ADDIS ABEBA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
(HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING)
HYDRODYNAMICS ASSIGNMENT I
NAME ID NO
1. ABDUREZAK ARAGE GSR0152/11
2. ASNAKE MOLLA GSR01
3. MOHAMMED WAMOLO GSR01
4. NESREDIN BASHAWAL GSR01
SUBMITTED TO: SISSAY D (PhD)
Introduction
Hydrostatics is the study of liquid problems in which there is no relative motion between liquid
elements. i.e. When liquids are stationary or at rest.
The discussion focuses on Fluid pressure at a point and along depth and its force on plane and
curved surface. If the total force, F is uniformly distributed over an area A, then P= F/A [N/m2]
If the force is not uniformly distributed, the expression of P will be the average value. If the
pressure varies from point to point, the pressure at any point is given by: P = dF/dA Where, dF =
the force acting on an elementary area, dA.
A mass of fluid kept in a container/solid boundary exerts forces against the boundary surfaces.
The forces are always acted in a direction normal to the surface. Because the fluid is at rest,
there are no shear stresses in it. The pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same in all
directions – Pascal’s Law. Proof: Consider a two dimensional small wedge shaped fluid element
having unit width normal to plane of the paper.
Let P1, P2 and P3 be the average pressure acting on faces ab, ac and bc, respectively
Since the wedge of fluid is in equilibrium ∑
P1 = P3
Similarly,
1
∑ 𝛾 𝑐𝑜
2 𝑐𝑜
1
𝛾
2
If dz shrinks to a point and W becomes zero, thus at a point, P2 = P3 Therefore, the
pressure at a point is independent of its orientation.
Pressure variation in a fluid at rest
Consider a small parallelepiped fluid element of size dxdydz at any point in a static mass of
fluid. Since the fluid is at rest, the element is in equilibrium under the various forces acting on it.
Let P be the pressure intensity at the midpoint of the element.
2
𝑐
2
∑ ( )
2 2
With similar analysis in y direction, we can get:
y direction, we can get:
( ) 𝛾 ( )
2 2
Therefore, pressure is only a function of Z and 𝛾 which is the basic equation of
fluid static. For homogenous and incompressible fluids, is constant. Therefore Where, c is
the constant of integration and is equal to the value of P at z = 0.
But since z is measured vertically downward, c implies the pressure at the free surface of the
fluid (atmospheric pressure) . Normally expressed as: 𝛾 For a point lying in the free
surface of the fluid z= H+Zo and If Po is the atmospheric pressure at the free surface, then the
constant of integration C = Po + (H+Zo)
Substituting this value of C in the above equation gives
𝛾 𝛾
Since the point lies in the fluid at a depth h below the free surface and for this point z = H+Zo-h,
substituting for z in the above equation gives:
𝛾
For liquids γ is constant
∫ 𝛾∫
𝛾
𝛾 Or
The pressure at a point in a static mass of liquid depends only upon the vertical depth of the point
below the free surface and the specific weight of the liquid, and it does not depend upon the
shape and size of the bounding container
P =P =P
A B C
Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces
A static mass of fluid comes in contact with a surface exerts a force on the surface in a direction
normal to the surface. This force is known as total pressure force. The point of application of
total pressure force – center of pressure. The fluid may be in contact with:
• plane surface
Horizontal plane surface
Vertical plane surface
Inclined plane surface
• Curved surface
Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces
For design purposes, it is essential to calculate the magnitude, direction and location of total
forces on surfaces submerged in a liquid.
A) Horizontal Plane Surfaces
The surface is at a depth h below the free surface of the liquid.
Since every point on the surface is at the same depth, the pressure is constant over the entire
plane surface. i.e. 𝛾 Therefore, Acting at the centroid of the surface
B) Force on a vertical plane surface:
Here, since the depth of liquid varies from point to point on the surface, the pressure is not
constant over the entire surface. Therefore, the total pressure force on the entire surface is:
∫ 𝛾∫
Where∫ is the first moment of the area about 0-0 ∫
𝛾
For a vertical plane surface, the CP does not coincide with the centeroid of the area. Since the
pressure increases with depth, the CP lies below the centroid of the surface area. This position
can be determined as follows. Taking the moment of F about O-O, ---- (1)
The total force on the strip is
𝛾 and its moment about O-O is 𝛾
Thus, the sum of the moments of the force on all the strips ∫ 𝛾∫ ………………..(2)
Equating (1) and (2), 𝛾∫
But 𝐼 ∫ is the second moment of inertiaTherefore, 𝛾𝐼
𝛾𝐼
𝛾𝐼
𝛾
Further from the parallel axis theorem 𝐼 𝐼
Where 𝐼 is the moment of inertia of the area about an axis passing through the centeroid of the
area and parallel to axis O-O.
Since for any plane surface the factor is always positive,
i.e. the center of pressure is always below the centroid of the area
Forces on inclined Plane Surfaces:
∫ ∫
Where ∫ is the first moment of the area about 0 ∫
The moment of the force dF about 0 is
𝛾 𝛾
𝛾
This may be integrated over the area and set equal to Fy
c
𝛾 ∫
∫ is the second moment of the area about 0-0
𝐼𝛾 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
𝛾
𝐼 Moment of y acts at the center of pressure which is at a distance e below the center of
c
gravity such that
𝐼
𝑒
But and
2
𝐼𝐶𝐺
For the equation is the same as that for vertical plane and For the equation
holds true for horizontal plane surface Where, I = moment of inertia about the horizontal axis
C.G
o-o through the center of gravity
Forces on curved surfaces
∫ ∫ 𝛾
∫ ∫ 𝑐𝑜 𝛾
Fv = the weight of the liquid above the surface
Fh = the force exerted on the vertical projection of the curved surface.
Av = the projected area of the curved surface on the vertical plane BD
V = the volume of the water prism extending over the curved area to the free surface
tan
The direction of the resultant force, F
