PM SHREE KV AFS BEGUMPET
{SESSION : 2024-25}
(CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT)
[DYEING OF FABRICS]
SUBMITTED TO:
[Link]
SUBMITTED BY:
Chaitanya
CLASS: XII-A
ROLL NO:
12131
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Chaitanya Sai has
completed his chemistry investigatory project
titled ‘DYEING OF FABRICS' under the
supervision of [Link] in the partial
fulfillment of chemistry practical assessment
conducted during the academic year 2024-25
EXAMNIER TEACHER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my immense gratitude to
my chemistry teacher for the help and guidance
he provided for completing this project.
I also thank my parents who gave their ideas
and inputs in making this project. Most of all I
thank our school management, for providing us
the facilities and opportunity to do this project.
Lastly, I would like to thanks my
classmates who have done this project
along with me. Their support made this
project fruitful.
~CHAITANYA
INDEX
CONTENT Page
no
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL REQUIRED
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION:
Dyes are colored substances which can adhere
to the surface of materials and are used to give
color to paper, food- stuffs, and various
textiles such as cotton, wool, synthetic fibres,
silk etc. For example, alizarin, indigo,
congored, etc. Chemically, a dye contains:
1. Some group (such as azo, indigoid,
triphenylmethyl, anthra quinone, etc.)
which is responsible for the color of
the dye.
2. Some groups (such as NH², -SO³ ,-
COOH, etc) which makes the dyestick to
the fabric by formation of some salt.
Dyeing is the process of adding color to textile
products like fibres, yarn and fabrics. The
temperature and time controlling are two key
factors in dyeing.
The primary source of dye, historically has
been nature, with the dyes being
extracted from plants and animals. Since
the 18th century, humans produced
artificial dyes to achieve a broader range
of colors and to render the dyes more
stable to resist washing and general use.
The dyed fabrics appear to be colored
because a particular dye absorbs
radiations of some specific wavelengths
from the visible region of
electromagnetic radiations which fall
on the surface. The remaining
radiations (complementary colors) of
light are reflected.
The color which we observe is due to the
reflected light. For example, if a dye absorbs
the light in the wavelength region
corresponding to red, then it would appear
green, which is the complementary color of
red. Similarly, if a dye absorbs blue color, it
would appear orange.
There are several methods of dyeing fabrics,
depending on the type of dye, fabric, and
desired effect. Here are the main methods:
1. Batch Dyeing (Exhaust Dyeing)
The fabric is dyed in batches, using a dye bath.
Common Techniques:
Winch Dyeing: Fabric is continuously circulated
through the dye bath.
Jet Dyeing: Fabric is dyed in a pressurized
chamber.
Jig Dyeing: Fabric passes back and forth
through a dye bath.
Beam Dyeing: Fabric is wound onto a beam and
dyed by forcing dye liquor through it.
2. Continuous Dyeing
Fabric is dyed in a continuous process, ideal
for large-scale production.
Process: Dye is applied to the fabric, followed
by fixation (using heat or chemicals), and then
washing.
3. Solution Dyeing (Dope Dyeing)
Used for synthetic fibers.
Dye is added to the fiber-forming solution
before the fibers are extruded.
[Link] Dyeing
Dye is applied to yarns before weaving or
knitting.
Techniques:
Skein Dyeing: Yarns are loosely wound into
hanks and dyed.
Package Dyeing: Yarn is wound on perforated
spools, and dye is forced through.
Space Dyeing: Different colors are applied at
intervals on the same yarn.
4. Piece Dyeing
Fabric is dyed after being woven or knitted.
Techniques:
Pad Dyeing: Fabric passes through a dye
solution and squeeze rollers.
Garment Dyeing: Entire garments are dyed
(e.g., t-shirts).
5. Resist Dyeing
Parts of the fabric are protected to resist dye
penetration.
Methods:
Tie-Dyeing: Fabric is tied and dipped in dye.
Batik Dyeing: Wax is applied to resist dyeing
certain areas.
Shibori Dyeing: Folding, twisting, or binding is
used for patterns.
6. Discharge dyeing
Fabric is first dyed in a solid color, and then a
bleaching agent removes the dye from specific
areas to create patterns.
7. Natural Dyeing
Fabrics are dyed using natural sources like
plants, insects, or minerals.
Each method is chosen based on the type of
fabric, dye compatibility, and the desired
aesthetic or functional outcome.
OBJECTIVE: To dye cotton cloths with green
colour
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
1. Cloth pieces
2. Dye
3. Copper sulphate
4. Beakers
5. Stirring rod
6. Bunsen burner
7. Distilled water
8. Gloves and goggles
PROCEDURE:
1. Preparation of Cloth
Wash the cotton cloth with mild detergent to
remove impurities.
Soak the cloth in distilled water for 5–10 minutes to
ensure uniform dye absorption.
2. Preparation of Dye Solution
Dissolve the dye in distilled water to make a
solution.
For synthetic dyes, use about 0.5–1 g of dye
powder in 100 mL of water.
For natural dyes, boil the material (e.g.,
turmeric or onion skins) in water for 30
minutes, then strain the solution.
3. Application of Mordant (Optional)
Prepare a mordant solution (e.g., dissolve
5 g of alum or copper sulfate in 100 mL
water).
Soak the cotton cloth in the mordant
solution for 10–15 minutes. Rinse
with water.
4. Dyeing Process
Heat the dye solution to around 60–80°C.
Immerse the wet cotton cloth in the heated
dye solution.
Stir occasionally to ensure uniform coloring.
Allow it to dye for 15–30 minutes,
depending on the desired intensity.
5. Rinsing and Fixing
Remove the cloth from the dye solution and rinse
with cold water until excess dye is washed
out.
To fix the dye, immerse the cloth in a dilute vinegar
or salt solution for 10 minutes.
6. Drying the cloth
Dry the cloth in shade to preserve the
color.
OBSERVATIONS:
During Dyeing:
The cloth absorbs the dye and changes color.
The solution’s color become lighter as dye transfers
to the fabric.
After Dyeing:
The final color of the cloth is now green
Still there is colour solution left in beaker which
is not observed by cloth (residue)
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Wikipedia
Google search engine
NCERT CHEMISTRY
THANK
YOU
