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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION

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1.1 KEY COMPONENTS

1. ARDUINO UNO

2. ULTRASONIC SENSOR

3. RELAY

4. MINI SUBMERSIBLE DC MOTOR

5. 9V BATTERY

6. JUMPERS WIRE

7. CONNECTING WIRE

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CHAPTER 2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.0 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.1 ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino uno is an open source device

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2.2 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device. It emits an ultrasound at 40kHz which
travels through the air and if there is an object on its path it will returns back’s to reciver.

2.3 RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch.

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2.4 MINI SUBMERSIBLE DC MOTOR

2.5 BATTERY
A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cell with external
connections of powering electrical device such as flashlight, mobile phones, and electric cars.
When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its
negative terminal is the anode.

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2.6 JUMPERS WIRE

Jumper wires typically come in three versions: male to-male, male-female and
female-to-female. The difference between each is in the end point of the wire. Male ends
have a pin protruding and can plug into things, while female ends do not and are used to plug
things into.

2.7 CONNECTING WIRE

Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from one point on a circuit to
another because electricity needs a medium through which can it can move. Most of the
connecting wires are made up of copper or aluminum.

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CHAPTER 3

COMPONENTS

3.1 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is composed of two major parts:
(i) the Arduino board, which is the hardware part to work
on to build required objects

(ii) the Arduino Integrated Development Environment, or IDE, which is a software part to do
programming is used to create a sketch (a little computer program) that is uploaded to
Arduino board. The sketch tells the board what to do and when to do

3.1.1 WHY DO WE CHOOSE ARDUINO TO USE?

 Open source, which makes it accessible to anyone.
 Availability, it's hardware is inexpensive and relatively easy to find.
 Compatibility, it's designed for majority of systems and can
use any hardware with proper knowledge of basic electrical or
mechanical skills.
 Beginner friendly, it's a great learning tool for learning about
practical work for electronic or even mechanical applications
 Universal tool, Arduino can be used for many applications
benefitting our knowledge in many fields which is why it's
suitable for our project.

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3.1.2 ARDUINO UNO PIN DESCRIPTION

The Arduino UNO board contains the following components and specifications:

ATmega328: This is the brain of the board in which the program is stored.

Ground Pin: there are several ground pins incorporated on the board.

PWM: the board contains 6 PWM pins. PWM stands for Pulse Width Modulation, using this
process we can control the speed of the servo motor, DC motor, and brightness of the LED.

Digital I/O Pins: there are 14 digital (0-13) I/O pins available on the board that can be
connected with external electronic components.

Analogue Pins: there are 6 analogue pins integrated on the board. These pins can read the
analogue sensor and can convert it into a digital signal.

Reset Button: This button will reset the code loaded into the board. This button is useful
when the board hangs up, pressing this button will take the entire board into an initial state.

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USB Interface: This interface is used to connect the board with the computer and to upload
the Arduino sketches (Arduino Program is called a Sketch)

DC Power Jack: This is used to power up the board with a power supply.

Power LED: This is a power LED that lights up when the board is connected with the power
source.

3.3V: This pin is used to supply 3.3V power to your projects.

5V: This pin is used to supply 5V power to your projects.

VIN: It is the input voltage applied to the UNO board.

Voltage Regulator: The voltage regulator controls the voltage that goes into the board.

SPI: The SPI stands for Serial Peripheral Interface. Four Pins 10(SS), 11(MOSI), 12(MISO),
13(SCK) are used for this communication.

TX/RX: Pins TX and RX are used for serial communication. The TX is a transmit pin used to
transmit the serial data while RX is a receive pin used to receive serial data.

3.1.3 ARDUINO UNO SPECIFICATION

Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage 7-12V
(recommended)
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by
bootloader

3.1.4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARDUINO BOARD AND

MICROCONTROLLER
Arduino boards can perform some functions that a single microcontroller is capable of doing.
But hobbyists and experts still prefer the Arduino board over the microcontroller. Why?
Because Arduino boards are easy to use and you don’t require a lot of expertise to run these
units. Simply plug the board into the computer and start playing with it.

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Moreover, while using Arduino boards, you don’t require extra peripherals and components
to run the boards. Arduino is the complete board that comes with GPIO pins, analogue pins,
and a microcontroller as the heart of the board. A microcontroller, on the other hand, is a chip
where all the necessary parts like microprocessor, ram, and flash memory are incorporated
into a single chip.

So we can say every Arduino board is a microcontroller but not every microcontroller is an
Arduino board.

Plus, Arduino is an open-source hardware and software platform which means it is free to use
and anyone can modify the boards as per their requirements.

3.1.5 HOW TO USE ARDUINO BOARD

The 14digital input/output pins can be used as input or output pins by using pin Mode
0, digital Read () and digital Write () functions in Arduino programming. Each pin operates at
5V and can provide or receive a maximum of 40mAturrent, and has an internal pull-up
resistor of 20-50 K Ohms which are disconnected by default. Out of these 14 pins, some pins
have specific functions as listed below:

Serial Pins 0 (Rx) and 1 (Tx): Rx and Tx pins are used to receive and transmit TTL serial
data. They are connected with the corresponding ATmega328P USB to TTL serial chip.

External interrupt Pins 2 and 3: These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a
low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.

PWM Pins 3, 5, 6, 9 and 11: These pins provide an 8-bit PWM output by using analog Write
() function.

SPI Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOM), 12 (MISO) and 13 (SCK): These pins are used for SPI
communication.

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In-built LED Pin 13: This pin is connected with an built-in LED, when pin 13 is HICH
LED is on and when pin 13 is LOW, its off.

Along with 14 Digital pins, there are 6 analog input pins, each or which provide 10 bits of
resolution, i.e.,1024 different values. Thy measure from 0 to 5 volts but this limit can be
increased by using AREF pin with analog Reference () function.

Analog pin 4 (SDA) and pin 5 (SCA) also used for TWI communication using Wire library.

Arduino Uno has a couple of other pins as explained below:

AREF: Used to provide reference voltage for analog inputs with analog Reference ()
function.

Reset Pin: Making this pin LOW, resets the microcontroller.

3.1.6 COMMUNICATION
Arduino can be used to communicate with a computer, another Arduino board or
other microcontrollers. The ATmega328P microcontroller provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication which can be done using digital pin 0 (Rx) and digital pin I, (Tx). An
ATmegal6U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a
virtual com port to software on the computer. The ATmega16U2 firmware uses the standard
USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is
required.

The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to
be sent to and from the Arduino board. There are two RX and TX LEDs on the Arduino
board which will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB
connection to the computer (not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial
library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328P
also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire
library to simplify use of the 12C bus.

3.1.7 ADVANTAGES OF ARDUINO UNO

 Low power consumption
 It is open source
 Larger library collection
 Reliable to use
 No additional programmer hardware required for programmer board

3.1.8 DISADVANTAGES OF ARDUINO UNO

 It can run one code at a time, So can’t perform multitasking activities
 No internet connectivity right out the box
 Need program using either Arduino or c/c++

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3.2 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

As the name indicates, ultrasonic / level sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic
waves. The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and receives the wave reflected back from
the target. ultrasonic level sensors measure the distance to the target by measuring the time
between the emission and reception.

3.2.1 WORKING
As shown above the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic (US) sensor is a 4 pin module, whose pin names
are Vcc, Trigger, Echo and Ground respectively. This sensor is a very popular sensor used in
many applications where measuring distance or sensing objects are required. The module has
two eyes like projects in the front which forms the Ultrasonic transmitter and Receiver. The
sensor works with the simple high school formula that

Distance = Speed x Time

The Ultrasonic transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave travels in air and when it
gets objected by any material it gets reflected back toward the sensor this reflected wave is
observed by the Ultrasonic receiver module as shown in the picture below

Now, to calculate the distance using the above formulae, we should know the Speed and time.
Since we are using the Ultrasonic wave, we know the universal speed of US wave at room

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conditions which is 330m/s. The circuitry inbuilt on the module will calculate the time taken
for the US wave to come back and turns on the echo pin high for that same particular amount
of time, this way we can also know the time taken. Now simply calculate the distance using a
microcontroller or microprocessor.

3.2.2 HOW TO USE THE HC-SR04 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

HC-SR04 distance sensor is commonly used with both microcontroller and
microprocessor platforms like Arduino, ARM, PIC, Raspberry Pie etc. The following guide is
universally since it has to be followed irrespective of the type of computational device used.

Power the Sensor using a regulated +5V through the Vcc ad Ground pins of the sensor. The
current consumed by the sensor is less than 15mA and hence can be directly powered by the
on board 5V pins (If available).The Trigger and the Echo pins are both I/0 pins and hence
they can be connected to 1/0 pins of the microcontroller. To start the measurement, the
trigger pin has to be made high for 10uS and then turned off. This action will trigger an
ultrasonic wave at frequency of 40Hz from the transmitter and the receiver will wait for the
wave to return. Once the wave is returned after it getting reflected by any object the Echo pin
goes high for a particular amount of time which will be equal to the time taken for the wave
to return back to the sensor.

The amount of time during which the Echo pin stays high is measured by the MCU/MPU as
it gives the information about the time taken for the wave to return back to the Sensor. Using
this information, the distance is measured as explained in the above heading.

3.2.3 ULTRASONIC SENSOR PIN CONFIGURATION

Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 Vcc

2 Trigger

3 Echo

4 Ground

3.2.4 HC-SR04 SENSOR FEATURES

 Operating voltage: +5v

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 Theoretical Measuring Distance: 2cm to 400cm

 Practical Measuring Distance: 2cm to 80cm
 Operating Current:<15mA
 Accuracy:3m

3.2.5 ADVANTAGES
 Highly accurate within a range
 The range of detection is very large which makes the sensor very useful
 The receiver values don’t get effected by color of the object

3.2.6 DISADVANTAGES
 Ultra sound propagates poorly through a gaseous medium
 The amount of ultra sound reflected depends on the acoustic mismatch

3.3 RELAY

SPDT (Single-pole Double Theow) relay consists of a coil, 1 common terminal, 1 normally
closed terminal, and one normally open terminal. When the coil of the relay is at rest (not
energized), the common terminal and the normally closed terminal have continuity. When the
coil is energized, the common terminal and the normally open terminal have continuity. This
relay's coil is rated up to 5V and the contact is rated up to 30A.

3.3.1 PIN CONFIGURATION

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Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 Coil End 1 It is used to activate the relay; usually this pin one end
is connected to 5Volts whereas another end is
connected to the ground.

2 Coil End 2 This pin is used to activate the Relay; usually this pin
one end is connected to 5Volts whereas another end is
connected to the ground.

3 Common (COM) This pin is connected to the main terminal of the Load
to make it active.

4 Normally Closed This second terminal of the load is connected to either

(NC) NC/ NO pins. If this pin is connected to the load then it
will be ON before the switch.
5 Normally Open If the second terminal of the load is allied to the NO
(NO) pin, then the load will be turned off before the switch.

3.2.2 HOW TO USE A RELAY

Relays are most commonly used switching device in electronics. There are two
important parameters of relay, first is the Trigger Voltage, this is the voltage required to turn
on the relay that is to change the contact from Common → NC to Common → NO. The other
parameter is your Load Voltage & Current, this is the amount of voltage or current that the
NC, NO or Common terminal of the relay could withstand, in our case for DC it is maximum
of 30V and 10A. Make sure the load you are using falls into this range.

The above diagram is for relay triggering circuit. Since the relay has 5V trigger
voltage we have used a +5V DC supply to one end of the coil and the other end to ground

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through a switch. For switching we are using a transistor as a switching device. You can also
notice a diode connected across the coil of the relay; this diode is called the Fly back Diode.
The purpose of the diode is to protect the switch from high voltage spike that can produced
by the relay coil. As shown one end of the load can be connected to the Common pin and the
other end is either connected to NO or NC. If connected to NO the load remains disconnected
before trigger and if connected to NC the load remains connected before trigger.

3.2.3 APPLICATIONS

 Commonly used in switching circuits.

 For Home Automation projects to switch AC loads
 To Control (On/Off) Heavy loads at a pre-determined time/condition
 Used in safety circuits to disconnect the load from supply in event of failure
 Used in Automobiles electronics for controlling indicators glass motors etc.

3.4 MINI SUBMERSIBLE DC MOTOR

A mini submersible pump is a smaller version of the submersible water pumps which
is lightweight, small size, low consumption, and makes little noise. A mini submersible water
pump is used widely in household for cooking, cleaning, bathing, space heating, watering
flowers, etc.
A mini submersible water pump is a centrifugal water pump, which means that it uses a
motor to power an impeller that is designed to rotate and push water outwards. The motor is
located in a waterproof seal and closely connected to the body of the water pump which it
powers.

Filtration pumps found inside aquarium fish tanks utilize a type of mini submersible water
pump. The mini submersible water pump is installed inside the actual fish tank to pump the
water out where it is needed.

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HOW THE IMPELLER WORKS?

As stated above, a mini submersible water pump is a centrifugal water pump that employs
both a motor and an impeller for the water pumping process. During the water pumping, the
impeller spins very fast. The curved blades channel water into the eye, or the center of the
impeller, and the water flows along the outer part of the blades.

Due to the fast movement of impeller, the centrifugal force compresses the water against the
outer part of the blade. The pressure then causes the water to jet forward in a high speed
manner out of the impeller. This resulted speed generates pressure on the outlet side of the
pump, pushing the water through the pipe.

HOW DOES THE MOTOR WORK?

As previously mentioned, mini submersible water pumps are mostly deployed in
household settings, and due to its size and weight, smaller DC motors are usually coupled
with these water pumps. The DC motor is placed in a sealed case attached to the impeller,
and is powered by a simple gear drive.

At the center of the motor, there is a rotor with coils around it. Around those coils are the
magnets, which create a lasting magnetic field that flows through the rotor. The rotor then
acts on the magnetic force, allowing the rotor itself to spin around 180 degrees.

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As the rotor spins, the direction of the electricity in the coils flips, pushing the rotor again so
that it spins the rest of the way around. Through several pushes, the rotor continues to spin
and drive the impeller to power they pump.

3.5 BATTERIES
Batteries are the most common Power source for basic handheld devices industrial
applications. A battery can be defined as; it is a Combination of one Or more electrochemical
cells that are capable of converting stored chemical energy into electrical energy.

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3.5.1 WORKING OF BATTERY

A battery is a device, which Consists of a various voltaic cell. Each voltaic cell consists of
two half cells connected in series by a Conductive electrolyte holding anions and cat ion, one
half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which anions move, i.e. The anode or
negative electrode; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which cat ions
move, i.e, the cathode or positive electrode.

In the redox reaction that powers the battery reduction occurs to cation at the cathode,
while oxidation occurs to anions at the anode. The electrodes do not touch one another but
are electrically connected by the electrolyte, Mostly the half cells have different electrolytes.
All things considered every half-cell is- enclosed in a Container and a separator that is porous
to ions but not the bulk of the electrolytes prevent mixing

Each half cell has an electromotive force (Emf), determined by its capacity to drive
electric current from the interior to the exterior of the cell. The net the emf of the cell is
difference between the emf of its half-cells. In this way, if the electrodes have emf and in
other words, the net emf is the difference between the reduction potentials of the half-
reactions.

3.5.2 PRIMARY BATTERIES

As the name indicates these batteries are meant for single usage. Once these batteries are
used, they cannot be recharged as the devices are not easily reversible and active material

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may not return to their original form. manufacturers recommend against recharge of primary
cells.

Some of the examples for the disposable batteries are the normal AA, AAA batteries which
we use in wail clocks, television remote etc. Other name for these batteries is disposable
batteries.

3.5.3 SECONDARY BATTERIES

Secondary batteries are also called as rechargeable batteries. These batteries can be used and
recharges simultaneously They are usually assembled with active materials with active in the
discharged state. Rechargeable batteries are recharged by applying electric current, which
reverses the chemical reactions that occur during discharge. Chargers are devices which
supply the required current.

Some examples for these rechargeable batteries are the batteries used in mobile phones,
MP3 players etc. Devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches use miniature cells and in
places such as telephone exchanges or computer data centers, larger batteries are used

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3.5.3.1 TYPES OF SECONDARY (RECHARGEABLE) BATTERIES

SMF, Lead Acid, Li and Nicd

3.5.3.2 SMF BATTERY

SMF is a sealed maintenance free battery, designed to offer reliable, consistent and
low Maintenance power for UPS applications. These batteries can be subject to deep cycle
applications and minimum maintenance in rural and power deficit areas. These batteries are
available from 12v.

In today's informative world, one can't overlook the requirement for battery systems are
desired to recover crucial qualified data and information and run basic instrumentations for
desired durations. Batteries are required to deliver instant power. Unreliable and inferior
batteries can result In the loss of data and equipment that can cost companies considerable
financial losses. Subsequently, the UPS segments calls for the utilization of a reliable and
proven battery system.

3.5.3.3 LITHIUM (LI) BATTERY

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We all use it in portable devices such as cell phone, a laptop computer or a power
tool. The lithium battery has been one of the greatest achievements in portable power in the
last decade; with use of lithium batteries, we have been able to shift from black and white
mobile to color mobiles with additional features like GPS, email alerts etc. These are the high
energy density Potential devices for higher capacities. And relatively low self—discharge
batteries. Also, special cells can provide very high current to applications such as power
tools.

3.5.3.4 NICKEL CADMIUM (NICD) BATTERY

The Nickel Cadmium batteries have the advantage of being recharged many tithes
and possess a relatively constant potential during discharge and have more electrical and
physical withstandingcapacity. This battery uses nickel oxide for cathode, a cadmium
compound for anode and potassium hydroxide solution as its electrolyte.

When the battery is charged, the chemical composition of the cathode is transformed and
the nickel hydroxide changes to NIOOH In the anode, formation of Cadmium ions take Place
from Cadmium Hydroxide. When battery is discharged, the cadmium reacts with Ni0OH to
form back nickel hydroxide and Cadmium Hydroxide.

Cd+2H2O+2NiOOH 2Ni(OH)2 +Cd(OH)2

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3.5.3.5 LEAD ACID BATTERY

Lead Acid batteries are widely used in automobiles, inverters, backup power
systems etc. Unlike tubular and maintenance free batteries, Lead Acid batteries require proper
care and maintenance to prolong its life. The Lead Acid battery consists of a series of plates
kept immersed in sulphuric acid solution. The plates have grids on which the active material
is attached. The plates are divided into positive and negative plates. The positive plates hold
pure Lead as the active material while lead oxide is attached on the negative plates.

A completely charged battery can discharge its current when connected to a load. During the
process of discharge, the sulphuric acid combines with the active materials on the positive
and negative plates resulting in the formation of Lead sulphate. Water is the single most
important step in maintaining a Lead Acid battery. The frequency of water depends on usage,
charge method and operating temperature. During process, the hydrogen atoms from the
sulphuric acid react with oxygen to form water.

This results in the release of electrons from the positive plates which will be accepted by
the negative plates. This leads to the formation of an electric potential across the battery. The
electrolyte in the Lead Acid battery is a mixture of Sulphuric acid and water which has a
specific gravity. Specific gravity is the weight of the acid-water mixture compared to equal
volume of water. The specific gravity of pure ions free water is 1.

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The lead-acid batteries provide the best value for power and energy per kilowatt-hour;
have the longest life cycle and a large environmental advantage in that they are recycled at an
extraordinarily high rate. No other chemistry can touch the infrastructure that exists for
collecting, transporting and recycling lead-acid batteries.

Along with this article, Lithium-ion battery is discussed with its advantages and
disadvantages.

3.5.3.6 WORKING OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERY

Lithium —Ion batteries are now popular in majority of electronic portable devices like
Mobile phone, Laptop, Digital Camera, etc due to their long-lasting power efficiency. These
are the most popular rechargeable batteries with advantages like best energy density,
negligible charge loss, and no memory effect. Li-Ion battery uses Lithium ions as the charge
carriers Which move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge
and back When charging. During charging, the external current from the charger applies an
over voltage than that in the battery. This forces the current to pass in the reverse direction
from the positive to the negative electrode where the lithium ions get embedded in the porous
electrode material through a process called Intercalation.

The Li- Ions pass through the non-aqueous electrolyte and a separator diaphragm.
The electrode material is intercalated lithium compound. The negative electrode of the Li Ion
Battery is made up of carbon and the positive electrode is a metal oxide. The most commonly
used material in the negative electrode is Graphite while that in the positive electrode may be

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Lithium cobalt oxide, Lithium-ion phosphate or Lithium manganese oxide. Lithium salt in an
organic solvent is used as the electrolyte. The electrolyte is typically a mixture of organic
carbonates like Ethylene carbonate or Diethyl carbonate containing lithium ions. The
electrolyte uses anion salts like Lithium hexa fluoro phosphate, Lithium hexa fluoro arsenate
monohydrate, Lithium per chlorate, Lithium hexa fluoro borate etc. Depending upon the salt
used, the voltage, capacity and life of the battery varies. Pure lithium reacts with water
vigorously to form lithium hydroxide and hydrogen ions. So, the electrolyte used is non
aqueous organic solvent. The electrochemical role of the electrodes charge between anode
and cathode depends on the direction of current flow.

In the Li-lon battery, both the electrodes can accept and release lithium ions. During
the Intercalation process, the lithium ions move into the electrode. During the reverse process
called de intercalation, the lithium ions move back. During discharging, the positive lithium
ions will be extracted from the negative electrodes and inserted into the positive electrode.
During the charging process, the reverse movement of lithium ions takes place.

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3.5.4 ADVANTAGES OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERY

Lithium-Ion batteries outperform NiCd batteries and other secondary batteries. Some
of the advantages are

 1.Light weight compared to other batteries of similar size

 2.Available in different shape including Flat shape
 3.High open circuit voltage that increases the power transfer at low current
 4.Lack of memory effect.
 5.Very low self-discharge rate of 5-10% per month. Self-discharge is around 30% in
NiCd and NiMh batteries.
 6.Eco-friendly battery without any free lithium metal
 But along with the advantages, like other batteries, Li-Ion battery also suffers from
some disadvantages.

3.5.5DISADVANTAGES OF LI-ION BATTERY

 The deposits inside the electrolyte over time will inhibit the flow of charge. This
Increases the internal resistance of the battery and the cell's capacity to deliver current
gradually decreases.
 High charging and high temperature may leads to capacity loss
 When overheated, Li-lon battery may suffer thermal run away and cell rupture.
 Deep discharge may short circuit the Li-Ion battery. So to prevent this, some makes
have internal shut down circuitry that shut down the battery when its voltage is above
the safe level of 3 to 4.2 volts. In this case, when the battery is
 not using for long time, the internal circuitry will consume power and drain the
battery below its shut down voltage. So to charge such batteries normal chargers are
not useful.

3.6 CONNECTING WIRES

Connecting wires provide a medium to an electrical current so that can travel from
one point on a circuit to another. In the case of computers, wires are embedded into circuit
boards to carry pulses of electricity. Most wires in computers and electronic components are
made of copper or aluminum, because copper is cheap and electrically conductive.

In a basic circuit, the wire comes from one terminal of a power source, then connects to a
switch that determines whether the circuit is open or closed. The connected wires of a device
are used to draw power and electricity, and perform specified tasks. Before a current can
travel through the wire, the circuit has to be closed; in other words, there cannot be any
breaks in the path. Electricity cannot easily travel through air, and if it does there is a risk of
stray current leaking into the surroundings and causing damage or failing to power the
appliance.

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3.6.1 TYPES

Electronics Wire for connecting is often categorized by the insulation• The type of insulation
is important because it often governs the type of use for which it is suitable

Bare copper wire: Wire that is not insulated can be used in a variety of ways. It may be used
to correct problems on a printed circuit board where insulation may not be a problem. It may
also be used in areas where sleeving may be slid over the wire to protect it from causing
shorts, or it may be used in areas where it is possible not to cause short circuits. Although it is
possible to use bare copper usually it is pre-tinned to enable easier soldering.

Enameled copper Wire: This type of copper wire has a form of insulation made from
enamel. This is effectively like a varnish over the copper wire. Enamelled Copper wire is
used in applications such as coils where insulation is required but the thickness of the

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insulation may be an issue. The enamel is not as robust as other forms of insulation so it is
not used where it may be scratched or knocked. there are some forms of enamelled wire
where the insulation or enamel will burn of when being soldered. This enables the wire to be
used on circuit boards and removes the need for stripping the wire before connections are
made. However care must be taken when using this wire as accidental connections may be
made if the insulation is abraded.

PVC wire: PVC wire is the most common form of wire today. Although it is usually termed
PVC wire, it should be more correctly termed PVC coated wire as the PVC forms the
insulation. The advantage of PVC wire is that it is adequate for most situations and the ends
are easy to strip to make connections. However it can melt or in severe cases it can burn
when it becomes hot. Also when it is cold, the PVC becomes brittle and can crack if bent.

PTFE wire: PTFE wire is far more expensive than PVC wire. Like PVC wire, it should be
more correctly termed PTFE coated wire. The PTFE insulation is more robust, and can he
used over a much wider range of temperatures. However it is much more expensive and it is

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also much more difficult to strip to expose the bare copper wire for making connections or
soldering.

These are the main types of wire that are used, and although there are some other types, these
are by far the most widely used.

3.7 JUMPER WIRE

Jumper wires are simply wiring that have connector pins at each end, allowing them to
be used to connect two points to each other without soldering. Jumper wires are typically
used with breadboards and other prototyping tools in order to make it easy to change a circuit
as needed. Fairly simple. In fact, it doesn't get much more basic than Jumper wires.

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3.7.1 TYPES OF JUMPER WIRES

jumper wires typically come in three versions: male to male, male to female and female
to female. The difference between each is in the end point of the wire. Male ends have a pin
protruding and can plug into thing, while female ends do not and are used to plug thing into.
Male to Male jumper wires are the most common and what you likely will use most often.
When connecting two ports on a breadboard, a male to male wire is what you will Need.

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CHAPTER 4

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

4.1 ADVANTAGES

 No water wastage
 It reduces wastage of electricity when we forget to switch off the pump
 It require low maintenance
 It is less cost

4.2 DISADVANTAGES

 When Ultrasonic sensor rusting occurred the sensor will no working.

So it should be replace it for every 3 years.
 It is More difficult of installation

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RESULT

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CONCLUSIONS

In the present situations, water necessity is very high. Population is growing linearly day by
day but the necessities are not being fulfilled at the same rate. Among most dangerous
problems water scarcity is major issue we need to resolve that problem at easiest way. The
major problem behind this issue is negligence of humans. Tanks are being overloaded, due to
improper maintenance this issue arises. So when we adopt the technologies like proposed
system we can handle this issues. Another aspect is that we are developing in all fields the
present generation require automation for all this we need to adopt proposed system. This
work particular on the design and implementation of a Arduino Based Automatic Control for
Water Pumping Machine by using ultrasonic sensor. It gives digital output which turns ON
the water pump when the water in the tank is at a preset minimum level of 0.16 metres and
turns OFF the water pump when the water is above the chosen maximum level of 0.04
metres. and also improves the workable lifespan of the pumping machine by controlling when
to switch ON and Switch OFF the pumping machine.

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FUTURE SCOPE

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REFERENCE

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