGLQJVLQFOXGLQJWUHHVDQGVWUHHWOLJKW
SROHVWKDWDUHWDOOHUWKDQWKH2&6SROHVZLOOSURYLGHVRPHGHJUHHRIOLJKWQLQJÀDVKVKLHOGLQJWRWKH2&6
+RZHYHU VLQFH WKHUH LV QR PHDVXUHG UHVHDUFK GDWD VSHFL¿FDOO\ IRU WKH GF WUDQVLW 2&6 WKH FRQVHUYDWLYH
approach is to use the data available for the transmission towers for OCS protection.

32
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 /LJKWQLQJVWURNHLQGXFHGRYHUYROWDJH
/LJKWQLQJRYHUYROWDJHVDUHDOVRSRVVLEOHGXHWRHOHFWULFDQGPDJQHWLF¿HOGVLQGXFHGIURPQHDUE\OLJKWQLQJ
RIWHQUHIHUUHGWRDVLQGLUHFWRULQGXFHGVXUJHV)RUWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVSHDNRYHUYROWDJHVLQGXFHGE\¿UVW
VWURNHVYDULHGEHWZHHQN9DQG±N9WKHPHDQEHLQJN97KHPHDQULVHWLPHIRUWKHVHYROWDJH
surges was 6 ȝV7KLVSURYLGHVUDWHRIULVHRIWKHYROWDJHZDYHWREHDSSUR[LPDWHO\N9ȝs. The study (Bardo
[B1] IXUWKHUUHYHDOHGWKDWLQGXFHGRYHUYROWDJHFDXVHGE\VXEVHTXHQWOLJKWQLQJVWURNHVKDGN9SHDNVZLWK
a mean rise time of 4 ȝV7KLVSURYLGHVDUDWHRIULVHRIWKHYROWDJHZDYHWREHDSSUR[LPDWHO\N9ȝs, which
LVPXFKORZHUWKDQWKHYDOXHVUHSRUWHGIRUWKH1'ÀDVKKLWWLQJWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHV6XFKOLJKWQLQJZDYH
parameters shall be used for LRT system design and engineering analysis of lightning protection, which is the
purpose of this standard.

 /LJKWQLQJVWURNHVXUJHHQHUJ\
Surge energy (J) shall be calculated by the Equation (16) (Greenwood [B7]):

t t
dv di 2
J = ∫ V I dt = ∫ t dt J (16)
0 0
dt dt

$VVXPHOLJKWQLQJVWURNHZLWKWKHIROORZLQJSDUDPHWHUV

dv
= 200 kV μ s (2×1011 V s)
dt
$VVXPHVXUJHLPSHGDQFHIRUVXUJHYROWDJHWREHQHDUȍSDUDOOHOFRPELQDWLRQRI2&6ZLWKVXSSOHPHQWDU\
IHHGHUFDEOH$VVXPHVXUJHFXUUHQWZDYHUDWHRIULVHDVN$—V

di
= 5 kA μ s (5×109 A s)
dt
7KHPD[LPXPÀDVKRYHUNLORYROWSHDNIRUDQ2&6LVQHDUN9 GU\ZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQ WKXVZLWKLQȝs
(0.18 ȝV 2&6SROHVZLOOÀDVKRYHUWRJURXQGZLWKRUZLWKRXWWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUV

7KXVWKHOLJKWQLQJVWURNHHQHUJ\WKDWPD\SRVHDWKUHDWWRWKH2&6ZKHUHGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUVDUHDSSOLHGDQGWKH
ÀDVKRYHUDWȝs due to steep surge parameters can be calculated using Equation (16) and the calculations
indicated below.

t = 0.18 μ s (18×10−8 s)
18×10−8
J = 2×1011 ×5×109 × ⎡⎣⎢t 3 3⎤⎦⎥ J (17)
0

J = 1021 ×10−24 ×183 ×1 3 J = 5.83 3 kJ

7KH2&6DSSHDUVWRJHWVHOIUHOLHIIURPWKHKHDY\OLJKWQLQJVWURNHHQHUJ\ UHVSRQVLEOHIRUGDPDJHWRGFVXUJH
DUUHVWHUVDQGRWKHU2&6HTXLSPHQW GXHWRÀDVKRYHUQHDUN9SHDNVXUJHPDJQLWXGHZLWKRXWWKHKHOSRI
VXUJHDUUHVWHUV+RZHYHUN9SHDNYROWDJHVDUHTXLWHGDPDJLQJWRV\VWHPFRPSRQHQWVVXFKDVGFVZLWFKJHDU
and light rail vehicle (LRV) components. Thus, dc surge arresters of proper rating shall be applied. These surge
arresters will discharge current and will handle energy as indicated in Equation (20) and Equation (21).

6LPLODUFDOFXODWLRQVFDQEHSHUIRUPHGWRRWKHUGFWUDQVLWHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPVEDVHGXSRQVXSSO\V\VWHP
FRQ¿JXUDWLRQDQGSUREDELOLW\RIOLJKWQLQJVWURNHV

33
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 $UUHVWHUGLVFKDUJHHQHUJ\
Arrester discharge current is a function of many interrelated parameters, including:

a) Surge impedance of the OCS

E 6WURNHFXUUHQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZDYHVKDSHSHDNFXUUHQWPDJQLWXGHDQGLWVUDWHRIULVH
F 'LVWDQFHRIWKHVXUJHDUUHVWHUIURPWKHSRLQWRIVWURNH
G *URXQGUHVLVWDQFHDWWKHORFDWLRQRIVWURNH
H 1XPEHUDQGORFDWLRQVRIÀDVKRYHUV
f) Flashover characteristics of the OCS insulators
g) Arrester discharge voltage

Equation (18) (IEEE Std C62.11-2012 [B10]) is used for power distribution overhead lines and shall be used
for the OCS:

I A = ( ES − E A ) Z (18)

where

E A  LVWKHDUUHVWHULPSXOVHGLVFKDUJHYROWDJH N9 IRUFXUUHQWIA N$
ES  LVWKHSURVSHFWLYHVXUJHYROWDJH N9
Z  LVWKHVXUJHLPSHGDQFHRIWKHFRQGXFWLQJSDWKRIWKHVXUJHDUUHVWHU ȍ
I A  LVWKHLPSXOVHFXUUHQW N$ DVVRFLDWHGZLWKLPSXOVHYROWDJH

Energy discharged by the arrester, J LQ NLORMRXOHV VKDOO EH FRQVHUYDWLYHO\ HVWLPDWHG Equation (19)
(IEEE Std C62.11-2012 [B10]):

J  2 DL E A I A v (19)

where

E A  LVWKHDUUHVWHUGLVFKDUJHYROWDJH N9
I A  LVWKHVZLWFKLQJLPSXOVHFXUUHQW N$
DL LVWKHOLQHOHQJWKLQNP PL
v  LVWKHVSHHGRIOLJKW>NPPV PLPV @

Equation (19) assumes that the entire line is charged to a prospective switching surge voltage and is discharged
through the arrester during twice the travel time of the line.

,IWKHVXUJHZDYHVKDSHLVNQRZQWKHQDQRWKHUHDVLHUH[SUHVVLRQIRUWKHHQHUJ\GLVFKDUJHGWKURXJKDQDUUHVWHU
may be calculated by using the Equation (11).

This calculation example is provided for an OCS, similar analysis can be performed for other dc transit
HOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPVEDVHGXSRQWKHSK\VLFDODQGRWKHUSDUDPHWHUV

 /LJKWQLQJVWURNHWRDQ2&6
)RUDQDO\VLVSXUSRVHVDVVXPHWKHPD[LPXPGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQVXEVWDWLRQVWREHQHDUNP PL $VVXPH
that there are surge arresters installed only at the feeder poles adjacent to each TPSS, and there are no other

34
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poles between the substations that are equipped with surge arresters as shown in Figure 1$OLJKWQLQJVWULNH
hitting the OCS wire midway between the two substations will propagate equally with half the impinging
surge current magnitude to each substation (IEEE Std 141-1993 [B8]). Thus, in this example the surge will
WUDYHODPD[LPXPGLVWDQFHRINP PL EHIRUHUHDFKLQJDSROHZLWKGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUV

)RUD9GFQRPLQDO/57V\VWHPYROWDJHFRQVLGHUDGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUUDWHGDWN9GXW\F\FOHZLWK0&29
UDWLQJQHDU9GFZLWKGLVFKDUJHYROWDJHUDWHGDWN97KLVGLVFKDUJHYROWDJHLVWKHVXUJHDUUHVWHUWHVW
YROWDJHZKLFKLVEDVHGXSRQN$SHDNFXUUHQWRIDVWDQGDUGȝs wave.

7LPHLQPLOOLVHFRQGVWRWUDYHONP PL ZLOOEHî ȝs). The energy discharged through the

VXUJHDUUHVWHULQNLORMRXOHVXVLQJEquation (19) shall be calculated as shown in Equation (21).

$VVXPHWKHVXUJHZDYHLVPDJQL¿HGWRWZLFHLWVPDJQLWXGH îN9GU\ÀDVKRYHUYDOXHRIDQ2&6 GXHWR

DQRSHQFLUFXLWFRQGLWLRQRIDVHFWLRQDOL]LQJGFGLVFRQQHFWVZLWFK8VLQJDQ2&6VXUJHLPSHGDQFHRIȍ
(surge impedance of an OCS wire in parallel with underground supplementary cable), and assuming surge-
DUUHVWHUGLVFKDUJHYROWDJH N9 WREHWKHWHVWYROWDJHDWN$SHDNWKHGLVFKDUJHFXUUHQWIA and surge energy
discharge will be as in Equation (20) and Equation (21).

I A = (2×35 − 7.0) 40 = 1.575 kA (20)

J = 2×1.0×(1 190)× 7.0×1.575 kJ = 0.116 kJ (21)

,WVKDOOEHQRWHGWKDWWKHWLPHWRWUDYHONP PL E\WKHOLJKWQLQJVWURNHLVYHU\VPDOODQGLWLVSRVVLEOH

WKDWWKHOLJKWQLQJVWURNHWLPHPD\EHORQJHUWKDQWZRWLPHVWKHWUDYHOWLPHIRUNP PL 8QGHUVXFK
FLUFXPVWDQFHVWKHPD[LPXPHVWLPDWHGWLPHIRUWKHOLJKWQLQJVWURNHVKDOOEHXVHGIRUHVWLPDWLQJWKHHQHUJ\
GLVFKDUJHWKURXJKWKHVXUJHDUUHVWHU7KHWLPHîPV ȝs) used in calculating energy JLQNLORMRXOHV
in Equation (21) shall be increased to a reasonable value, say 300 ȝs, the maximum estimated time the lightning
ÀDVKFRQWDLQLQJPRUHWKDQDQDYHUDJHRIWKUHHVWURNHVZLOOH[LVW7KLVZLOOOHDGWRFDOFXODWHGHQHUJ\RIN-
ZKLFKZLOOVWLOOEHEHORZWKHN- N-N9 YDOXHIRUD9GFVXUJHDUUHVWHU7KLVHVWLPDWLRQRIVXUJH
energy is very conservative as the assumed value of surge time and arrester discharge voltage seems to be on
the high side. However, dc surge arrester selection based upon such high-energy discharge requirements will
OLNHO\FRQ¿UPWKHVHOHFWHGDUUHVWHUZLOOQRWEHGDPDJHGE\KLJKHUNHUDXQLFOLJKWQLQJÀDVKVWULNLQJYHU\FORVH
to its location.

,QWKHDERYHFDOFXODWLRQLWKDVEHHQDVVXPHGWKDWOLJKWQLQJVXUJHLPSLQJLQJWKH2&6ZLUHZLOOÀDVKRYHUWR
JURXQGHGPHWDOOLF2&6SROHVRQFHWKHVXUJHZDYHYROWDJHUHDFKHVN9SHDN7LPHWRUHDFKN9SHDNZLOO
GHSHQGXSRQWKHUDWHRIULVHRIOLJKWQLQJVXUJHZDYH,IWKHUDWHRIULVHIRUH[DPSOHLVQHDUN9—VWKHQ
WKHWLPHWRUHDFKN9SHDNZLOOEH—VZKLFKLVIDUOHVVWKDQWKHWUDYHOWLPHRI—VIRUNP PL 
7KXV2&6ZLUHVZLOOQRWFKDUJHPRUHWKDQN9SHDNYROWDJHXQOHVVWKHVXUJHFRPHVDFURVVDQRSHQFLUFXLW
caused by an open disconnect switch. However, as the surge propagation time to reach open-circuit location is
TXLWHKLJKHUWKDQWKHWLPHWRGHYHORSN9SHDNYROWDJHVOLJKWQLQJÀDVKVWULNLQJORFDWLRQVWKH2&6SROHÀDVK
ZLOORFFXUEHIRUHGRXEOHSHDNYROWDJH îN9 LVLPSUHVVHGXSRQWKH2&6FRQWDFWZLUH7KXVÀDVKRYHU
phenomena reduce the surge energy that will be discharged through the dc surge arrester.

7RSURYLGHDVVXUDQFHWKDW2&6ZLUHÀDVKRYHURFFXUVLQFDVHRIDQ1'VWULNHVWULNLQJWKHV\VWHPLQKLJKHU
NHUDXQLFDUHDVKRUQDLUJDSW\SHDUUHVWHUVVKDOOEHFRQVLGHUHGPLGZD\EHWZHHQDGMDFHQW7366V12

12
6XFKDLUJDSKRUQW\SHVXUJHDUUHVWHUVGRQRWSRVHDQ\WKUHDWRIGFOHDNDJHFXUUHQWRUXQFHUWDLQW\RIWKHLUGDPDJHGXHWRDPELHQW
temperature. They shall be bonded to the OCS poles that are grounded with its own grounding electrode with low resistance-grounding
impedance by appropriately sized wire (not less than #6 AWG) 600-V insulated cable to avoid jeopardizing the OCS double insulators
criteria. Another alternate to the horn gap is to consider a surge arrester with higher duty cycle voltage.

35
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7KLVH[DPSOHLVSURYLGHGIRU2&6VVLPLODUDQDO\VLVLVSRVVLEOHIRURWKHUGFWUDQVLWHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQSURMHFWV
ZKHUHSDUDPHWHUVRIGU\ZHWÀDVKRYHUFDQFKDQJH

In certain sections of the OCS where installation of messenger wire is not possible, underground supplementary
cables are required. For discussion purposes, it is assumed that the average distance between the OCS and
the underground supplementary cable tap connections are in the order of approximately 122 m (400 ft).
For calculation purposes, assume 1219.m (4000 ft) in length of such supplementary cable which will then
UHTXLUHDWRWDORI2&6FRQWDFWZLUHWRVXSSOHPHQWDU\FDEOHWDSFRQQHFWLRQV7KLVFRQ¿JXUDWLRQRI2&6
and supplementary cable connections will have total of nine underground cable splices. Such underground
supplementary cable installation, electrically in parallel to the OCS, will require cable splice connections to be
located in underground manholes. Lightning surge withstand capability of such underground cable splices in
manholes and the tap point connection of cables to overhead OCS contact wire are of concern.

$QDO\VLVRIWKHFDEOHVSOLFHVDQGFDEOHFRQQHFWLRQVWRWKH2&6ZRXOGUHTXLUHDGHULYDWLRQRIWKHSHDNYDOXH
of the lightning surge voltage expected at these connection points and cable splices. Then this surge voltage
SHDNYDOXHZLOOEHFRPSDUHGWRWKHWROHUDEOHYDOXHVRIEDVLFVZLWFKLQJVXUJHLQVXODWLRQOHYHO %6/ RIWKHFDEOH
splices and cable-to-OCS connections.

7KH%6/RIWKHN9FDEOHLVQHDUN9SHDN8QGHUJURXQGFDEOHVSOLFH%6/OHYHOVWRPDWFKZLWKWKHFDEOH
BSL level are also available.

Assume the following:

Z OCS  Z1  ȍ 2&6FRQWDFWZLUHVXUJHLPSHGDQFH  ,(((6WG[B8])

ZC  Z 2  ȍ FDEOHVXUJHLPSHGDQFH  ,(((6WG[B8])

Vi Voltage magnitude of the incident lightning wave at the impedance junction point
(connection of cable to OCS contact wire or at the underground cable splice)

Ii Current magnitude of the incident lightning wave at the impedance junction point

Vr   9ROWDJHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHUHÀHFWHGOLJKWQLQJZDYHDWWKHLPSHGDQFHMXQFWLRQSRLQW

Ir   &XUUHQWPDJQLWXGHRIWKHUHÀHFWHGOLJKWQLQJZDYHDWWKHLPSHGDQFHMXQFWLRQSRLQW

V Total voltage magnitude (refracted voltage) at the impedance junction point

I Total current magnitude (refracted current) at the impedance junction point

The following equations are well documented (IEEE Std 141-1993 [B8]):

V = Vi + Vr (22)

I = Ii + I r (23)

At the interface of two surge impedances Z1 and Z 2 , Equation (22) and Equation (23) for the indicated surge
voltage and current are related by Equation (24) and Equation (25) (IEEE Std 141-1993 [B8]):

V = ⎡⎣ 2× Z 2 ( Z1 + Z 2 )⎤⎦ ×Vi (24)

36
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I = ⎡⎣ 2× Z1 ( Z1 + Z 2 )⎤⎦ × I i (25)

)RUWKHVDNHRIFRPSOHWHQHVVH[SUHVVLRQVIRUWKHVXUJHFXUUHQWDVZHOODVWKHVXUJHYROWDJHKDYHEHHQGHVFULEHG
However, analysis of surge wave voltage is more critical for cable-insulation protection when compared to
surge current. It is well understood that the cable will tolerate an excessive magnitude of surge current for
short duration without appreciable heat rise to create damage to cable insulation. Hence, only the surge
voltage analysis is presented under 7.1 and 7.2. Figure 5 shows basic elements of the power system.

)LJXUH²6XUJHDUUHVWHUFRQ¿JXUHDWLRQ²VXUJHLPSHGDQFHGLDJUDP

37
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,(((6WDQGDUGIRU7UDQVLHQW2YHUYROWDJH3URWHFWLRQRI'&(OHFWUL¿FDWLRQ6\VWHPVE\$SSOLFDWLRQRI'&6XUJH$UUHVWHUV

 /LJKWQLQJVWULNHVWKH2&6DKHDGRIWKHVXSSOHPHQWDU\FDEOHFRQQHFWLRQV
7KHLQLWLDODQG¿QDOVXUJHYROWDJHVDWWKHMXQFWLRQSRLQWVRIVXSSOHPHQWDU\FDEOHWRWKH2&6RUVSOLFHSRLQWRI
supplementary cables may be calculated by using Equation (24)7KLVUHTXLUHVNQRZOHGJHRIWKHLQFLGHQW
voltage magnitude Vi through surge impedance Z1 before hitting the junction point of surge impedances Z1
and Z 2 . In the case of an OCS and supplementary cable, the surges impedances are as follows (from Paul,
2002 [B20]).

Z1  ǷIRU2&6VDQG Z 2  ǷIRUWKHVXSSOHPHQWDU\XQGHUJURXQGIHHGHUFDEOH

If all cable to OCS taps are spaced equally and the installation is uniform, then, for practical purposes neglecting
the effect of surge impedances of cable splices and the OCS/cable connection tap points, the combined surge
impedance (Z) of underground supplementary cable and OCSs may be represented by Equation (26):

Z = Z1 × Z 2 ( Z1 + Z 2 ) ≈ Z 2 (since Z1  Z 2 ) (26)

If voltages V1, V2, V3, and V11DUHVXFFHVVLYHO\UHSUHVHQWHGDVWKHVXUJHYROWDJHVDWWKH¿UVWVHFRQGWKLUGDQG

last (eleventh) junction points (for a total of 10 underground supplementary connections) when the surge
voltage travels along the OCS section with underground supplementary positive cable, the expressions for
these surge voltages at the junction points will be as follows:

V1 = ⎡⎣ 2× Z 2 ( Z1 + Z 2 )⎤⎦ Vi (27)

V2 = ⎡⎣ 2× Z 2 ( Z1 + Z 2 )⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ 2× Z 2 ( Z 2 + Z 2 )⎤⎦ Vi (28)

V3 = ⎡⎣ 2× Z 2 ( Z1 + Z 2 )⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ 2× Z 2 ( Z 2 + Z 2 )⎤⎦ Vi
2
(29)

V10 = ⎡⎣ 2× Z 2 ( Z1 + Z 2 )⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ 2× Z 2 ( Z 2 + Z 2 )⎤⎦ Vi

9
(30)

Using values indicated for the surge impedances in ohms, surge voltages represented by Equation (27) through
Equation (30)ZLOOEHSUDFWLFDOO\HTXDOLQPDJQLWXGHDSSUR[LPDWHO\>î  @RIWKHLQFLGHQW
VWURNHVXUJHYROWDJHPDJQLWXGH

7KH¿QDO HOHYHQWK SRLQWZLOOEHHQGRIWKHVXSSOHPHQWDU\FDEOHZKHUHWKHVXUJHLPSHGDQFHZLOOEHFRPH

again Z1 and the surge voltage will be escalated as in Equation (31):

V11 = ⎡⎣ 2× 40 (400 + 40)⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ 2× 400 (400 + 40)⎤⎦ Vi (31)

7KLV¿QDOYROWDJHDSSHDUVWREHDSSUR[LPDWHO\RIWKHLQLWLDOVXUJHYROWDJHWKDWDSSHDUHGZKHQWKHVXUJH
entered the parallel combination of the OCS and supplementary cable.

If installation of the underground supplementary cable riser feeders and OCS connections are uniform, the
VXUJHLPSHGDQFHZLOOEHSUDFWLFDOO\WKHVDPHVOLJKWO\OHVVWKDQȍ7KHDERYHFDOFXODWLRQVLQGLFDWHWKDW
WKHVXUJHYROWDJHZLOOQHYHUEHPRUHWKDQWKHVWULNLQJYROWDJHXQOHVVWKHUHLVDVZLWFKWKDWVKDOOEHLQDQRSHQ
SRVLWLRQWRPDNHWKLVYROWDJHWZRWLPHVWKHLQLWLDOVXUJHYROWDJH7KLVGRXEOLQJRIWKHLQLWLDOVXUJHYROWDJHVKDOO
be derived by using Equation (24), listed here as Equation (32):

V = ⎡⎣ 2× Z 2 ( Z1 + Z 2 )⎤⎦ Vi = ⎡⎣ 2 ( Z1 Z 2 + 1)⎤⎦ Vi (32)

38
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Since Z2DWWKHRSHQVZLWFKZLOOEHLQ¿QLWHZ1/Z2 will become zero in Equation (32)PDNLQJVXUJHYROWDJH9DW

two times the initial incident voltage Vi.7KHVHVXUJHYROWDJHFDOFXODWLRQVGRQRWWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHHIIHFWRI
surge attenuation due to cable inductance and capacitance effects.

,IZHDVVXPHWKDWWKHVWULNLQJLQFLGHQWYROWDJHLVOLPLWHGWRN9E\WKHÀDVKRYHUSKHQRPHQRQLWDSSHDUVWKDW
the underground supplementary cable splices and the OCS-to-supplementary feeder cable tap connections
shall not require surge protection, H[FHSWDWWKH¿UVWDQGWKHODVWFRQQHFWLRQSRLQWVDWWKH2&6. The reason
VXUJHDUUHVWHUVDUHQHHGHGDWWKH¿UVWDQGODVWFRQQHFWLRQVLVWKDWZHGRQRWNQRZZKLFKGLUHFWLRQWKHVXUJHZLOO
propagate during system operation.

Similar calculations can be performed for other dc transit projects, provided they use such supplementary
cable. For example, with running rails (to minimize dc stray current), the calculation conclusions will be the
same.

 /LJKWQLQJKLWVWKH2&6ZLWKLQWKHVXSSOHPHQWDU\FDEOHFRQQHFWLRQV]RQH
The surge voltage analysis for this case will be identical to the analysis presented in 7.1, with the exception
that the incident surge in the air at the OCS will propagate to each side traversing the OCS/cable taps
connections and underground supplementary cable splices. From a theoretical point of view, the current surge
WKDWSURSDJDWHVLQHDFKGLUHFWLRQZLOOSUDFWLFDOO\EHKDOIWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHLQFLGHQWVXUJHVWURNHFXUUHQW
7KH¿QDOPD[LPXPVXUJHYROWDJHZLOOEHDWWKHRXWHUPRVWFDEOHWR2&6FRQQHFWLRQWDSSRLQWVDQGLWZLOO
practically become double the traveling surge voltage as indicated by Equation (33):

V = ⎡⎣ 2× 400 (400 + 40)⎤⎦ Vi = 1.82×Vi (33)

7KLVYROWDJH9ZLOOEHHTXDOWRWKHLQLWLDOOLJKWQLQJVWURNHVXUJHYROWDJHZKLFKLQLWLDOO\VSOLWLQWRKDOIWKH
PDJQLWXGHDWWKHVWULNHORFDWLRQV$OOLQWHUPHGLDWHWDSSRLQWVZLOOVHHDOHVVHUVXUJHYROWDJHLQWKHRUGHURI
(from the analysis in 7.1 PDJQLWXGHRIWKHLQLWLDOOLJKWQLQJVWURNHEHIRUHLWVSOLWVLQWRKDOIWKHPDJQLWXGH

7KXVLIWKH2&6ÀDVKRYHUYROWDJHLVQHDUN9ZLWKRXWWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUVWKHPD[LPXP
VXUJHYROWDJHZLOOEHQHDUN9SHDNRUN9LIWKHGHVLJQLQVWDOODWLRQLQYROYHVDGFGLVFRQQHFWVZLWFKWKDWLV
RSHQ7KHQXPHULFDOYDOXHVSURYLGHGKHUHDUHIRUFODUL¿FDWLRQSXUSRVHVDQGVKDOOQRWEHVSHFL¿FDOO\DSSOLHGWR
an actual system without understanding system parameters.

 /LJKWQLQJVXUJHSURSDJDWLRQGLVFXVVLRQIRUVXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGHUFDEOH
From a theoretical point of view, more surge current will tend to propagate through the underground
supplementary cable as compared to the OCS wire due to difference in the values of their respective surge
impedances. However, the speed of surge propagation through the OCS wire is two times the speed of surge
through supplementary cable and feeder taps (IEEE Std 141-1993 [B8]). This will lead to a balancing out the
surge energy propagation through OCS and underground supplementary cable and feeder taps.

,WVKRXOGDOVREHPHQWLRQHGWKDWWKHXQGHUJURXQGVXSSOHPHQWDU\FDEOHVZLWFKLQJVXUJHSHDNLPSXOVHYROWDJH
ZLWKVWDQGOHYHOIDUH[FHHGVWKHN9SHDNVXUJHZDYHWKDWZLOOEHH[SHFWHGZLWKRXWFRQVLGHULQJWKHGRXEOLQJ
effect. Thus, it is not necessary that dc surge arresters be applied at every 120 m to 150 m (400 ft to 500 ft) apart
at overhead supplementary cable-to-OCS connection locations if there is no dc no-load disconnects switch
connection.

+RZHYHUGRXEOLQJSHDNYROWDJHHIIHFWFDQQRWEHDYRLGHGDWWKHGFGLVFRQQHFWVZLWFKHVZKHQWKH\DUHLQDQ
open position. Thus, at disconnect switch locations for aerial feeder cables, dc surge arresters shall be applied
on each side of the switch if the feeder cable is isolated by the disconnect switch during system operation.

,QDGGLWLRQLWLVSUXGHQWWRSHUIRUPVXUJHDQDO\VLVEDVHGXSRQDFWXDOFRQ¿JXUDWLRQRIWKH2&6VXSSOHPHQWDU\
cable to optimize the design of surge arrester applications to the dc system.

39
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,QVSHFL¿FFRQ¿JXUDWLRQVRIWKH2&6XQGHUKLJKYROWDJHXWLOLW\RYHUKHDGOLQHVFRQVLGHUDWLRQVKDOOEHPDGHWR
prevent live ac wire contacting the OCS by use of guard wire or some other means. Additional surge arresters at
the OCS and in the vicinity of OCS/high voltage utility lines may not be used due to its misapplication for such
a hazard. If the high voltage line touches the OCS, the dc system will be exposed to a sustained overvoltage
FRQGLWLRQHTXDOWRGFYROWDJHSOXVWKHSHDNDFV\VWHPYROWDJHOHDGLQJWRGDPDJHRIWKHVXUJHDUUHVWHUVDQG
RWKHUGFV\VWHPFRPSRQHQWVXQWLOWKHDFIDXOWLVFOHDUHG,WLVDZHOONQRZQREVHUYDWLRQLQWKH2&6GHVLJQ
WKDWLQGXFHGYROWDJHIURPWKHDFKLJKYROWDJHWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHV EDVHGXSRQWKHSK\VLFDOFRQ¿JXUDWLRQRI
the OCS and the HV power system ac lines) can induce voltage on both the OCS and running rails. This is
DVDIHW\LVVXHWR2&6PDLQWHQDQFHSHUVRQQHOZKRPD\WKLQNWKDWWKH2&6LVGHHQHUJL]HGDQGWKDWWKHUH
is no voltage. Induced voltage must be considered and proper portable grounding cables must be used in
maintenance operation.

6SHFL¿FDWLRQRIOLJKWQLQJSURWHFWLRQZLWKRXWSHUIRUPLQJVXUJHDQDO\VLVLQGLFDWHGLQWKLVVWDQGDUGKDVOHGWR
the design of applying surge arresters at each OCS-to-supplementary cable taps.13 Such a design will lead
to dc stray current affecting the underground metallic utilities in the area of supplementary cable, thus, use
of such surge arresters should be avoided with the exception of one arrester on each side of the overhead to
underground supplementary cable installation locations.

 *URXQGLQJDQGERQGLQJ
The grounding practice of dc transit system components including grounding of dc SPDs to protect a dc
HOHFWUL¿HGWUDQVLWV\VWHPIURPOLJKWQLQJDQGVZLWFKLQJVXUJHVLVGLIIHUHQWIURPVLPLODUSURWHFWLRQRIDFSRZHU
supply system components. This ac power supply system includes transmission and distribution system,
substation equipment, and ac switchgear equipment enclosures.

'&HOHFWUL¿HGWUDQVLWV\VWHPVDUHQRUPDOO\RSHUDWHGXQJURXQGHG ZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIPDLQWHQDQFHVKRSV
which are grounded) with no direct connection of the negative bus to ground (earth). Running rails connected
WRWKHQHJDWLYHEXVER[DUHLQWHQWLRQDOO\NHSWLQVXODWHGDQGLVRODWHGIURPHDUWKWRPLQLPL]HGFVWUD\FXUUHQW
DQGWKHDGYHUVHHIIHFWRIFRUURVLRQWRXQGHUJURXQGPHWDOOLFXWLOLWLHVQHDUWKHUXQQLQJUDLOWUDFNV5XQQLQJ
rails voltage is monitored by installing VLD to the negative bus box inside the TPSS enclosures or at some
other convenient location, such as passenger stations. Monitored running rail voltage becomes the voltage
DWWKHYHKLFOHDQGWRSURWHFWWKHSHUVRQQHOIURPWKHYHKLFOHYROWDJHVKRFNKD]DUG9/'GHYLFHVDUHXVHGWR
automatically ground the running rails upon detecting set voltage above a certain unsafe voltage and then
automatically reset when running rail voltage becomes below the safe set voltage.14

7R SURYLGH VKRFN KD]DUG SURWHFWLRQ WR SHUVRQQHO DOO 2&6 PHWDOOLF SROHV VKDOO EH JURXQGHG E\ GHGLFDWHG
grounding electrodes, which shall be bonded to pole foundations rebar to follow Ufer grounding practice:
NEC, CSA C22.1, National Electrical Safety Code® (NESC®) (Accredited Standards Committee C2), and
NFPA 780 requirements used for grounding, with the exception of not bonding the grounding of the dc surge
arresters located at some poles (Paul, 2004 [B18]).

A separate grounding electrode for a dc surge arrester shall be used as dc surge arresters continuously conduct
low level dc current under normal operation, which can increase in the case of internal damage to the surge
DUUHVWHUHOHPHQWV7KLVOHDNDJHGFFXUUHQWIURPWKHGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUFDQFDXVHGFVWUD\FXUUHQWFRUURVLRQ
SUREOHPVRYHUWLPHWRWKHSROHIRXQGDWLRQUHEDULILWLVERQGHGWRWKHSROHJURXQGLQJHOHFWURGHWRPDNHRQH
common electrode. It is also possible that the excessive energy of the surge can damage the pole foundation.
This practice of bonding all electrodes required by codes and standards described in the above paragraph is
essential for effective grounding and bonding of an ac power system per NFPA 780.

13
Such a design should be avoided based on the surge voltage analysis presented in this standard. The addition of an excessive number of
dc surge arresters to the OCS is an application concern, especially when such surge arresters do not have any indication that the arrester
is in a degraded mode and may be injecting undesirable dc stray current to ground.
14
7KHVXEMHFWRIUXQQLQJUDLOSRWHQWLDOPDQDJHPHQWJXLGHIRUGFWUDFWLRQHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHPVLVFXUUHQWO\WKHVXEMHFWRI,(((6$
P2720 draft guide. When this draft guide is completed, the IEEE/APTA committee will be considering a new draft under IEEE-SA for
the VLD to compare with what is contained in EN 50526-2.

40
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OCS support poles with surge arresters shall have a dedicated ground rod (ground electrode) for connecting
the surge arresters by insulated grounding conductor to a ground rod, [located a minimum of 3 m (10 ft),
which is equal to length of grounding rod] away from the centerline of the pole, by use of an exothermic weld.
0HDVXUHGJURXQGLQJUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHVXUJHDUUHVWHUJURXQGHOHFWURGHVKDOOQRWH[FHHGȍWRDYRLGH[FHVVLYH
VXUJHDUUHVWHUUHVLGXDOYROWDJHDWWKH2&6ZKHQDKHDY\OLJKWQLQJVXUJHFXUUHQWGLVFKDUJHWDNHVSODFHHLWKHU
WKURXJKÀDVKRYHUDFURVVWKHDUUHVWHURUE\FXUUHQWGLVFKDUJHWKURXJKWKHDUUHVWHU7KHJURXQGFRQGXFWRUVKDOO
not be less than #6 AWG insulated in PVC conduit and shall be as straight as practical.

The surge arrester ground rod shall not be bonded to the OCS pole foundation rebar to mitigate damage to
the foundation due to energy dissipation of a lightning surge at rapid speed. Bonding the pole to a surge
arrester grounding system would also transfer surge hazard to the pole, which is not desirable. In addition, a
separate dedicated ground rod is needed to ground the OCS pole, especially for poles that are accessible to the
general public. These dc surge arrester grounding requirements differ from the ac surge arrester grounding and
bonding requirements included in the NEC, CEC, NFPA 780, NESC, and Ufer grounding requirements. Ufer
grounding practice has been in the industry for ac power systems and still required by codes and standards.
However, dc surge arresters grounding and bonding requirements are based upon three considerations:

a) Safety of personnel from the hazard of transferred potential on metallic poles that may occur if bonded
to pole and pole foundation.
b) Possible damage to pole foundation in case surge energy is high and in extreme cases may cause OCS
GHÀHFWLRQDQGSRVVLEOHVHUYLFHLQWHUUXSWLRQ
c) The issue of uncertain dc stray current-to-pole foundation rebar described in Clause 8.

For feeder poles with surge arresters, the grounding resistance of surge arrester electrodes shall not be more
WKDQȍ 3DXO[B18]). Exothermal bonding, instead of the clamping method, can mitigate the possibility
RILQFUHDVHGVXUJHLPSHGDQFHDGGHGWRDȍUHVLVWRULQFDVHFODPSEHFRPHVORRVH)ROORZLQJWKHLQVWDOODWLRQ
of the pole-mounted surge arresters grounding electrode and separate grounding electrode of the OCS poles,
the grounding resistance of each electrode shall be measured and recorded for future reference. Measured
resistance of all poles separate grounding electrodes near passenger stations and poles accessible to general
SXEOLFVKDOOQRWH[FHHGȍ7KHPHDVXUHGUHVLVWDQFHRIJURXQGLQJHOHFWURGHVRIDOORWKHUSROHVVKDOOQRWEH
PRUHWKDQȍ

 '&VXUJHDUUHVWHUV
Gapless MOV surge arresters shall be applied after performing surge arrester analysis based upon the surge
environment and site conditions of the dc transit system Test procedures used by the manufacturer of the surge
arresters. The established test parameters indicated in Table 1, Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5, which can differ
from supplier to supplier, shall be reviewed in surge arrester selection. The effect of ambient temperature on
WKHDUUHVWHUOHDNDJHFXUUHQW729DQG0&29UDWLQJVSXEOLVKHGLQWKHIRUPRIJUDSKVVKDOOEHREWDLQHGIURP
the suppliers for reviews in arrester selection analysis. The surge arrester assembly housing details including
internal MOV material and other components used to hold the material in the housing and bonding details of
the positive and ground terminals are also critical parameters in the selection of the proper surge arrester.

 $SSOLFDWLRQFULWHULDDQGRWKHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQV
&RQVLGHULQJWKHORZSUR¿OHRIDQ2&6WKHSUR[LPLW\RIDOOFRPSRQHQWVJURXQGHGSROHVDQGGFUDLOWUDQVLW
V\VWHPVFORVHWRKLJKULVHVWUXFWXUHVDQGWUHHVWKHSUREDELOLW\RIOLJKWQLQJVWULNLQJWKH2&6LVORZ:LWKWKLV
FRQ¿JXUDWLRQDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHJURXQGVKLHOGZLUHDERYHWKHPHVVHQJHUDQGFRQWDFWZLUHGRHVQRWDSSHDU
WR SURYLGH DQ\ OLJKWQLQJ SURWHFWLRQ HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHQ WKH OLJKWQLQJ VWULNH WHQGV WR ÀDVKRYHU WKH JURXQGHG
structures. Still, to avoid the rare unpredictable threat of damaging residual surges on the OCS, the dc surge
arresters shall be applied.

41
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Surge arresters are sensitive to ambient temperature. In the summer, when ambient temperature is high, the
metallic tip of the MOV dc surge arrester will become hot, leading to the transfer of heat to the surge arrester
material. This can cause premature surge arrester failures. In addition, the surge arrester provides some
LQFUHDVHGOHDNDJHFXUUHQWXQGHU(TOV conditions leading to heat dissipation as well as degradation of internal
MO elements. Thus, the installation shall consider temperature effect on the performance and selection of
surge arresters. The surge arresters equipped with heat shield caps can reduce the heat effect. Surge arresters
with additional MO material, can accommodate the effect of elevated temperature to increase their ETOV
capability.

The arrester lead wire to a positive OCS shall be as short as practical and shall not exceed 610 mm (24 in).
Surge arresters shall be connected to the OCS at the feeder poles at a minimum. A single surge arrester with
SURSHUUDWLQJDQGDGHTXDWHVXUJHHQHUJ\FDSDELOLWLHVVXLWDEOHIRUWKHVXUJHHQYLURQPHQWRIWKHHOHFWUL¿HGGF
transit system shall be the preferred choice. Two parallel surge arresters with a common grounding conductor
and common ground rod electrode shall be allowed at feeder poles for higher intensity lightning area (Paul,
2004 [B18]), so long the manufacturer of the surge arresters provides factory testing evidence that the parallel
installation and operation of arresters are satisfactory.

An engineering analysis shall be performed to determine appropriate voltage and energy capability rating of
WKHGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUV7KHDQDO\VLVVKDOOWDNHLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKH2&6ORFDWLRQDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQG
environment pollution, and dc power system operating voltage characteristics. This analysis shall be based on
reviewing published test data by the suppliers of dc surge arresters.

MOV dc surge arresters continuously conduct milliamperes level of current to ground. This current tends to
increase as the internal material becomes defective over time.15

 6XUJHDUUHVWHUORFDWLRQV

Surge arresters shall be installed where surge impedance changes, which can amplify the surge voltage
magnitude. Each application location shall be considered based upon the analysis performed for the site surge
HQYLURQPHQWDOWLWXGHV\VWHPFRQ¿JXUDWLRQDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV7KHIROORZLQJORFDWLRQVFDXVH
VXUJHLPSHGDQFHFKDQJHDQGWRDYRLGGDPDJHE\VXUJHZDYHDPSOL¿FDWLRQVVXUJHDUUHVWHUVVKDOOEHLQVWDOOHG
as follows:

a) At positive (and negative for an ETB) feeder poles, close to pole-mounted or pad-mounted dc
disconnect switches, on load side of the switches.
b) At positive (and negative for an ETB) pole-mounted or pad-mounted OCS sectionalzing switches.
Arresters shall be installed on both sides of the switch.
c) It has been observed that dc surge arresters inside the dc switchgear hve caused major damage for
many reasons and therefore shall not be installed within the TPSS enclosure. DC surge arresters shall
be installed outside the TPSS housing. This applies to both the dc switchgear and dc negative bus.
G 7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUVIRUVXEVWDWLRQVGFIHHGHUVZKHUHWK\ULVWRUUHFWL¿HUVDUHXVHG
for dc output volatge control, and vehicle regeneration voltage added to dc voltage control may
UHTXLUHVSHFLDOKDUPRQLFVXUJH¿OWHUVDORQJZLWK029DUUHVWHUV7KLVDVVHPEO\RI¿OWHUDQGDUUHVWHU
FRPELQDWLRQVKDOOEHSURSHUO\LQWHJUDGHGE\WKHWK\ULVWRUUHFWL¿HUHTXLSPHQWVXSSOLHU
e) The vehicle-mounted dc surge arresters require vibration and fatigue testing at the manufacturer’s
shop as they are continuously subjected to vehicle movement vibrations. The application of dc
surge arresters for the vehicle is the responsibility of the vehicle supplier and thus limited technical
GLVFXVVLRQLVLQFOXGHGLQWKLVVWDQGDUG+RZHYHUUHYLHZVSHFL¿FDWLRQVRIVXUJHDUUHVWHUVDWWKH2&6
and at the vehicle shall be coordinated.

15
Future development of dc surge arresters is expected to provide visual indication when the surge arrester becomes defective or fails so
that it can be removed to avoid the uncertainty of draining harmful continuous dc stray current to ground.

42
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I )RUDQ2&6ZLWKLQKLJKHUNHUDXQLFDUHDVFRQVLGHULQVWDOOLQJVXUJHDUUHVWHUVRXWVLGHWKH7366KRXVH
before negative feeders reach at the negative bus to protect the equipment under the rare circumstances
of lightning surges reaching the negative bus via running rails and dc negative feeder cables.
g) Install dc surge arresters at positive and negative underground feeder tap locations for electric trolley
bus dc power supply overhead conductors. Surge arresters at other locations, such as sectionalizing
GLVFRQQHFWVZLWFKHV EDVHGXSRQWKHGFHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQFRQ¿JXUDWLRQRI(7% PD\EHUHTXLUHG
K ,QVWDOOGFVXUJHDUUHVWHUVRQO\DWWKH¿UVWDQGODVW2&6WRXQGHUJURXQGSRVLWLYHVXSSOHPHQWDU\IHHGHU
cable tap locations.
i) Surge arresters shall be considered at locations where surge impedance changes due to OCS alignment
features, such as bridges, start and end locations of the underground tunnels.
M )RUKLJKHUNHUDXQLFDUHDVVXUJHDUUHVWHUVRUKRUQJDSVVKDOOEHDSSOLHGDWWKHPLGZD\EHWZHHQWKH
adjacent substations.

,QKLJKHUNHUDXQLFDUHDVDQGIRUWUDQVLWV\VWHPVRQHOHYDWHGVWUXFWXUHVDZD\IURPWKHWDOOEXLOGLQJVDQGWUHHV
it is advised to consider application of dc surge arresters to running rails. Under normal system operation (no
WUDLQEXQFKLQJDQGQRIDXOWFRQGLWLRQ WKHYROWDJHSUR¿OHRIWKHUXQQLQJUDLOVZLWKUHVSHFWWRUHPRWHHDUWKLV
routinely determined by traction power system analysis and based upon the set criteria of designing the power
system to establish TPSS ratings and spacings. This rail voltage with respect to remote earth under dc fault
conditions or due to induced voltage by nearby ac transmission lines will change and shall be considered in the
application of surge arrester to running rails.

5XQQLQJUDLOVWUDQVLHQWYROWDJHFDQEHFRPHYHU\KLJKDWWKHWLPHRIVXEVWDWLRQEUHDNHURSHQLQJGXHWRWUDSSHG
HQHUJ\RQERWKVLGHVRIWKHEUHDNHU6XFKWUDQLVHQWYROWDJHPD\DIIHFWWKHUDLOKHDWHUFRQWUROFLUFXLWDQGVZLWFK
PDFKLQHVXVHGDWWKHWUDFNVLGH,WPD\DIIHFWWKHWUDFNFLUFXLWVXVHGIRUWKHWUDLQFRQWUROV\VWHPDQGVKDOOEH
HYDOXDWHG6XFKWUDFNFLUFXLWVHYDOXDWLRQZLWKUXQQLQJUDLOVXUJHDUUHVWHUVLVEH\RXQGWKHVFRSHRIWKLVVWDQGDUG

'&YROWDJHRIUXQQLQJUDLOVZLOODSSHDURQWKHWUDLQYHKLFOHVXUIDFHWREHFRPHWKHVKRFNKD]DUGLVVXH7R
PLWLJDWHVXFKVKRFNKD]DUGYROWDJHSUHVHQWSUDFWLFHLVWRDSSO\UDLOJURXQGYROWDJHVHQVLQJGHYLFHVZKLFK
then automatically limit the rail-to-ground voltage by voltage-limiting devices (VLDs). It is very clear that
that VLD and running rail surge arresters shall be cordinated for compatability along with their affect of
VKRUWLQJWKHUXQQLQJUDLOVWRJURXQGRQWKHUDLOWUDFNFLUFXLWV7KHPD[LPXPYROWDJHVHWWLQJRIWKH9/'VKDOO
be such that it is below the MCOV rating of the arresters applied at running rails. For example, running rails
arrester nominal voltage rating for a 750 V dc system shall be near 350 V to 500 V dc. The residual voltage
of the running rails arrester shall not cause problems to the set voltage required for the VLD. Rail-to-ground
DSSOLHGVXUJHDUUHVWHUVVKDOOKDYHVXI¿FHQWHQHUJ\GLVFKDUJHFDSDELOLW\7HVWLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVRIUXQQLQJUDLOV
surge arreaters are the same as the testing requirements of the arresters for the positive supply systems.

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The following information shall be provided for dc surge arrester:

a) Name plate
1) Manufacturer’s name
2) Date of manufacture
3) Serial number
b) Other information
1) Rated voltages, and MCOV
  1RPLQDOSHDNGLVFKDUJHFXUUHQWZLWKFXUUHQWZDYHVRIȝs, and 100/1000 ȝs

43
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5) Manufacturer’s design test data
6) Surge arrester housing assembly details including details of positive and ground terminals where
arrester can have lead connections defects after it is installed
7) Test data similar to Table 3,Table 4, and Table 5
8) Tested capability of MCOV rating with different surge current dischage, data similar to Figure 3
9) Tested capability of surge energy with various MCOV values, data similar to Figure 4

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circuit current, surge energy discharge capability, and discharge voltage. For dc surge arrester ratings and
manufacturers’ test data refer to Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4.

9.2.1 Discharge voltage

Surge arrester discharge voltage added to voltage drop across the arrester leads shall be no more than 80% of
the BIL rating of the equipment that is being protected.

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MCOV voltage rating of surge arresters shall be greater than the ETOVRIWKHGFHOHFWUL¿FDWLRQV\VWHP

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System nominal voltage Temporary overvoltage MCOV > (ETOV) volts dc (rms)
volts dc (rms) voltage (ETOV) volts dc (rms)
600 to 850 1020 1150
1500 1800 2000
3000 3600 4000

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The transient surge voltage withstand capability of dc traction power system components, including OCS
and dc switchgear, shall be no less than the values shown in Table 6 and included in IEC 61992-1-2006. The
VXSSOLHURIWKHGFVZLWFKJHDUVKDOOSURYLGHWKHVHYDOXHVWRFRQ¿UPHTXLSPHQWWUDQVLHQWYROWDJHZLWKVWDQG
capabilities.

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OCS minimum
DC switchgear insulation level
sparkover voltage*
Rated insulation Rated impulse voltage
Nominal rated
voltage withstand over assigned by the dc Dry weather Wet weather
voltage of the dc
5 min assigned by the dc switchgear supplier (kV peak) (kV peak)
power system (V dc)
switchgear supplier (V dc) ** (kV peak)
750 900 12 45 25
1500 1800 18 45 25
3000 3600 40 45 25

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considering the OCS components, especially the insulators creepage distances and shall be as high as practical.
,(((6WG&GRHVQRWVWDWHVSHFL¿F%,/OHYHORWKHUWKDQWKHVWDWHPHQWRQWKHVXUJHZLWKVWDQGFDSDELOLW\RIWKH
internal devices. However, dc switchgear rated 2000 V or below shall be considered low-voltage equipment where BIL level
44
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of the switchgear to assure surge withstand capability of all internal devices including protection relays within the dc
switchgear as described in IEEE Std C37.90.1-2012.

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2SHUDWLQJDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHVKDOOEHZLWKLQWKHUDQJHRIWKHRSHUDWLQJHQYLURQPHQWEHWZHHQíƒ&DQG
ƒ& íƒ)DQGƒ) 2&6WRJURXQGYROWDJHVKDOOEHZLWKLQWKHUDWLQJRIWKHDUUHVWHUXQGHUDOOV\VWHP
operating conditions. For an OCS above 550 m (1800 ft) elevation, consult the surge arrester manufacturer for
revised ratings. Before approving a dc surge arrester application, it is very important to review manufacturer’s
assembly drawings to verify proper assembly of internal material that needs to withstand surge environment at
individual transit project local.

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There are two important considerations for MOV surge arresters during manufacturing and assembly. First,
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system. This is not the case with all MO materials that are commonly available. Second, the surge arrester
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its original stage of nonconductivity once the surge current is discharged. Test procedures shall not cause
IDWLJXHWRLQWHUQDO02PDWHULDO7RNHHSWKH0&29UDWLQJRIWKHVXUJHDUUHVWHUORZLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRKDYH
DGHTXDWH02PDWHULDOWRSURYLGHWKHGHVLUHGUHOLDELOLW\7RKDYHVXI¿FLHQW02PDWHULDOWKHGLDPHWHUPD\
KDYHWREHLQFUHDVHGZKLOHNHHSLQJOHQJWKRIWKHVXUJHDUUHVWHUVKRUW7KHPDQXIDFWXUHURIWKHGFVXUJHDUUHVWHU
shall provide the surge arrester assembly and shop design testing procedures, if the published data by the
manufacturer does not provide such information. Published test data from different manufacturers’, as shown
in Table 1 through Table 4 may differ due to test methods, surge arrester material quality and quantity, assembly
method, and housing material. Various factory tests described in IEC IEC 61992-1:2006 and 11.1 shall apply.

11.1 Design tests

Surge arresters shall be subjected to the following factory design tests.

a) Insulation withstand tests between the terminals of the arrester

b) Residual voltage tests
c) Charge trasfer test
d) Operating duty test
e) Short circuit test
f) Internal partial discharge test
g) Bending moment test
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i) Environmental tests
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PV OHDNDJHFXUUHQWYVYROWDJH
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O 3HDNGLVFKDUJHYROWDJHVXQGHU—VOLJKWQLQJVXUJHZLWKSHDNFXUUHQWRI$$N$DQG
N$

45
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P  3HDNGLVFKDUJHYROWDJHVXQGHU—VVZLWFKLQJVXUJHZLWKSHDNFXUUHQWVRI$$DQG
500 A.
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current
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p) Testing shall consider an arrester with contamination as well as the effect of atmospheric changes

All test data shall be available from the manufacturer along with test methods used in testing each surge
arrester. New and clean surge arresters shall be used for each design test. The surge arrester shall be mounted
LQWKHSRVLWLRQ V LQZKLFKLWLVGHVLJQHGWREHXVHG$PELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHIRUWHVWVKDOOEHíƒ&DQGƒ&
íƒ)DQGƒ) 

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recommendations of the surge arrester manufacturer.

The older surge arresters once removed from the dc transit system should not be reused as the testing of these
DUUHVWHUVLQWKHWUDQVLWPDLQWHQDQFHIDFLOLW\LVQRWSUDFWLFDOGXHWRODFNRISURSHUWHVWVHWXS,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHLVD
danger of damaging the arrester with applied voltage instead of testing the arrester to validate it has no defect.
If the surge arrester has been in operation and its internal MO material has undergone surge propagation, it will
not survive the applied test voltage, as test time cannot be controlled to values similar to testing new arresters
at the manufacturers’ facility.

,WLVEHQH¿FLDOLIVXFKVXUJHDUUHVWHUVSURYLGHVRPHLQGLFDWLRQLQWKHFDVHWKDWWKHVXUJHDUUHVWHUKDVHLWKHUIDLOHG
or has conducted several heavy surges. This may have caused MO material fatigue, which can lead to failure
in the near future.

It is recommended that dc surge arresters not be tested at the transit agency’s maintenance shop and reinstalled.
If in doubt, replace with new dc surge arresters.

For a technical explanation of having an MOV surge arrester at the running rails and their coordination with
9/'DQGUDLOWUDFNFLUFXLWVVHH9.1.1,WVKDOOEHFODUL¿HGWKDWWKHIXQFWLRQRIWKH9/'LVQRWVXUJHSURWHFWLRQEXW
the safety of personnel. The required analysis to determine the type of VLD (if applied) is up to the technical
judgement of the application engineer with the transit system. For safety reasons, the VLD shall not allow rail
to ground voltage to be higher than 60 V dc, a safe limit accepted by the industry today. However, this 60V
dc limit shall consider all means used by the transit agency to provide rubber mat at the platforms edges to
increase tolerable voltage much higher than 60 V, thus setting of such VLD may be set at much higher voltage
than 60 V dc limit. This higher setting of VLD can avoid unnecessary grounding of the power system which
FDQFDXVHGFVWUD\FXUUHQWWRHDUWKIRUVKRUWLQWHUYDOWLOO9/'UHVHWVLWVHOIWRPDNHSRZHUV\VWHPXQJURXQGHG

Figure 1 does not show surge arresters that may be necessary at special locations, such as mid-span OCS
FRQWDFWORFDWLRQVLQKLJKNHUDXQLFDUHDVEULGJHVWUXFWXUHVRUXQGHUJURXQGWXQQHOHQWUDQFHDQGH[LWORFDWLRQV
ZKHUHVXUJHLPSHGDQFHFKDQJHFDXVHVVXUJHDPSOL¿FDWLRQ

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Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to be
understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use
only.

>%@%DUGR($./&XPPLQVDQG:$%URRNV³/LJKWQLQJFXUUHQWSDUDPHWHUVGHULYHGIURPOLJKWQLQJ
ORFDWLRQ V\VWHPV :KDW FDQ ZH PHDVXUH"´ WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO /LJKWQLQJ 'HWHFWLRQ &RQIHUHQFH +HOVLQNL
Finland, June 6–8, 2004.

[B2] BS EN 50124-1:2007 Railway Applications. Insulation coordination. Basic requirements. Clearances

and creepage distances for all electrical and electronic equipment.

[B3] Dugan, R.C., M.F. McGranaghan, S. Santoso, H.W. Beaty, Electrical Power Systems Quality. McGraw-
Hill Education.

[B4] Eilers, K. W., M. Wingate, and E. Pham, “Application and safety issues for transient voltage surge
suppressors,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 36, pp. 1734–1740, November/December
2000.16

[B5] EN 60099-4, Surge arresters—Part 4: Metal-oxide surge arresters without gaps for a.c. systems.17

[B6] Ghai, N. K., “Design and application considerations for motors in steep-fronted surge environments,”
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 177–187, January/February 1997.

>%@*UHHQZRRG$(OHFWULFDO7UDQVLHQWVLQ3RZHU6\VWHPV1HZ<RUN:LOH\

[B8] IEEE Std 141-1993, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants
(IEEE Red Book).18

[B9] IEEE Std C37.20.1-2015, IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage (1000 Vac and below) Power
&LUFXLW%UHDNHU6ZLWFKJHDU

>%@,(((6WG&,(((6WDQGDUGIRU0HWDO2[LGH6XUJH$UUHVWHUVIRU$&3RZHU&LUFXLWV !N9 

[B11] IEEE Std C62.22-2009, IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for Alternating
Current Systems.

>%@,(((6WG&,(((6WDQGDUG7HVW6SHFL¿FDWLRQVIRU9DULVWRU6XUJH3URWHFWLYH'HYLFHV

[B13] IEEE Std C62.35-2010, IEEE Standard Test Methods for Avalanche Junction Semiconductor Surge
Protective Components.

[B14] IEEE Std C62.41-1991, IEEE Recommended Practice for Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power
Circuits.

16
IEEE publications are available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
([Link]
17
EN publications are available from the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) ([Link]
18
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