THE ROLE OF AFICAN UNION IN COUNTERING INTERNATIONAL

TERRORISM IN THE HORN OF AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF SOMALIA

HARIET ANYANGO

BAIR/1867/2019

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF DEVELOPMENT

AND STRATEGIC STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

DEGREE IN BACHELOR OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF PIONEER

UNIVERSITY

November 2023
DECLARATION
I Hariet Anyango do hereby declare that this research proposal is my original work and has

not been presented to any other university for the award of a degree.

SIGN………………………. DATE………………………………………….

Hariet Anyango BAIR/0867/2019

Declaration by supervisor:

This research project has been carried out under my supervision and submission is hereby

made to the University for Examination with my approval as the university supervisor.

SIGN………………………. DATE…………………………………………….

Vincent Omurwa,

Head of Department,

School of Development and Strategic Studies,

SIGN…………………………… DATE…………………………………………………

NAME………………………….
DEDICATION

To my loving and supportive mum, Eunice Akinyi Ngala, who is my daily reminder of all

that is good in this world, and my driving force in my academic pursuits. Bless you.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To begin with, I want to give thanks and praise to God, the Almighty, for His graces that

enabled me to successfully execute this study proposal.

I want to convey my profound gratitude to Mr. Vincent Omurwa, my research supervisor, for

providing me with the chance to carry out this research and for serving as my mentor. His

energy, vision, genuineness, and drive have motivated me. He has taught me how to conduct

the study and write the research paper in the most comprehensible way. Working and

studying under his direction was an enormous privilege and honor. I am incredibly

appreciative of what he has given me.

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia

AQIM Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb

ASF African Standby Force

AU African Union

CIA Central Intelligence Agency

CISSA Committee of Intelligence and Security Services of Africa

FGS Federal Government of Somalia

IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on Development

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

OAU Organization of African Unity

PSO Peace Support Operations

REC Regional Economic Community

SNA Somali National Army

SNSF Somali National Security Forces

TCC Troop Contributing Country

TNG Transitional National Government

TFG Transitional Federal Government

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
DECLARATION

CHAPTER 1........................................................................................................................................7
1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of Study

1.1.1 Conflict analysis in Somalia.............................................................................................12

1.1.2 Political Economy of violence..........................................................................................13
1.2 Statement of the problem

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 Objective...........................................................................................................................15
1.3.2 Specific Objectives............................................................................................................15
1.4 Research questions

1.5 Significance of the Study

1.6 Definition of key terms

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................18

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Theoretical framework

2.2 Empirical Review

2.2.1 The successes of AMISOM in state building and peacekeeping in Somalia.................19

2.2.1 The challenges faced by AMISOM in relation to peace building strategies in Somalia
....................................................................................................................................................21
2.2.1 The effects AMISOM on the political and security situation in Somalia.....................22
2.3 Summary of the Literature review
 2.4 Critique of the Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY.......................................24

3.0 Introduction

3.1 Research design

3.2 Site of the Study

3.3 Sampling technique

3.4 Data Collection

3.5 Data Collection Procedure

3.5 Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH FINDINGS................................................................................27

4.0 Introduction

4.1 Findings per study variable

4.1.1 Research Question 1. What are the successes of AMISOM in state building and
peacekeeping in Somalia?.........................................................................................................27
4.1.2 Research Question 2. What are the challenges faced by AMISOM in relation to peace
building strategies in Somalia?.................................................................................................28
4.1.3 Research Question 3. How effective has AMISOM been on the political and security
situation in Somalia?.................................................................................................................28
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................29
5.0 Summary

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

5.3.1 Suggestion for Further Research....................................................................................30

List of figures
i. Figure 2. The Map of Somali

ABSTRACT
The Horn of Africa has been damaged by persistent conflicts, instability, and the threatening
presence of terrorist organizations. These issues have had a profound impact on the security
and socio-economic development of the region. It has been plagued by a multitude of
problems, including ethnic and political tensions, protracted conflicts, and the pervasive
threat of terrorism. Groups like Al-Shabaab, an extremist organization, have exploited these
vulnerabilities, making them a focal point in the global war against terror. Understanding the
complex dynamics and assessing the actual impact of AMISOM's counterterrorism efforts in
the Horn of Africa remains a significant challenge, despite a wealth of research and
publications on the subject. By doing thorough research, this research project aims to close
this gap. The objectives of this research include 1. To evaluate the successes of AMISOM
in state building and peacekeeping in Somalia 2. To examine the challenges faced by
AMISOM in relation to peace building strategies in Somalia 3. To highlight the effect of
AMISOM on the political and security situation in Somalia. The research objectives in this
study are in line with the research questions. This study will use a case study research design
to understand the topic, and it will also use secondary from published books, journal articles,
historical documentation, and policy papers, to collect data relevant to the topic. This
research uses liberal internationalism theory is used. An empirical review will also be used to
review studies by scholars on the relevant topic. The result of this research is useful to
students, lecturers, lecturers and acidemias. The findings in this study will reveal if indeed
AMISOM has impacted the political and security situation in Somalia, the challenges faced
by AMISOM in relation to peacebuilding and the successes of AMISOM in state building
and peacekeeping in Somalia.
CHAPTER 1
1.0 Introduction
This chapter introduces the research proposal of the study. It will act as a guideline as to what

is expected of the entire research. It will provide detailed research of the background of

study, problem statement, research objectives and research questions and the justification of

the study.

1.1 Background of Study

Global security is faced with significant challenges due to the intricate and widespread

problem of international terrorism, which cuts beyond state boundaries. As Marjoran, A.

(2014) articulates, the reasons of acts of terrorism are many and include political, religious,

and ideological reasons in a dynamic environment. Our global interconnectedness has made

it easier for extremist organizations to take advantage of cross border networks and

communications channels, making counter terrorism operations extremely difficult.

International terrorist attacks have a global after effect that affects politics, economy, and

social dynamics. Since these threats are international, nations must work together, pooling

resources and intelligence.

The September 11, 2001, terror attack commonly referred to as the 9/11, is a prime example

of international terrorism from the global perspective, with far reaching consequences for the

entire world. Under the direction of Osama Bin Laden, the radical organization, AL Qaeda,

attacked a well-known American Symbols at the same time. Four commercial planes were

hijacked, with two crashing into the Twins Towers of the World Trade Center in New York

City, one into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and the fourth, United Airlines Flight 93,

crashing in Pennsylvania after passengers bravely stopped the hijackers. According to the

9/11 Commission Report (2002), nearly 3000 people lost their lives as a result of the act of
terrorism, which will never be forgotten. The effects went beyond the immediate human

tragedy, influencing international relations, bringing about a paradigm shift, and having a

major negative influence on the economy. Since the African Union is an organization that

primarily deals with African concerns and regional affairs, it did not immediately intervene

in the terror attack. A coalition of international allies and certain nations, mainly the United

States, spearheaded the response to the 9/11 attacks. Robert, K. (2002) addresses that the AU,

established in 2001, was still in its early stages and it could not play a direct part in

addressing the occurrences of the attack. However, it is crucial to note that, despite the AU’s

lack of direct involvement in the response to the 9\11, individual African countries took part

in the larger international counterterrorism effort because they understood the

interconnectedness and global significance of security concerns.

From a regional perspective, one notable example of international terrorism in Africa is the

Boko Haram. Boko Haram, which was established in Nigeria in the early 2000s, has carried

out a campaign of terror and violence with ramifications for the entire region and the world.

After pledging allegiance to ISIS in 2015, the group has expanded its attacks to neighboring

countries like Cameroon, Chad, and Niger in its quest to establish an Islamic state in Nigeria.

International attention was drawn to Boko Haram due to its ruthless tactics, which included

kidnappings, massacres, and suicide bombers. Bartolotta, C. (2011) notes that the gang has

attacked government buildings, individuals, and even educational institutions. The

international community has worked together to combat the influence and actions of Boko

Haram, including the AU and the surrounding nations. The Multinational Joint Task Force

has been the main vehicle by which the AU has responded to the Boko Haram insurgency.

To counter the cross-border threat posed by Boko Haram, Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, Niger,
and Benin have formed the Multinational Joint Task Force, which is a regional coalition. In

order to improve coordinated efforts in tackling the security issues posed by the terrorist

organization, the AU endorsed and supported the establishment of the Multinational Joint

Task Force. Member nations have cooperated on intelligence sharing, combined military

operations, and coordinated tactics to combat Boko Haram’s actions through the AU’s

involvement. The AU s participation emphasizes how crucial regional collaboration is to

combat terrorisms multifaceted nature in Africa. The AU’s larger involvement includes

diplomatic efforts and assistance for regional initiatives aiming at improving peace and

security in the affected areas, even if the MNJFT is the main instrument of the intervention

according to Bartolotta, C. (2011).

From the local perspective, I will refer to the Horn of Africa, with a major focus in Somalia.

The Horn of Africa is known for its strategic importance, cultural diversity, and historical

significance, and has been marred by persistent conflicts and security challenges for decades.

This extensive and diverse geographical area encompasses countries such as Somalia,

Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and parts of Kenya and Sudan, collectively forming a complex

landscape shaped by a rich tapestry of ethnicities, political dynamics, and varying degrees of

development. The Horn’s turbulent history has been characterized by both inter-state and

intra-state conflicts, border disputes, and power struggles, contributing to political instability

and socio-economic disparities. This multifaceted background has set the stage for a

multitude of security threats, making the region a hotspot for terrorism, piracy, and

instability. It is in this context that this proposed study gains significance.

Investigation of these complex security issues is necessary due to their impact on a regional

and global scale (Ward, 2010). Gaining an understanding of the political processes inside and
between Horn of Africa nations is crucial in comprehending the complex security landscape

and shedding light on these concerns. The conflicts and counterterrorism operations in the

region are influenced, for example, by Ethiopia's regional power, Eritrea's isolation, and

Somalia's clan-based politics. A comprehensive comprehension of these processes is

essential (Mulugeta, 2014).

Conflicts have shaped the political and socioeconomic landscape of the Horn of Africa

throughout its history, leaving lasting effects. Notable among these conflicts is the Eritrean-

Ethiopian War that lasted from 1998 to 2000, leading to the deaths of tens of thousands and

leaving both countries deeply scarred. The conflict over the disputed border areas continued

to simmer for years and only found resolution in 2018, reshaping the regional political

dynamics. Somalia has been a focal point of conflict, with civil wars and internal strife that

continue to this day. The state’s collapse in 1991 gave rise to a complex web of power

struggles, clan-based politics, and the emergence of extremist groups, including Al-Shabaab.

The Somali conflict’s impact extends beyond its borders, affecting neighboring countries

such as Kenya, which has faced threats from Al-Shabaab militants.

The region has also witnessed the emergence and proliferation of extremist groups, of which

Al-Shabaab stands as a prominent example. Al-Shabaab, an Al-Qaeda-affiliated organization,

has exploited the power vacuum and instability in Somalia, establishing control over

significant territories and posing a direct threat to regional security. Its activities include

terror attacks, recruitment of fighters, and the imposition of a harsh interpretation of Islamic

law. In response to the escalating conflict in Somalia, the African Union established the

African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) in 2007 and it was approved by the United

Nations Security Council. As per the United Nations Security Council Resolution (2007,
pg.3), AMISOM is mandated to support transitional governmental structures, implement a

national security plan, train the Somali security forces, and to assist in creating a secure

environment for the delivery of humanitarian aid. AMISOM’s initial mandate focused on

Mogadishu, aiming to support the Somali government in stabilizing the country, providing

humanitarian aid, and countering extremist groups. Over the years, its mission expanded,

encompassing various regions in Somalia.

Detailed analyses of AMISOM’s formation, evolution, and operational challenges have been

undertaken, shedding light on its mission and objectives (Williams, 2013). To this end, an

essential area of research has been the assessment of AMISOM’s effectiveness in addressing

security challenges in Somalia. Some studies emphasize the progress made in diminishing

the influence of Al-Shabaab, while others highlight the complexity of the conflict and the

limitations of the mission. Evaluating AMISOM’s performance is crucial for understanding

its true impact in the region (Hansen, 2015).

The effectiveness of AMISOM’s security strategies has been a subject of considerable

debate. Some argue that AMISOM has made significant gains in degrading Al-Shabaab’s

capabilities, liberating territories, and bolstering the Somali government. Others, however,

highlight the complex and multifaceted nature of the conflict, emphasizing that military

efforts alone cannot address the underlying causes of the conflict.

Political dynamics within the Horn of Africa are multifaceted and complicated. Somalia’s

clan-based politics, Eritrea’s isolation, and Ethiopia’s regional influence are just a few of the

many factors influencing the conflict and counter-terrorism landscape. Understanding these

dynamics is paramount for comprehending the region’s security challenges. Moreover, the

conflicts in the Horn of Africa have had dire humanitarian consequences, including mass
displacement, food insecurity, and human rights abuses. The difficulty of internally displaced

persons and the challenges of delivering humanitarian aid in conflict zones have garnered

international attention. Conflict in one Horn of Africa nation often has spill-over effects on

neighboring countries. Eritrea’s involvement in the Somali conflict, the tensions between

Kenya and Somalia over territorial disputes, and Ethiopia’s regional aspirations underscore

the interconnectedness of the region’s security concerns.

The Horn of Africa’s significance in global geopolitics, its enduring conflicts, and the

evolving nature of security threats all contribute to the need for a comprehensive examination

of the region’s challenges and the effectiveness of international peacekeeping efforts. This

research aims to contribute to the understanding of these critical issues and inform policy

decisions with the goal of promoting peace and security in the Horn of Africa.

1.1.1 Conflict analysis in Somalia

In order to help AMISOM fulfill its overarching mission of stabilizing the situation, this

section provides a brief summary of the key traits and manifestations of organized violence

in Somalia. For three decades, Somalia has been an example of a failed state where organized

violence has become common. Since 1991, with the collapse of Siad Barre’s government,

Somalia’s conflicts have fragmented into numerous distinct local armed conflicts. It therefore

makes little sense to analyze the conflict as a country-wide civil war with a common set of

conflict dynamics. Instead, one can think of organized violence in Somalia as an archipelago

of armed conflicts, each dominated by its own distinct dynamics but often interconnected

with others in complicated and fluid ways.

There is a degree of order and hierarchy, but the relationships involved are complex and

change frequently. These dynamics in Somalia have tended to support the World Bank’s

conclusion that the risk of organized violence is likely to rise when “stresses”—notably the

lack of security, justice, and employment—, as Mohamed Hassan (Feb 2016, pg. 3) says, are

found in areas where official institutions are weak and where local trust in the perceived

“rules of the game” is low.

The AU reaffirms member nations' sovereignty, territorial integrity, and independence. As a

result, Article 4(g) of the AU's Constitutive Act emphasizes the non-interference of any

member state in the affairs of another. At the same time, and in contrast to the OAU, Article

4(h) of the Act authorizes action in severe situations such as war crimes, genocide, and

crimes against humanity as stated by Hansen, S. (2015). This was a positive development and

must be applauded. It provided the necessary legal justification for the deployment of

AMISOM into Somalia.

1.1.2 Political Economy of violence

Another dimension of the armed conflict in Somalia revolves around the political economy

of violence in its many forms. Menkhaus, K (2004) addressed in his paper ‘State Collapse

and the Threat of Terrorism’ that in south-central Somalia, many forms of organized violence

have regularly displayed an intimate relationship with economic issues, from the trading of

khat, charcoal and sugar to taxation, extortion, and the privatization of security, as well as the

struggle to control key commercial hubs such as seaports, airports, and roadways. In the

absence of effective state governance, numerous armed actors emerged in Somalia that used

instruments of coercion and violence to make money. Some of them would be considered by

the Somali authorities to be illegal and criminal, including various Islamist organizations
such as Al-Shabaab. But these licit/illicit taxation/extortion lines become blurred considering

the personalities who have occupied Somalia’s state and political institutions, many of whom

retain their business identities and connections. This is a long-standing practice in Somalia.

During AMISOM’s period of deployment, these characteristics of Somalia’s political

landscape have given rise to at least five diverse types of armed conflict, as described below.

Each of them involves an economic, identity, and power dimension and all of them have

affected the mission’s attempts to implement its mandate to a greater or lesser degree; a) The

war conducted by AMISOM and the FGS against Al-Shabaab and other armed opposition

groups, including the so-called Islamic State in Somalia b) Conflicts arising because of

national and regional political power struggles, notably those to win and hold national office

by appointing key supporters and weakening opponents, as well as those to establish and then

control regional administrations. These have sometimes involved significant organized

violence c) Identity-based conflicts, particularly those arising from clan politics, but also

other forms of identity differences d) Communal violence, usually concerning access to

resources, especially disputes over land, access to water, and livestock issues. These have

sometimes been exacerbated by environmental degradation brought on by climate change e)

Organized, violent criminal activity. This includes piracy and kidnapping, but more

commonly using instruments of violence to benefit from commercial activities in the grey

and black markets. The rise of these extremist organizations not only presents immediate

security threats but also holds global implications, particularly concerning terrorism and

radicalization (Menkhaus, 2009, pg. 405).

1.2 Statement of the problem
The African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) has been at the forefront of international

efforts to stabilize government in the Horn of Africa, with a primary focus on Somalia.

However, the efficacy and broader implications of AMISOM's interventions in addressing

the complex security crisis in the region remain subjects of pressing concern. Despite the

AU's extensive involvement in regional security affairs, as African Union Peace and Security

Council (2016) notes, Somalia remains a hotspot for terrorist activities, notably orchestrated

by AL Shabaab. The problem at hand centers on the limitations and complexities that impede

the efficacy of AMISOM's efforts in Somalia.

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 Objective
The purpose of this research is to assess whether AU has achieved its role in stabilizing the

government in Somalia.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

This study has two primary objectives:

1. To evaluate the successes of AMISOM in state building and peacekeeping in

Somalia

2. To examine the challenges faced by AMISOM in relation to peace building

strategies in Somalia
 3. To highlight the effect AMISOM on the political and security situation in

Somalia.

1.4 Research questions

This study is focused on answering the following research questions:

1. What are the successes of AMISOM in state building and peacekeeping in

Somalia?

2. What are the challenges faced by AMISOM in relation to peace building

strategies in Somalia?

3. How effective has AMISOM been on the political and security situation in

Somalia?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This research holds immense significance due to the far-reaching geopolitical and

humanitarian consequences associated with conflicts in the Horn of Africa. Understanding

the role and effectiveness of AU’s mission troops in Somalia in stabilizing the government

can profoundly influence policy decisions, enhance security strategies, and contribute to a

more stable and secure region. Moreover, the findings of this research could inform the

international community's efforts in addressing security challenges in similar contexts

globally. This study will provide policy makers with evidence-based insights, enabling them

to tailor and strengthen counterterrorism strategies in collaboration with the AU aligning

interventions regional needs and global security imperatives. The findings will contribute to

shaping more robust and targeted interventions, aligning with the broader goal of fostering

stability and peace in the Horn of Africa.

Academically, this study contributes to the existing literature by conducting an in-depth

analysis of the research topic. Academic discourse on this specific topic is limited, and

scholarly research is needed to fill this gap. The academic community will benefit from a

comprehensive examination of the AMISOM strategies, offering a foundation for further

research and theoretical development in the field of African security studies, Menkhaus,

(2017). This study’s academic significance lies in its potential to inform future research,

contribute to scholarly debates, and provide a foundation for more targeted and effective

counterterrorism strategies in the Horn of Africa.

1.6 Definition of key terms

Counter- terrorism- As per Stigall D, & Miller, C (2019), counterterrorism is the methods,

military strategies and tactics used by organizations, governments, law enforcement, and

intelligence services to counter or eradicate terrorism. Counter terrorism however in this

study will be used to refer to these methods and tactics used by AMISOM to mainly stabilize

the Somali government.

Conflicts- According to scholar Galtung, J. (2019), conflict is defined as “an expressed

struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce

resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals.” There are different types of

conflicts, and this study will refer to conflicts as all those types of conflicts.

Region- A region is an area characterized by a certain uniformity in one or more phenomena

as per a regional scientist, Haggett, P. (1965). A region in this study will be used to refer to

Somalia.
AU mission troops- A mission troop is a squad or a group of soldiers who travel to a place

as per their commander’s order, with the mission of peacekeeping in an unstable state. In this

research, the AU mission troop will be used to refer to AMISOM.

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction
This chapter introduces and analyzes literature review and sources from different authors to

explain the objectives of this study. A theoretical framework is used to analyze data in this

section.
2.1 Theoretical framework
This paper uses liberal internationalism theory. This theory emphasizes cooperation,

international institutions, and the promotion of liberal democratic values to achieve peace

and prosperity, all of which are relevant to AU’s engagement in Somalia. The key proponents

of this theory include Woodrow Wilson, and later contemporary scholars such as Michael

Doyle and Joseph Nye, came up. Doyle, M. (1983), assumes that in liberal internationalism,

democracies are less likely to go to war with each other, contribution to the idea of a

“democratic peace.” Another key assumption is that economic interdependence between

nations promotes stability and reduces the likelihood of armed conflict (Keohane, R. O., Nye,

J. S (1977). Another assumption is on the emphasis on the importance of international law in

shaping state behavior on the global stage as stated by Wendt, A. (1992). The AU, through its

Peace and Security Council and the African Standby Force, acts as an institutional

framework to coordinate efforts in countering terrorism in Somalia. The research topic is in

line with this theory as the AU promotes democratic values and governance as part of its

long-term strategy to address the root causes of terrorism in Somalia (African Union, 2002).

2.2 Empirical Review

2.2.1 The successes of AMISOM in state building and peacekeeping in
Somalia
A considerable body of empirical research suggests that AMISOM has successfully achieved

a lot in state building and peacekeeping in Somalia. For instance, Nduwimana, M. (2021)

states in his book, ‘A Ray of Hope: AMISOM in Somalia’ that since its deployment,

AMISOM military interventions have had a substantial impact on Somalia's security context.
AMISOM fought and drove out Al-Shabaab terrorists from the capital city of Mogadishu and

the surrounding territories in support of the Somali National Security Forces.

AMISOM seized additional occupied towns to offer additional support during the string of

military actions, particularly actions Eagle and Indian Ocean carried out between 2013 and

2014. Bulo Burto, which has a main bridge over the Shebelle River and serves as Al

Shabaab's communication center, is the most important freed town. Other liberated areas that

are important for agricultural production are Hudur, Wajid, Qoryooley, Rabdhure, Ceel Buur,

and a large chunk of the lower Shebelle region. The population now feels more secure and

has experienced social and economic advancement as a result of this achievement. This is

considered to be a huge achievement by the AU in Somalia as it restored security in those

towns.

Furthermore, empirical studies in Somalia, such as the research conducted by Dean, P.

(2007) have examined the political and humanitarian missions of AMISOM and other

partners. The research offered insights on how these missions were made possible by these

military actions. For instance, he notes that the FGS and AMISOM were able to comprehend

the human terrain, integrate the combatants who had withdrawn, and start counter

radicalization initiatives as a result of Al Shabaab’s eviction from large towns. Additionally,

it expanded the reach of 129 governance initiatives and FGS-led development into

surrounding areas.

Lastly, studies conducting international peacekeeping in Somali such as the work by Paul, D.

(2009) demonstrates how AMISOM succeeded in refining the political aspect of Somalia.

This study emphasized on the constitutional reviews that were made necessary as a result of
AMISOM's mentoring of the legislative institutional capacity, which was carried out in

partnership with strategic partners.

Therefore, the empirical evidence from these studies aligns with Specific Objective 1, noting

the successes AMISOM has had in state building and peacekeeping in Somalia.

2.2.1 The challenges faced by AMISOM in relation to peace building

strategies in Somalia
Empirical studies related to the challenges faced by AMISOM in relation to peace building

strategies in Somalia provide insights as to why AMISOM cannot reach its full potential. For

instance, Menkhaus (2011), analyzed some of these challenges. When doing the Conflict

Analysis in Somalia, he noted that misinterpretation of the conflict in Somalia by the

international community is one of the key challenges that prevents AMISOM from reaching

its full potential.

Also, the work by Sarjoh, A. (2009) examined some of these challenges. This research

assessed the absence of long-term financing and mission logistics as an hinderance to

AMISOM from reaching its full potential. This study found that even though AMISOM is

stationed in an area of ongoing conflict, funding and resource commitments are not certain.

The money received from outside sources is insufficient and inconsistent, especially from the

EU, the UN Trust Fund for the Somalia National Security Forces, and the UN-assessed

peacekeeping budget. Despite the fact that the AMISOM soldiers are actively fighting

terrorist groups to stabilize the government, these funds are budgeted under a standard

peacekeeping approach. Compared to conventional peacekeeping, counterterrorism

operations require different tools and easily accessible resources.

Research by William, M. (2013) also examined some of the challenges. The study found that

disagreements among stakeholders over the best courses of action and priorities have let

AMISOM operations down more frequently than not. This leads to the AU and a few of its

foreign allies not agreeing on how to allocate the operation's finances. Initially, they were

unable to agree on how to divide the resources between fighting Al Shabaab in Somalia in

order to stabilize the Somali government and countering piracy in the Gulf of Aden.

Therefore, in an effort to slow the growth of piracy, the European Union (EU) and the North

Atlantic Treaty Organization began a series of naval operations off the coast of Somalia.

The empirical findings of this study support the idea that there are indeed some constraints

that prevent the AMISOM from reaching its full potential. Therefore, it supports the

investigations outlined in Specific Objective 2 by analyzing the challenges AMISOM face in

relation to peace building strategies in Somalia.

2.2.1 The effects AMISOM on the political and security situation in

Somalia
The effects of AMISOM on the political and security situation in Somalia has been

extensively explored in empirical research. A few studies shed light on how AMISOM has

contributed to the political and security situation in Somalia.

In his study, Daniel, B. (2008) provides an insight of how AMISOM has affected the security

situation in Somalia. He uses an example of the well- equipped and trained military

personnel in Somalia. He mentions that the training programs are strengthened by sponsored

training packages for AMISOM provided by private security contractors like DynCorp

International and Bancroft Global Development, as well as logistical support provided by the

United States to nations that supply troops. AMISOM with assistance notably the European
Training Mission in Somalia, from foreign partners has 95 junior officers and 4,500 basic

soldiers were trained.

Also, Nduwimana, M. (2021), also provides a great highlight in his research paper on how

AMISOM has affected the security situation in Somalia. He suggests that the eviction of

drove Al-Shabaab terrorists from the capital city of Mogadishu and the surrounding

territories in support of the Somali National Security Forces has greatly impacted the security

situation in Somalia, positively. It is because of this eviction that 129 governance initiatives

and development driven by FGS into surrounding areas were brought about. This eviction

also made the population feel more secure and experience social and economic advancement.

He also noted the effect of AMISOM in Somalia, politically, evaluating on how AMISOM

has fostered multiple reconciliation sessions to foster political consensus on matters of

national significance, all in the same spirit.

Therefore, the empirical evidence from these studies aligns with Specific Objective 3, noting

the effectiveness of AMISOM on the political and security situation in Somalia.

2.3 Summary of the Literature review

This literature review offers a comprehensive understanding of the research objectives

regarding to the role of AU in stabilizing the Somali government. The literature review is

structured to align with the specific objectives of the study, underscoring the relevance of

existing research to each objective.

Liberal internationalism theory, one of the key theories supporting the research, is examined

at the outset of the theoretical review. The theoretical underpinnings offer a strong

framework for understanding the complex dynamics underlying the effectiveness of

AMISOM in Somalia. The empirical review explores previous studies that support the

specific objectives of the study. AMISOM's achievements in state building and peacekeeping

in Somalia are examined in Specific Objective 1, while its challenges in promoting peace in

the country are the subject of Specific Objective 2, and its impact on the country's political

and security landscape is the subject of Specific Objective 3. AMISOM has undoubtedly had

a significant impact on Somalia's political and security landscape, according to empirical

study by Nduwimana Michael and Daniel Byman.

2.4 Critique of the Literature Review

Despite a body of literature and numerous reports on the Horn of Africa and AMISOM, a

substantial gap exists in comprehending the intricate dynamics and evaluating the true impact

of AMISOM’s effort in state building and peacekeeping in the region due to limited on time

evidence regarding the role and efforts of AU in Somalia, to state build and peace keep.

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND

METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This section outlines the methodological procedures and step-by-step study plan utilized to

arrive at the results and findings. These include the study’s site selection, research design,

target population, sampling technique, data collection tools and techniques and data analysis.
3.1 Research design
According to Mugenda M. O. (2003), a research design is a framework, general strategy, or

plan developed to combine the various study units in a logical and acceptable manner,

ensuring that the research problem is effectively handled. It included a plan for gathering,

measuring, and analyzing data. Qualitative research was used, specifically a case study

design. A case study design is a form of qualitative research. This research design is

preferred so that the researcher can gain concrete and in-depth knowledge about how

effective AU in Somalia has been in stabilizing the Somali government.

3.2 Site of the Study

The study location is Somalia
Figure 1. The Map

of Somalia

Source: Political Map of Somalia [Link]

[Link]

3.3 Sampling technique

Sampling is the process of selecting a number of individuals from the target population to

form a representative sample of the whole population (Mugenda and Mugenda, 2003, pg.

12). An ideal sample is one that satisfies the criteria for effectiveness, representativeness,

dependability, and adaptability. In this research, purposive sampling was used. The sampling

technique will prioritize diversity and representation, ensuring that various perspectives and
experiences are captured. Purposive sampling is the use of non- probability sampling

techniques in which units are selected on purpose without doing it randomly.

3.4 Data Collection

Data collection allows us to collect information that is relevant to the topic you are

researching on. The data used in this study is secondary data. collected from documents,

reports, and historical records related to the Horn of Africa and AMISOM’s activities.

3.5 Data Collection Procedure

Deskt research was used to explore data from previous research to reports and historical

records related to the Horn of Africa and AMISOM’s activities.

3.5 Data Analysis

A process used by researchers for reducing data to a story and interpreting it to derive

insights. This process allows the reducing of large chunks of data into smaller fragments that

make sense. Data analysis is important because it answers the questions asked. Content

Analysis is used in this study as a form of data analysis. This kind of analysis determines the

presence of certain words, themes or concepts within a given qualitative data as stated by

Columbia (2023). This method will reveal themes, narratives, and historical context relevant

to the research topic.

CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH FINDINGS
4.0 Introduction
Based on the research questions, this chapter illustrates the research findings and discussions.

It is from this chapter that conclusions and recommendations will be drawn.

4.1 Findings per study variable

4.1.1 Research Question 1. What are the successes of AMISOM in state
building and peacekeeping in Somalia?
In his paper of Security Studies, Paul, D. (2009) researched on how AMISOM has been

successful in state building and peacekeeping in Somalia. He notes that The National

Independent Commission, which was established as a result of the growing spirit of

constitutionalism, was responsible for organizing the recently finished presidential and

parliamentary elections in February 2017. He went ahead and mentioned that a peaceful

transition of power is a sign of hope for political harmony and the continuous development of

institutions.

Also, Daniel, B. (2008) measured the success of AMISOM in state building and peace

keeping in Somalia through its military force. He refers to the idea that a military force that is

well-equipped and trained is a crucial instrument in the fight against terrorism. AMISOM

with assistance notably the European Training Mission in Somalia, from foreign partners has

95 junior officers and 4,500 basic soldiers were trained. Additionally, the training programs

are strengthened by sponsored training packages for AMISOM provided by private security

contractors like DynCorp International and Bancroft Global Development, as well as

logistical support provided by the United States to nations that supply troops. However, Paul,

W. (2013) notes in his journal that some analysts note that because the training is being

undertaken in several nations under different viewpoints, it is still insufficient and

disorganized, which prevents forces in the field from having unified command, control, and

cooperation.

4.1.2 Research Question 2. What are the challenges faced by AMISOM in

relation to peace building strategies in Somalia?
According to Mohamed, J. (2013) in his article African Arguments, he suggests that

neighboring states have used the Somalia conflict as an excuse to wage proxy wars while

purportedly aiding AMISOM operations. He used an example of Kenyan and Ethiopian

foreign policy toward Somalia that has historically been influenced more by worries about

each country's internal security than by a wish to see Somalia stabilize. Their involvement in

AMISOM therefore only provided the two states with the financial and political means to

support their own border security. By setting one clan against the other, Ethiopia and Kenya's

conflicting security agendas have shattered AMISOM's main goal. He concludes that the

credibility of the mission is undermined by these contingents' self-serving national security

interests, which can conflict with AMISOM's strategic goals

4.1.3 Research Question 3. How effective has AMISOM been on the

political and security situation in Somalia?
Nduwimana, M. (2021) found in his study that the six-pillar policy framework developed in

October 2012 has been implemented in close collaboration between the FGS and the

AMISOM political unit. These include international cooperation, dialogue and reconciliation,

economic recovery, security, and the rule of law. His study further found that AMISOM has

fostered multiple reconciliation sessions to foster political consensus on matters of national

significance, all in the same spirit. He gave an example of the political office, which was

crucial in bringing together the several federal regions in the southwest under the FGS. More
importantly, he further noted that it signed an agreement between the FGS and the Juba land

government, which had been sowing the seeds of rebellious attitude. Al Shabaab has been

using political stress to prolong the conflict by attracting unhappy parties, but the

reconciliation between the federal government and Juba land administration was essential in

lowering that strain. This is therefore a proof that AMISOM has been effective in the

political situation in Somalia.

He also suggests that the Al Shabaabs eviction from major towns brought about security in

those towns and residents could now go about their day-to-day activities, hence proving that

AMISOM has had amicable effect on the security situation in Somalia.

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Summary
AMISOM has performed admirably in stabilizing Somalia's security situation thanks to the

backing of the international community, including the United States, the United Kingdom,

and the European Union. In collaboration with the Somalia National Security Forces, it has

helped free further towns from Al Shabaab, safeguarded the Federal Government of Somalia,

and improved the security forces' combat prowess. The advancement of AMISOM operations

is nevertheless hampered by the absence of an efficient and cohesive command and control

system.

5.2 Conclusion
This research study concludes that AMISOM has greatly impacted the state building in

Somalia, through the various military and mission’s strategy. This has been achieved by the
well-defined mandate of the AMISOM. The advancement of AMISOM operations is

however hampered by the absence of a cohesive and efficient command and control system.

The result of the fragmentation of command is that AMISOM force headquarters has lost the

authority to control troop-contributing, undermining the basic norms of peacekeeping

missions such as impartiality, consent, and use of proportional force.

5.3 Recommendation
The international community should supply AMISOM and the Federal Government of

Somalia with the tools and funding they need to successfully stabilize the country in order to

ensure the long-term security of the freed areas and the stabilization of the entire country.

Consistent finance (i.e., mission subsistence allowance) and strategic force multipliers and

enablers (i.e., aviation assets and a strong logistics system) are required.

5.3.1 Suggestion for Further Research

 Public Opinion and Perception

Research to examine Somalia's public opinion and assessment of the AU's involvement in

fighting terrorism would be more effective in understanding the role of AU in Somalia. The

research should recognize the locals' perspectives on the AU forces' presence and the effects

these efforts have on their day-to-day existence.

 Impact on the civilian population

Examine how Somalia's civilian population is affected by counterterrorism initiatives

spearheaded by the AU. Examine the effects of military actions and security measures on

access to essential services, human rights, and displacement.

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APPENDIX

Source Title Author Publication Source type

ID Year
1 The African Union Mission Paul Daniels 2009 Research
in Somalia Paper
2 The Five Front War Daniel Byman 2008 Journal article
3 Kenya’s Misbehavior and Mohamed 2013 Report
Consequences Jibril
Disrespecting the
AMISOM Mandate
4 AMISOM in Somalia Nduwimana 2021 Book section
Michael