RESEARCH 3
MENARD H. BUSTONERA, LPT
Teacher-Research 3
RESEARCH 3
MENARD H. BUSTONERA, LPT
Teacher-Research 3
Learners shall be able to…
1. Explain the importance and
application of statistical tests in
scientific research.
2. Differentiate between t-test, ANOVA,
Pearson’s r, and Linear Regression.
3. Compute sample data using t-test,
ANOVA, Pearson’s r, and Linear
Regression.
Learners shall be able to…
4. Use statistical tools (e.g., Vassarstats
or IBM SPSS) to analyze data using
statistical tests.
5. Appreciate the role of statistical
analysis in validating scientific
research findings.
6. Demonstrate integrity and accuracy
when handling research data.
What’s the first thing
on your mind when
you hear the word
DATA ANALYSIS?
How do researchers determine if their
results are statistically significant?
ANOVA
• Used to compare the means of
three or more groups, such as
research results from multiple
samples.
T-TEST
• Used to compare the means of
two groups, such as a treatment
group and a control group.
RayBioTech. (2018, November 20). RayBiotech. [Link]
• Use a one-way ANOVA when you • Use a two-way ANOVA when
have one independent variable and you have two independent
want to compare three or more variables and want to compare
groups. multiple groups of two factors.
• A one-way ANOVA is used to • A two-way ANOVA is used to
determine if there are statistically assess the interrelationship of
significant differences between the two independent variables on a
means of three or more groups. dependent variable.
MacKenzie, R. J. (2018, July 20). One-Way vs Two-Way ANOVA: Differences, Assumptions and Hypotheses. Informatics from Technology Networks; Technology Networks.
[Link]
• Use when comparing two • Use when comparing the same
different groups, like comparing group of people before and after
people from different cities or an intervention, like measuring
species. treatment effects.
• Paired t-test: The dependent
• Independent t-test: Compares
variable must be continuous,
the means of two independent
normally distributed, and not
groups.
contain outliers.
Pearce, N. (n.d.). LibGuides: SPSS: T-tests. [Link]. [Link]
1. The coliform levels (in parts per million) of three different rivers were tested
for a period of five days under uniform environmental conditions. The data
are shown below. Test the claim that there is a statistically significant
difference among the mean coliform levels of the three rivers.
DAY MARIKINA RIVER PASIG RIVER SAN JUAN RIVER
1 62 97 33
2 53 82 35
3 41 99 31
4 38 84 28
5 55 79 26
LINK: [Link]
PRE-TEST POST-TEST
1. Students from Grade 9-Fleming
19 36
underwent Pre-Test & Post-Test on their 26 34
19 28
Research subject to determine whether an 23 35
24 35
intervention is proven to be effective. The 18 33
27 36
data are shown below. Test the claim that 23 34
26 34
there is a statistically significant 21 36
25 34
difference between the Pre-Test & Post- 29 36
26 37
Test on their Research subject.
27 32
LINK: [Link]
Lesson Objectives
By the end of this activity, students will be able to:
1. Understand the concepts of ANOVA and T-Test in statistical
analysis.
2. Use VassarStats to compute significance levels.
3. Interpret statistical results in the context of solving a case.
LINK: [Link]
Guide Questions:
1. What is the p-value?
2. Is there any significant difference in your findings?
3. What does this suggest about the cases you are
currently investigating?
Some practical applications…
1. T-test: Scientists testing vaccine
efficacy. a t-test is commonly
used to statistically analyze the
difference in the infection rate
between the group that received
the vaccine (experimental group)
and the group that received a
placebo (control group).
World Health Organization. (2021, July 14). Vaccine efficacy, Effectiveness and Protection. World Health Organisation. Tregoning, J. S., Flight, K. E., Higham, S. L., Wang, Z., & Pierce, B. F. (2021). Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine
effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape. Nature Reviews
[Link] Immunology, 21(10), 1–11. [Link]
Some practical applications…
2. ANOVA: Marketers analyzing
customer preferences. Used
to analyze customer
preference data by
comparing the means of
different customer groups
across various product
attributes.
Omniconvert. (2024, October 23). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in Marketing Research. Omniconvert. [Link]
Why do we need to analyze data
statistically in research?
Statistical analysis helps validate
findings, identify trends, and support
evidence-based conclusions.
Detective Conan Edition
Detective Conan is investigating three rival detective
agencies, each using different forensic techniques. He
collects their accuracy rates (%) in solving test cases.
Which statistical test should he use to determine if
there is a significant difference between the three
agencies?
A Independent T-test
B One-Way ANOVA
C Two-Way ANOVA
D Pearson’s R
A researcher at AB Normal University wants to
determine if a new crime-solving technique
significantly improves the performance of forensic
students. The same group of students is tested
before and after training. Which test is most
appropriate?
A One-Way ANOVA
B Independent T-test
C Paired T-test
D Two-Way ANOVA
A police department analyzes crime-solving
efficiency between two units: one using AI-assisted
investigation and another relying on traditional
methods. If the data is normally distributed and each
unit consists of independent officers, which statistical
test should be used?
A Two-Way ANOVA
B One-Way ANOVA
C Independent T-test
D Chi-Square
A researcher suspects that Indigenous students
and gifted students have significantly different
problem-solving speeds in logic puzzles. What
statistical test should be applied?
A One-Way ANOVA
B Two-Way ANOVA
C Paired T-test
D Independent T-test
Score Interpretation
• 4/4 – Master Detective! You analyze data like Conan himself!
• 3/4 – Top Investigator! You have strong statistical skills!
• 2/4 – Junior Detective! You’re getting better at statistical analysis!
• 1/4 or below – Rookie in Training! Keep practicing ANOVA & T-Test!
Data Set 1: T-test (Comparing the test scores of two groups of students)
1. Group A: [68, 72, 75, 79, 85, 88, 91, 95]
2. Group B: [62, 66, 70, 73, 77, 80, 82, 87]
Tasks: Perform a T-Test on Data Set 1 (Group A vs Group B):
• State the null hypothesis (H₀) and alternative hypothesis (H₁).
• Use a T-test to determine if there is a significant difference in the average
test scores of Group A and Group B.
• Calculate the T-statistic and the p-value. You can use a calculator or
statistical software (like Excel or Google Sheets).
• Interpret the results. If the p-value is less than 0.05, you can reject the null
hypothesis. Otherwise, fail to reject it.
Data Set 2: ANOVA (Comparing the number of hours spent on studying across
three different study groups)
1. Study Group 1 (Online Course): [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
2. Study Group 2 (Library Study): [2, 3, 3, 4, 4]
3. Study Group 3 (Private Tutor): [5, 6, 6, 7, 8]
Tasks: Perform ANOVA on Data Set 2 (Comparing the three study groups):
• State the null hypothesis (H₀) and alternative hypothesis (H₁).
• Use One-Way ANOVA to check if there is a significant difference in the average
hours spent studying among the three study groups.
• Calculate the F-statistic and the p-value. You can use a calculator or statistical
software (like Excel or Google Sheets).
• Interpret the results. If the p-value is less than 0.05, reject the null hypothesis,
indicating that at least one group differs significantly from the others.
Instruction: Search and answer for the following.
1. What is a bibliography and/or references?
2. Differentiate APA, MLA, and Chicago Manual Style in terms of
formatting.
3. Write at least 2 examples of APA, MLA, and Chicago Manual Style.
4. When does a researcher/s use APA, MLA, and Chicago Manual
Style?
MENARD H. BUSTONERA, LPT
Teacher - Research 3
[Link]@depedqc/ph
