GRADE 11

STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
2nd Semester

4th Quarter
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
1. describe the nature of bivariate data;
2. differentiate bivariate data from
univariate data;
3. determine the variables involved in
the given bivariate data
 01

ACTIVITY A
 Match column
RELATIONSHIP A with column
B that best
GOALS associate
each variable
 COLUMN A COLUMN B
L height
___1) G) pressure
O gasoline
___2) O) smoking
S COVID-19
___3) A) working
infection hours
A salary
___4) L) shoe size
G temperature
___5) S) vegetable
 Shade and
count the
ACTIVITY: variables in
each
situation.
 1. You compare the
number of hours you
study and the scores
you get on your
exams.
 2. A medical
intern records
the weight of
diabetic patients.
3. A botanist study
the effect of the
amount of fertilizer
on the height of the
plants.
 4. The guidance
counselor gathers the
height, weight, and
average of incoming
grade 11 students.
 5. An ice cream
vendor compare his
sales and the
temperature of the
day for one week.
 There are many other questions
that are asked concerning
relationship between two variables
or quantities such as:
1. Why does profit
usually increase when
capital increases?
2. Why do savings
generally increase
when expenditures
decrease?
3. Why does blood
pressure increase
when age
increases?
Data
-recorded
observations and
measurements.
Variables
- Characteristics or
attributes that are
observed, measured,
and recorded.
Descriptive Statistics
- Describes the
characteristics and
properties of a group
under investigation.
 3 types of Analysis
1. Univariate Analysis
2. Bivariate Analysis
3. Multivariate
Analysis
Univariate Analysis
Purpose: describe one
variable
Ex: weight of diabetic
patients
 Bivariate Analysis
Purpose: determine the
relationship between
two variables
Ex: amount of fertilizer
& height of plants
Multivariate Analysis
Purpose: determine the
relationship between
three or more variables
Ex: height, weight & average
of Grade 11 students
Data that involve two
variables are called
bivariate data.
 In many real-life scientific
investigations, the primary
objective is to determine if
there exists a relationship
between two variables.
 If such relationship can be
described mathematically
and is sufficiently understood,
then it can be used for
effectively predicting one
variable by the other variable.
 The given pictures
show relationship
between two variables
such as:
health and academic
performance of
students
 The given pictures
show relationship
between two variables
such as:
unemployment rate
and job vacancies
 The given pictures
show relationship
between two variables
such as:
monthly sales and
growth.
3 combination of variable types

1. Both variables
are qualitative
(attribute)
3 combination of variable types

2. One variable is
qualitative (attribute)
and the other is
quantitative (numerical)
3 combination of variable types

3. Both variables are

quantitative (both
numerical)
 02

ACTIVITY B
Shade the variable/s in
each situation, then
tell whether it is
univariate, bivariate,
or multivariate.
1. The average grade of
Paul is 92.

UNIVARIATE
2. Overtime pay depends on
the length of time rendered.

BIVARIATE
3. The PE teacher
discovered that the mean
height of his students is
150 cm.
UNIVARIATE
4. A study is made about the
frequency of going out, length
of time spent outside, and type
of establishments of the people
infected.
MULTIVARIATE
5. A nurse recommends
monitoring the blood
pressure of those who got
vaccinated.
UNIVARIATE
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
4. illustrate a scatter plot;
5. construct a scatter plot based on
the given data
6. describe the relationship of
variables in terms of form, trend, &
variation
 In your previous study of
mathematics, you have learned
how to plot points in the
rectangular coordinate system.
Check your readiness for this
lesson by doing the starter activity.
Let us try to illustrate the given
situation using Quadrant I only.
Plotting sales

ACTIVITY
 Problem: Zia decided to sell
noodle soup in cups because
of the cold weather. She
started selling last Dec. 1.
The following are her daily
sales for the past week.
 DATE No. of cups sold
December 1 21
December 2 23
December 3 35
December 4 13
December 5 35
December 6 12
December 7 14
SCATTER PLOT
1. Scatterplot Diagram
It is a point-graph of all the scores
taken from bivariate data. A scatter
plot is sometimes written as one-
word, scatterplot and is also called
scatter graph or scatter diagram.
 1. Scatterplot Diagram
- It shows how each point
collected from a set of
bivariate data are scattered on
the Cartesian plane.
1. Scatterplot Diagram
- It allows us to visually see
the relation between two
variables.
 1. Scatterplot Diagram
Independent variable is plotted
on the x-axis and dependent
variable on the y-axis. It allows us
to visually see the relation
between two variables.
SCATTER PLOT Overall Pattern
- Form
- A scatter plot
- Trend
describes the
- Variation
overall pattern
Deviations from
and deviations
the pattern
from the pattern.
- outliers
Overall pattern: FORM
- Determines the
shape of the
correlation of the
variables
Overall pattern: FORM

linear Non-linear/
curvilinear
Overall pattern: FORM

Clustered/ Scattered/
concentrated spread out
Overall pattern: TREND

- Determines the
direction of the
points
Overall pattern: TREND

Positive correlation Negative correlation No correlation

- Rising trend - Rising trend - Neither

from left to from right to positive nor
right left negative
1. CORRELATION If the two variables are
highly related, then
It is the extent knowing the value of
one of them will allow
to which two you to predict the other
variables are variable with
considerable accuracy
related. (regression analysis).
 DIRECTION OF Example:
CORRELATION - no. of family
•Positive Correlation members and
exists when high expenses
values of one variable - height and
correspond to high shoe size
values in the other
variable or vice versa.
- age and weight
 DIRECTION OF
Example:
CORRELATION - expenses and
savings
•Negative Correlation
- no. of absences
exists when high
values in one variable
and grades
correspond to low - no. of cigarettes
values in the other consumed and
variable or vice versa. age at death
 DIRECTION OF
Example:
CORRELATION
- height and
• Zero Correlation grade
exists when high - scores in
values in one variable
correspond to either
Filipino and
high or low values in scores in PE
the other variable.
Overall pattern: VARIATION

- Determines the
strength of
correlation of the
variables
 The strength of
correlation between
two variables maybe
STRENGTH OF perfect, very high,
CORRELATION moderately high,
moderately low, very
low, and zero.
 Qualitative
Pearson r Description
±1 Perfect
± 0.75 to < ± 1 Very High
± 0.50 to < ± 0.75 Moderately High
± 0.25 to < ± 0.50 Moderately Low
> 0 to < ± 0.25 Very Low
0 No correlation
 CHECK YOUR
UNDERSTANDING
Determine the direction of the
relationship between the two
variables. Write + for positive
correlation, – for negative
correlation, 0 for zero
correlation.
_____1. price of _____3. number of
gasoline and price enrollees and
of meat number of teachers
in a school
_____2. grade in _____4. grades and
Math and grade in electricity bill
science
_____5. age and
memory
 _____8. no. typhoons
_____6. number of and amount of rice
workers and time to harvest per year
paint a building
_____9. no. of dogs
and no. of cats in a
_____7. height and
barangay
no. of points scored
_____10. no. of
in a basketball
students and price of
game
a rice meal in a school
 +
_____1. price of +
_____3. number of
gasoline and price enrollees and
of meat number of teachers
in a school
+
_____2. grade in 0
_____4. grades and
Math and grade in electricity bill
science
-
_____5. age and
memory
 -
_____6. number of
-
_____8. no. typhoons
and amount of rice
workers and time to harvest per year
paint a building
0
_____9. no. of dogs
+
_____7. height and
and no. of cats in a
barangay
no. of points scored
in a basketball
0
_____10. no. of
students and price of
game
a rice meal in a school
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
7. Calculates the Pearson’s sample
correlation coefficient.
ACTIVITY
STAND You will stand up
if the statement is
UP true and sit down
SIT when the
statement is false
DOWN
Data that involve two
variables are called
bivariate data.

TRUE
Data which involve a
single variable is
called univariate
data.
TRUE
In Chemistry, a confined
gas can have different
volumes and
corresponding pressure.
This is an example of
univariate data.
FALSE
 Correlation analysis
is the extent to which
two variables are
related.
FALSE
 Positive Correlation
exists when high values
of one variable
correspond to high
values in the other
variable or vice versa.
TRUE
 Negative Correlation
exists when high values
in one variable
correspond to either
high or low values in the
other variable.
FALSE
± 0.50 to < ± 0.75
Moderately High

TRUE
> 0 to < ± 0.25
Very High

FALSE
Pearson Product-
Moment
Correlation
Coefficient
(Pearson r)
Pearson’s r
- Pearson’s sample
correlation coefficient/
Pearson’s correlation/
Pearson Product Moment
Correlation (PPMC)
 - Karl Pearson
- Born March 27,
1857, in London
England
- Died April 27, 1936,
Coldharbour, surrey
- Leading founder of the
modern field of statistics.
 2. Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient (Pearson r)
• It is the most used statistic to
measure the degree of relationship
between two variables. It
evaluates the linear relationship
between two variables
 2. Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient (Pearson r)

𝒏(σ 𝒙𝒚) − (σ 𝒙)(σ 𝒚)

𝒓=
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
σ σ σ σ
(𝒏( 𝒙 ) − ( 𝒙) ) 𝒏( 𝒚 ) − ( 𝒚)
 Where
n = no. of respondents
∑xy = summation of the product of two
variables
∑x = summation of the x variables
∑y = summation of the y variables
∑𝑥 2 = summation of x-squared
variables
 Where
∑ 𝑦 2 = summation of y- squared
variables
σ 𝑥 2 = square of the summation of x
variables
σ 𝑦 2 = square of the summation of y
variables
Interpret the computed value of r
Computed r Direction Strength Interpretation
Moderately Moderately low
0.26 positive low positive correlation
Very high negative
-0.98 negative Very High correlation
Moderately Moderately high
0.56 positive high positive correlation
Very low negative
-0.11 negative Very low correlation

-1 negative perfect Perfect negative

correlation
Example 1: Compute Pearson r
to measure the relationship
between the two variables.