Report

in
SOCSTUD 107
World History 2
Chapter 2: The United States Arises
Topic/s: From Discovery to Independence
Growth of the United States
The America Civil War
American as a World Power

Submitted by:

Cyril Laureano & Yeza Sumagysay

BSEd Social Studies 2

Submitted to:
Mrs. Jhenina Oducado
Course Facilitator
 THE UNITED STATES ARISES
The United States of America began as a colony of many immigrants. Except for the American
Indians, all of its original inhabitants were immigrants of the Europeans settlers and African slaves.
They could pick up gold and silver or get rich from tobacco and indigo plantations and then return to
the Old World (Europe) to enjoy their new wealth.
The new nation grew powerful, and America eventually surpassed most European countries in the
achievement of a democratic society and of national greatness.
I. From Discovery to Independence
A. The New World
America became known as "mundus novas (the New World) due to Amerigo Vespucci. -In 1507, a
German geographer gave the name "America" in the New World in honor of the banker of Columbus
voyage.
B. Nation of Immigrants
 From the 16 to the 17th centuries, Spanish, British, French, Dutch and Swedish peoples
colonized various parts of North America.
 To the British, it was known as "The Thirteen Colonies" To the Spanish, it was California, or
Florida. To the French, it was Louisiana.
 As John Adams, one of the Founding Fathers of the new nation, wrote, the revolution
happened long before the war began.
C. Nation of Christians
 In the 1730s to 1750s, a spiritual revival called "the Great Awakening” broke out in the
colonies, due to the influence of Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, two Christian
evangelists.
 It helped to reform the character of the new immigrants and unite them as "brothers" in a new
nation.
D. The American Revolution
 During the American Revolution, or War for Independence, from April 19, 1775 to October
19, 1781, thirteen colonies separated from England.
 No taxation without representation, was their cry of protest against the British Taxes to evade
the taxes, they smuggled various products rum, sugar, molasses, coffee, and textiles.
 Patrick Henry in Virginia urged separation from England, and he cried, "Give me liberty, or
give me death!
 On March 5. 1770, British soldiers in Boston opened fire on a hostile but unarmed
demonstration, killing five men. -Boston Tea Party." One the night of December 16, 1773, a
group of American patriots, disguised as Indians, crept into British ships at the harbor and
dumped the cargoes of tea into the sea.
 April 19, 1775, the first shot of the war was fired at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts.
Dozens of Minutemen were alerted by Paul Revere, a patriot. They fought hundreds of
British "Redcoats" (British soldiers) in the bloody skirmishes.
Causes of the American Revolution
1. Economic policies of Britain. - The British authorities wanted to make as much money out of the
New World to add to their home treasury and finance their wars in Europe.
 2. The Stamp Act of 1765. -This act required documentary tax stamps on all publications,
commercial bills, legal documents and public papers.
3. Inspiration of Enlightenment philosophers. -American leaders adopted the works of John Locke,
Montesquieu, and Rousseau who championed the natural rights and freedom, limited government, social
contract, and revolution against an unjust government.
4. Representation in Parliament. American colonists wanted the right to have an American
representative to the parliament in London. In short, their slogan was "no taxation without representation."
Declaration of Independence
 On July 4, 1776, the delegates signed the Declaration of Independence which was written by
Thomas Jefferson, a young scholar Jefferson was influenced by the Ideas of John Locke and
other Enlightenment scholars.
The Declaration of Independence consisted of three parts:
1) a statement echoing John Locke on a people's natural rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness:
2) a list of the oppressive acts of the British: and
3) the pledge of the members of Congress to defend American independence with their lives, their
fortunes, and their sacred honor.
E. Proclaim Liberty
 The new nation was filled with a vision that Christianity and democracy bring freedom and
hope beginning with the Mayflower Pilgrims to the Declaration of Independence. Making of
the Constitution.
 Although the fighting ended in 1783, the new nation was not really sure if it could truly stand
alone.
 The federal government took care of the national army and foreign policy. Individual states
took care of their police, local commerce, and education.
 The prominent delegates were James Madison (Father of the Constitution"), Alexander
Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, and George Washington.
 The American Constitution was the first written constitution in the world (unlike the British
who have an unwritten constitution).
 The Constitution was finished and signed by the delegates on September 17, 1787. It was
ratified (approved) by the 13 states on June 21, 1788 and took effect in 1789.
F. Making of the Constitution
 Although the fighting ended in 1783, the new nation was not really sure if it could truly stand
alone.
 The federal government took care of the national army and foreign policy. Individual states
took care of their police, local commerce, and education.
 The prominent delegates were James Madison (Father of the Constitution"), Alexander
Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, and George Washington.
 The American Constitution was the first written constitution in the world (unlike the British
who have an unwritten constitution).
 The Constitution was finished and signed by the delegates on September 17, 1787. It was
ratified (approved) by the 13 states on June 21, 1788 and took effect in 1789.
  In 1789, George Washington became the first president, and John Adams, the first vice-
president - When the Constitution was sent to the states for approval, they asked for a bill of
rights to guarantee the personal liberties of citizens.
 In 1791, the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution as the first ten amendments.
G. Second War for Independence (1812- 14)
 On June 18, 1812, the American Congress declared war on Britain again due to attacks by British
forces on American territories and ships.
 The Americans won most of the land and sea battles, and the second war ended with a treaty on
December 24, 1814.
 It was during this second war that the American national anthem, "The Star Spangled Banner," was
composed by Francis Scott Key.

II. Growth of the United States

A. Impact of the American Revolution.

 The American Revolution established a new country, the United States of America. Instead of a
monarchy, the US was a democratic republic that protected the liberties of its citizens. The impact of
the American Revolution was far-reaching. To many people in Europe and other parts of the world,
the American Revolution symbolized a dramatic triumph of people against abusive rulers.
 The Americans had put the ideas of the Enlightenment into practice. The Declaration of
Independence and the American Constitution would be used as models by other peoples aspiring for
independence.
B. Growth of the United States and a Second Great Awakening
 The first century of America was marked by phenomenal growth and expansion.
 The 1790 population of 3.9 million had grown to 31 million in 1860. In 1790, the Union comprised
17 states with an area of 890,000 square miles. By 1833, there were 33 states and three times the
area. The United States expanded from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
 In the 1800 to 1830s, another Christian revival, the Second Great Awakening reprised the first
revival. It started in New England on the east coast, and followed the westward movement of the
nation. It engaged several Protestant churches, and introduced the tent revival meetings in frontier
areas.
 Charles G. Finney and other evangelists emphasized the values which had helped to make the nation
grow a strong Protestant work ethic, frugality, self-reliance, and no drunkenness.
 The Second Great Awakening in the 19th century encouraged the distribution of the Bible and bible
tracts by Christian organizations and Bible societies.
 They encouraged social reforms, in particular the abolition of slavery, women suffrage, prison
reform, and the ban on liquor. After this revival, profound changes affected America the Civil War
ended slavery; the North industrialized; settlers went to the West; the Indian wars were won; Hawaii
was occupied; Americans spread the Gospel abroad; the Philippines and other Spanish colonies were
annexed; and the US became a world power.
C. The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
 After it secured its own independence, the US became a beacon of democracy and freedom for other
countries. It sided with the Latin American revolutions in the1820s. In December 1823, President
Monroe declared that the Western Hemisphere was no longer open to European colonization or
influence.
  Any attempt to extend European influence in the continent would mean war with the US. The
Monroe Doctrine saved the newly independent republics of Latin America from being reconquered
by Spain or another European power.
 The Monroe Doctrine was important for the peace of South America and for the rise of America as a
world power.
D. The Gettysburg Address
 On November 19, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln went to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, where one
of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War had just ended in a victory for the North. He was dedicating
the battlefield cemetery.
 The Civil War had turned "brother against brother," and Lincoln wanted to refresh the ideals for
which they were fighting.
 It was published, and became one of the classic speeches for democracy

III. The American Civil War

A. The American Civil War

 If the first war of the US was a "war for independence," historians regard the Civil War (1861-65) as
the real revolution. The Civil War brought a more radical transformation of American society,
involving a conflict of society, like the French and Russian Revolutions.
 The event which formed the modern American civilization was the Civil War (1861-65). It was a war
against slavery, and it affirmed the so-called natural right that "all men are created equal," regardless
of color.
 In March 1861, Abraham Lincoln (1809- 65) became the 16th US president. He was known to favor
the emancipation (freedom) of African slaves who worked in Southern plantations. The abolition of
slavery passed as the 13th amendment to the US Constitution. Eleven (11) Southern states left the
33-state Union. The 11 Southern states established a separate Confederacy, with Jefferson Davis as
their president.
 Thus, in April 1861, the American Civil War (1861-65) began. It was also known as the War of
Secession of the South. Led by General Robert E. Lee, the Confederate Army of the South won the
early battles. But the tide of war turned at the Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, in November
1863. (See story of the Gettysburg Address of President Lincoln.) The "Yankee" Northerners
eventually won the civil war under the leadership of General Ulysses S. Grant. The war finally
ended on April 9, 1865, after the burning of Atlanta, Georgia.
B. The South Lost
 Results of the Civil War. The American Civil War was the deadliest and costliest war in
American history. It exerted a profound change on American history and on the profile of the
nation. After the Civil War, the South, the former source of American wealth and power,
collapsed and did not rise again until the 1960s. Some historians consider that "the real
American Revolution" happened after the Civil War, when the North industrialized, the West
was settled, and the Americans found new prosperity.
The results of the Civil War were as follows:
1) 3.5 million African slaves were freed due to the Emancipation Proclamation or 13th Amendment to the
Constitution.
2) President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865 by a famous Southern actor John Wilkes
Booth who hated their defeat.
3) The South lost, and the union of the United States was preserved.
4) The source of feudal wealth, the agricultural plantations, was destroyed, and the South did not rise again
until the mid-20th century.
5) The battle casualties of 1,030,000 soldiers exceeded all American deaths in all other wars fought by the
US, including World War Two.
6) About 5% of the American population died in the war, due to battles and diseases.
7) The reconstruction period brought a more progressive and stronger society.
 Before the Civil War, the most powerful class in America was the plantation aristocracy in the
Southern states. The Civil War and the events that followed reversed the whole picture. A
new class of ambitious, self-made entrepreneurs, composed of free farmers of the West,
industrial capitalists of the Eastern cities, and bold "carpet-baggers" of the North, became the
new economic leaders. They took advantage of new opportunities in railroads, mines and
towns. They strengthened the economic and political power of the United States. Out of the
ashes of the Civil War emerged a new industrial giant and world power.
 The African-American slaves were given freedom, but most did not enjoy full civil rights. It
took another civil rights battle in the 1960s led by Martin Luther King Jr., an American
pastor, and other activists to ensure full desegregation of Southern schools, buses and public
places, as well as voting rights for African-Americans.

IV. America as a World Power

A. Rise of Industrial America

 Within half a century following the Civil War, the United States emerged as an industrial
country. Its small industries grew into giant industries. Its domestic and foreign commerce
prospered. Its communication and transportation facilities developed and soon surpassed
those of European countries. Its inventive geniuses Robert Fulton, Eli Whitney, Cyrus
McCormick, Elias Howe, Alexander Graham Bell, Samuel Morse, Thomas Edison, and
others contributed to its industrial advance.
 America's industrial production was accelerated by mass production, big business, and good
labor treatment. American factories turned out products by the thousands daily, instead of by
the dozens as in the 18th century. The invention of mass production systems, for example,
enabled Henry Ford to increase his production of cars, lower their costs and expand sales.
 Americans invented "big business" capitalism. "Big business" means the establishment of
giant corporations owned by a few capitalists who control entire industries, such as banking,
oil, steel, transport, etc.
B. The United States as a World Power
 The rich China trade awakened American interest in the East. William H. Seward, the
Secretary of State (1861-69) foresaw that someday Asia would be the chief arena of world
events. But it was during William McKinley's presidency that America emerged as a global
power because of the Philippines.
 President McKinley (1897-1901) annexed Hawaii in 1898. In the same year, the Spanish-
American War broke out, and the United States acquired the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto
Rico. By defeating Spain, a world power, and acquiring the Philippines, the United States
became a first-class world power itself for the first time.
 According to President McKinley, he annexed the Philippines to spread Protestant
Christianity and the Bible. American missionaries came to the Philippines, and openly
distributed Bibles for the first time in the islands. The Philippines became a haven for
American and other Western missionaries fleeing persecution in China and other closed door
Asian countries. Missionaries established the Far East Broadcasting
  Corporation, which broadcast the gospel in many Asian languages. New Christian
denominations introduced Filipinos to biblical Christianity and established bible colleges to
train Filipino pastors and workers. Because of US training the Filipinos became the first in
Asia to experience modern democracy and republican government.
 From 1898, onwards, the United States set on a new course. No longer were its interests
confined to the Western Hemisphere. It became concerned with the maintenance of the
balance of power in Europe and elsewhere. From 1898 the United States intervened secretly
or openly in international relations the Open Door Policy in China, the Russo- Japanese War
of 1905, the First and Second World Wars, the United Nations, the Cold War, the fall of
Communism, and the War on Terror (2001).
 In over 200 years of history, the United States has been one of the most stable, richest, and
most-developed countries in the world. At the beginning of the 21st century, it became the
last remaining superpower. It remains the world champion of democracy and capitalism, even
if its economy and confidence have declined.
C. Christianity: The Source of American Greatness
Historians have noted that the Christian influence 1 was crucial to great moves in American history.
Indeed, in comparison to the policies and behavior of other imperial and great powers in history, the
American use of power was exercised with restraint and some benevolence. Due to their economic recession
and moral decline, Christians in America today question their failure to appreciate how Christianity made
their nation great.