Republic of the Philippines

SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY

Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
Telefax Nos. 086-214-4211/5068
www.sdssu.edu.ph
GRADUATE SCHOOL

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Effective teaching in mathematics requires an understanding of what the

students need to know, to learn, and to support them to learn it better. Teachers

need to understand and be committed to their students and be skillful in choosing

and using a variety of pedagogical strategies and learning materials to be

effective. The use of different teaching strategies in mathematics is one of the

promising innovations to improve teaching and to create a meaningful learning

experience for the students. Hence, further contextualization of worktext in

mathematics is a great help for the students to learn the material more easily

because they can work directly in their books.

Mopera (2011) state that teachers believe that utilization of instructional

worktext could be one effective means of addressing the difficulty since it

enhances knowledge, thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, as well as

incorporate recent advances in disciplinary content. Morales (2014) cited from

the study of Aguinaldo pointed out that contextualized learning materials (CLMs)

would allow students to process new concepts in such a way that it makes sense

to them in their frames of reference. Studies have shown that students favored

the use of CLMs due to the presence of their mother-tongue language,

representation of their culture and values (Acorda&Furigay, 2015), and

 Republic of the Philippines
Surigao Del Sur State University
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
GRADUATE SCHOOL

improvement in their achievement scores (Iji, Ogbole, &Uka, 2014). Shore,

Shore, and Boggs (2004) reported that students who received contextualized

instruction performed better in mathematics compare to those who are in a

conventional course. Further, Olumorin et al. (2010) recommended that teachers

should attempt to produce improvised materials for their teaching from local

resources.

Since the country has a very varied culture across its sixteen regions, the

available textbooks provided to the students may not cater to their local needs.

Based on the personal observation of the researcher, the learning materials used

in the field were centralized in Luzon and there are fewer examples that can be

seen in a different locality. The materials contained from these books may be

irrelevant to the learners’ needs (Tomlinson, 2003). This is particularly the case

in mathematics where the lesson exercises are not suited to the context of

students’ lived experiences. To develop a mathematical understanding of the

students’ is manifested in their ability to relate and communicate to previously

acquired knowledge and be able to identify its practical purpose and apply it to

real-life situations. Another problem was the insufficient number of textbooks that

can be used by the students. Lastly, the issue of lower than expected

mathematics achievement is a persistent worry for education leaders and

policymakers.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Surigao Del Sur State University
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
GRADUATE SCHOOL

With this problem, the researcher sought to find out if the use of

contextualized modular worktext in teaching mathematics enhances the

academic performance of the students in Grade 9 Mathematics. The result of the

study served a significant role in the field of teaching especially in Mathematics 9.

This can be a basis for uplifting the mathematics teacher’s performance in

teaching mathematics and to improve the students’ academic performance in

their mathematics lessons.

Theoretical Framework/Conceptual Framework

This study is anchored to McGriff (2000), ADDIE Model or Analysis,

Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation Model created by Florida

State University in 1975 is an iterative instructional design process, where the

results of the formative analysis of every part could lead the educational designer

back to any previous part. The end product of one phase is the starting product

of the next phase (Saad, 2010). It is a well-known method of instructional design

According to Reigeluth (1999), Instructional Design Theory is a twin-

pronged instrument for facilitating learning and human development. Contending

that the methods of instruction and situations for learning are essential for

learning to take place among learners. It emphasizes the students’ what is being

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 Republic of the Philippines
Surigao Del Sur State University
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
GRADUATE SCHOOL

learned and how to facilitate learning that help to improve the quality of

instruction.

This study was also guided by law in the Philippine Education- Republic

Act No. 10533, An Act Enhancing the Philippine Basic Education System by

strengthening its curriculum, and increasing the number of years for basic

education, allocating funds therefor and for other purposes. The production and

development of regionally created teaching materials shall be inspired, and

approval of those materials shall devolve to the regional and division education

units.

Rionda (2016), a teacher training expert at the College of Education -

University of The Philippines stated that in developing instructional materials

whether for general or specific purposes, the material writers need to follow a

system of material design. This system presented a plan for designing,

developing, trying out, and evaluating new sets of materials. Learning is a

conscious knowledge of language rules, which is derived from formal instruction.

Learning approaches are specifications taken by the learner to make learning

easier, faster, more gratifying, more self-directed, and more adaptable to new

situations, which is the primary concern about this material.

The schematic diagram as reflected in figure 1 below shows the

conceptual flow of the study. The first box shows the methods of teaching which

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 Republic of the Philippines
Surigao Del Sur State University
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
GRADUATE SCHOOL

are traditional using the DepEd Learning Modules and experimental using the

contextualized modular worktext. The researcher will use a total of four-groups

as the respondents. Two will be the controlled group and the other two will be the

experimental group.

The second box shows the academic achievement of the students. Before

the instruction, a pre-test will be done to both groups with the same

questionnaire. After that, in the controlled group, the researcher will conduct the

class using the DepEd Learning Modules. In the experimental group, the

researcher will administer the class through the use of contextualized modular

worktext. After the two ways instruction in each group, the researcher will

conduct a post-test to both groups with the same questionnaire. Their posttest

scores will serve as their academic achievement.

The third box shows mathematical ability. This will show the result from

the relationship between methods of teaching and the academic achievement of

students.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Surigao Del Sur State University
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
GRADUATE SCHOOL

Methods of Teaching
Academic Achievement
Traditional (Posttest Score)

Experimental

Mathematical Ability

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

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 Republic of the Philippines
Surigao Del Sur State University
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
GRADUATE SCHOOL

Objectives of the Problem

Generally, the primary objective of this study is to determine the comparative

effect of the contextualized modular worktext and the existing learning materials

to the mathematical academic achievement of Grade 9 students.

Specifically, this study intends to:

1. Determine the mean gain score of students concluded from their pre-

test and post-test mean scores when taught using the two teaching

methods;

2. Determine the significant difference of student mean gain score when

taught using the two teaching methods;

3. Determine the mean gain score of students when grouped according

to their mathematical level; and

4. Determine the significant interaction effect of students’ academic

achievement when taught using the two teaching methods and when

grouped according to their mathematical level.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study focused on determining the learning effectiveness of the

contextualized modular worktext in the conduct of mathematics instruction.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Surigao Del Sur State University
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
GRADUATE SCHOOL

The respondents of the study were the Grade 9 students of Mabuhay

National High School who took Grade 9 mathematics during the academic year

2019-2020 for the fourth quarter.

The content of the contextualized Modular worktext is validated by five (5)

Mathematics experts in the Division of Agusan del Sur.

The constructed contextualized modules covered the following lessons: (1)

The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Secant, Cosecant, and

Cotangent, (2) Trigonometric Ratios and Special Angles, (3) Angles of Elevation

and Angles of Depression, (4) Word Problems Involving Right Triangles, and (5)

Oblique Triangles.

The items found in the questionnaires were constructed based on the

proposed contextualized modular worktext. All items reflected in the

questionnaire were constructed and after which undergone validation by the help

of the experts who are knowledgeable in the field.

Significance of the Study

The results of the study are deemed significant to the following

individuals/groups:

Department of Education (DepEd). In line with the Mission, Vision, and

Core Values of DepEd, the outcome of the study may help the department to

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 Republic of the Philippines
Surigao Del Sur State University
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
GRADUATE SCHOOL

develop effective programs to enhance quality instruction. Hence, encouraging

more teachers to grow in terms of producing academic papers like researches,

workbooks, and worktexts. Consequently, it may also increase the global

competitiveness of the instructors.

Administrators and Department Heads. The study may help them in

planning and conducting relevant in-service training for teachers to encourage

them in developing instructional materials like workbooks and worktexts that will

be beneficial to the students and the school. Thus, encouraging the teachers to

develop the skills in producing different researches, journals, instructional

materials, and the like that will lead to the growth in the efficacy and efficiency of

the teachers.

Mathematics Teachers. The teachers may be benefited most from this

study. This may allow them to appraise and equate the effects of the use of

worktext in the learning process. This can be used solely or in complimentary

with other Trigonometry references used in their teaching. The activities can be

used as-is or modified to suit the needs of their particular learners.

Students. This study may change the quality of instruction that they ought to

receive from their teachers. They may have the chance to restudy the lessons

that are not clear to them. With the use of the worktext, the students may be able

to experience other learning and teaching style aside from the old-fashioned

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 Republic of the Philippines
Surigao Del Sur State University
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
GRADUATE SCHOOL

memorization and lecture methods. Students might be able to develop

independence in learning and appreciate their tasks and development.

Learning Schools. The study may assist different learning schools in

providing them another instructional material for the academic growth of students

in the learning process. The worktext provides unique parts such as calculator

tips and challenges which may not be visible in other workbooks in Trigonometry.

The study also aims to encourage these schools to promote the production of

instructional materials that will address all the needs of the students. Of course,

the contents of the material should be aligned with the mission and vision of the

Department of Education (DepEd). Furthermore, the study encourages the

teaching workforce to become globally competitive.

Future Researchers. This study may serve as a reference for other

researchers who would like to deal with the development of instructional

materials. Changes could be made to suit the needs of their circumstances. They

may use the findings of this study as a basis for related studies in the same field

of undertaking

Board of Trustees. The output of this study may be used by the Board as a

reference in the formulation of policies in the development of teaching materials

for other subjects. Being of charge in the policies of the school, this study may

also pave the problem of insufficient books since these materials are beneficial

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 Republic of the Philippines
Surigao Del Sur State University
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
GRADUATE SCHOOL

for the academic growth of the students. Also, to avoid the photocopying of

published books existing in the school libraries.

Definition of Terms

Key terms in the study were defined, either conceptually or operationally, to

facilitate an easy understanding of the terminologies:

Academic Achievement. It refers to the scores obtained by the students in

the Posttest to be administered.

Conventional. It is based on or following what is generally done or believed.

It is a method in which purely discussion is done.

Contextualized Modular Worktext – validated self-constructed instructional

materials comprising both instruction and practice on proving using the Principle

of Mathematical Induction.

Curriculum guide. A set of learning competencies, content standards,

performance standards, and grade-level standards specified to a particular

subject area from kindergarten to Grade 12 of the Department of Education.

Experimental. It is the method that the researchers change the strategy to

experiment with its effects, as the conventional is the original experiment’s

results. Such when an individual wants to know the effect of changing a strategy.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Surigao Del Sur State University
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
GRADUATE SCHOOL

Instructional Materials. They refer to the learning materials for both

students and teachers.

Mathematical Ability. It refers to the Mathematics Third Quarter Grade of

the Grade 9 student-respondents. Classified as above average, average, and

below average.

Mathematical Experts. These refer to the Mathematics teacher who

validated the content of the developed contextualized modules in Mathematics 9.

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