HYPERTEXT AND INTERTEXT

Hypertext – a text that links to other information . By clicking or

tapping on it, you can jump to a different part of the document or another document
altogether.
It comes from the Greek word “hyper”, meaning above, beyond, or more than normal
and “text” which simply means written words or content.
- The term was first used by Ted Nelson in the early 1960s to
describe a system of structuring and displaying text in a
manner that is not linear in which the reader can go from one ext to another within a few
clicks.
( Hyperlinks) -Words, phrases, or images that, when clicked, take
the reader to another piece of content.
Non-Linear
Structure - Unlike traditional text, hypertext isn’t read in order
from start to finish. Readers explore based on their
interests or needs.
Interactive and Dynamic - Readers actively engage by choosing their path
through the information. Content can include
multimedia like videos, images, or animations.

Intertext - the connection or relationship between one text and

other texts, where a text refers to, builds on, or is influenced by
another.
It comes from the Latin word "inter", meaning between or among, and
“text” which refers to written words or content.
The term intertext originates from the concept of
intertextuality, which was introduced by Julia
Kristeva, a literary theorist, in the late 1960s. Kristeva
coined the term intertextuality to describe how a text
derives meaning through its interaction with and
references to other texts. While Kristeva formalized the
concept, the idea itself has existed throughout literary history.

Key Features of Intertext:

References - It involves one text mentioning or referencing another
text, creating a relationship between them. This can
include direct or indirect citations or even just
thematic connections.
Influence - It often reflects how one text influences or shapes another. A text may adopt
ideas, themes, or
structures from previous works, contributing to the
creation of new meaning.
Contextual Connections - Understanding a text often requires knowledge of
other texts it connects to. Intertextuality helps
provide a richer, more layered interpretation of a work
by looking at how it relates to other texts.
[Link] - It is when the author restates what the other texts contain.
2. Allusion - A statement that directly or indirectly refers to an idea or passage in
another text without quoting the text.
3. Quotation - The method of directly lifting the exact statements or set of words from a
text another author has made.
4. Pastiche - A text written in a way that imitates the style or other properties of another
text, without mocking the text.
5. Parody - A piece of writing that uses many of the same elements of another but
does it in a new and funny way.

Critical reading as form of reasoning.

Critical thinking it’s more than just thinking; it’s a deliberate process that involves several
key elements. In short, critical thinking involves questioning, analyzing, and evaluating
information before accepting it as truth. It’s a skill that can be learned and improved upon
with practice. It’s essential for making informed decisions, solving problems effectively,
and navigating the complexities of the world around us.

Critical reading as a form of reasoning involves actively engaging with a text to analyze,
interpret and evaluate its arguments evidence and underlying assumptions.

Process requires reasoning such as :

1. Previewing - Gaining an overview of the text before reading to understand it’s

structure and purpose.
2. Annotating - Actively engaging with the text by taking notes, underlying key points,
and summarizing.

[Link] - Condensing the main ideas in your own words to reinforce.

[Link] - Asking questions about the text deepen comprehension and engage with
the author’s arguments.

[Link] Arguments - Identifying the author’s claims, evidence, and reasoning to

assess the strength of the arguments.

[Link] Patterns - Noticing repeated themes, structures, and rhetorical devices

that contribute to meaning.

[Link] - Thinking critically about the text’s significance, connections to other ideas,
and personal interpretation.
POSITION PAPER

POSITION PAPER - A position paper is a detailed report that outlines someone's

viewpoint on a specific topic, usually addressing an issue, problem, or policy. It explains
the reasoning behind their stance, supports it with facts, and suggestions or solutions.

Introduction - Introduces the issue and sets the context.

Thesis Statement - States the main argument or position.
Statement of the problem - Explains the issue and its importance.
Argumentation - Presents evidence to support the position.
Counter arguments and Refutation - Acknowledges opposing views and refutes them.
Conclusion - Summarizes the argument and suggests action.
References or Bibliography - Lists the sources used in the paper.

ARTICLE CRITIQUE/ BOOK REVIEW

Book Review (Overview)

A book review evaluates a book’s story, characters, themes, and
writing style. it’s an analysis combined with personal
opinions. When writing a book review, we need to consider the author’s
viewpoint, purpose, and main points. We also assess whether the book
was effective in achieving its goals.

Article Critique (Overview)

An article critique analyzes an article’s arguments, evidence, and [Link] an
article critique, we analyze the key arguments, evidence, and reasoning used by the
author. We also assess the clarity, logic, and
credibility of the article. Please read the definition and example.

Features of an Article Critique

Objective Analysis – Focuses on logic and evidence rather than
personal opinions.
Evaluation of Strengths and Weaknesses – Identifies what the
article does well and where it lacks.
Formal Tone – Uses academic or professional language.
Evidence-Based – Uses examples from the article to support the
critique.
Well-Structured – Follows a clear format (Introduction, Summary,
Critique, Conclusion).

Parts of an Article Critique

1. Introduction
• Provides the title, author, and purpose of the article.
• Includes a brief summary of what the article discusses.
• Example: In the article ‘The Impact of social media on
Teenagers,’ Dr. Smith argues that social media negatively affects
mental health by increasing anxiety and loneliness.
2. Summary of the Article
• Explains the main points of the article without adding personal
opinions yet.
• Example: “The author supports the claim by citing studies on
screen time and psychological effects.”
3. Critique (Analysis & Evaluation)
• Examines how strong or weak the article’s arguments are.
• Considers evidence, bias, clarity, and effectiveness.
• Example: “While the article presents valid concerns, it lacks
counterarguments, making it one-sided.”
4. Conclusion
• Summarizes key findings.
• States whether the article was effective or not.
• Example: “Overall, the article raises awareness about mental
health but needs a more balanced discussion.

Application letter is a written request for a job, internship, or admission, outlining the
applicant’s qualifications and interest in the position or opportunity. An application
letter, also known as a cover letter, is a formal document sent to an employer when
applying for a job, internship, or any professional opportunity. It is usually submitted
along with a resume or CV and serves to introduce the applicant, highlight relevant skills
and experiences, and explain why they are a good fit for the position.

PARTS OF APPLICATION LETTER

1. Header

This includes your contact information (name, address, phone number, and email). It is
placed at the top of the letter.

2. Date Line

The date when the letter is written (e.g., March 15, 2025).
3. Inside Address

The recipient's details (name, position, company/organization, address).

4. Salutation

A formal greeting, such as:

 "Dear [Hiring Manager’s Name]:"

 "Dear Sir/Madam:" (if the name is unknown)

5. Body (Main Content)

 First Paragraph – State the purpose of the letter and the position you are
applying for.
 Middle Paragraph(s) – Highlight your qualifications, experiences, and why you
are a strong candidate.
 Final Paragraph – Express enthusiasm, request an interview, and thank the
reader.

6. Complimentary Close

A polite closing phrase, such as:

 "Sincerely,"
 "Respectfully,"
 "Best regards,"

7. Signature

Your handwritten or digital signature.

8. Name

Your full name typed below the signature.

9. Position (if applicable)

If you are currently employed and writing as a professional, you may include your
current job title.

RESUME

Resume originated from the French word résumé, which means,

“summary”. It is an outlined formal summary of one’s background
in a clear and precise format. It highlights your education, work
experiences, and other qualifications.

Chronological Resume
• Presents the experiences of the applicant arranged in a time
sequence.
• Emphasizes the work history of the applicant, which is related
to the desired position, arranged from the most recent to the first
job.
• Reveals the work stability and promotion record of the applicant.

Functional Resume
• Focuses on the applicant’s skills and experience, rather than
his/her chronological work history.
• Highlights the accomplishments of the applicant relegating to
the sideline the broken record of employment.

Combination Resume
• Combines the features of the chronological and functional resume,
which highlights both the job history and capabilities of the
applicant.

7 PARTS AND DESCRIPTION

Personal Information
Includes age, sex, civil status, birthday,
birthplace, citizenship, nationality, and
others.
Career Objectives
A short sentence describing what you
hope to attain can also be included here.

Academic History
Lists your degrees, schools, honors, and
grades or averages optionally.

Work Experience
Starts with your latest job, listing titles,
responsibilities, achievements,
promotions, and dates using strong
action verbs.

Additional Information
Includes organization memberships and
roles, languages spoken, and a summary
of your skills.

Character References
Lists three to four credible references
with their names, titles, organization,
and contact details.

Testimonials
Contains
complimentary quotations
from important people regarding the
applicant’s behavior and work habits.