Detailed Design of Single Storey Building

The geometry of the building is shown in Figures 1. Figure 1 shows a plan and elevation views. Design
the primary beam B (located on the Roof) and column C (middle). Concrete slab on profiled metal
decking should be considered for all floors and roof. The width of each span is "X" meters.
Assumption:
1. Concrete slab restrains lateral- torsional behaviour of secondary beams only.
2. There are simple beam-to- beam, beam-to-column, and column-to-base connections (so no
bending moment is transmitted between these components).
Characteristic actions (unfactored loads) on the building are given below as well as further useful
information.
Typical floor loading:

Roof Loading

Depth of concrete slab = 150mm

Floor finishes = 0.4 kN/m2
Services = 0.4 kN/m2
Snow weight = 0.6 kN/m2

Characteristics

Characteristic dynamic wind pressure = 0.5 kN/m2

(transverse and longitudinal face)
Density of reinforced concrete = 2500 kg/m3

Additional notes:
1. Design calculations should be conducted in accordance with Eurocode 3.
2. Use grade $355 steel throughout.
3. X=6 meters
 Figure 1: Plan and Elevation

Detailed Design
The following steps should be followed:
1. Calculation of design loads in beams at Ground Floor

o Report the design loading on beam (B in Figure 1) at ground floor.

Assume the following:
The self-weight of the primary beams is 0.8 kN/m (secondary beam: 0.4 kN/m, if any).
The density of reinforced concrete is 2500kg/m3. To change the unit from kg/m3 to
N/m3, we multiply 9.81m/s2 to 2500kg/m3 to get 24525N/m3. This is 25kN/m3, which is
exactly the recommended value in Table A.1 in BS EN 1991-1-1.
The depth of slab is 150mm,
Thus
25kN/m3x150mm/1000 = 3.75kN/m2.
Here we use "0.925x1.35xDead Load + 1.5 Live Load."
Secondary beams at roof level that are connected to the column "C":
0.925x1.35xDead Load + 1.5 Live Load
= 0.925x 1.35x [3mx (3.75kN/m2 + 0.4kN/m2+0.4kN/m2) + 0.4kN/m] +1.5x
(3mx0.6kN/m2)
=17.55 + 2.7
= 20.25 kN/m
Thus, the shear force transferred from one secondary beam to the primary beam is:
20.25 kN/m x 6m / 2 = 60.75 kN.
There are two secondary beams connected to the column C" so the point load transferred
from these secondary beams to the column above column "C" is:
60.75 kN x 2 = 121.5 KN.
The self-weight of the primary beam "B" is 0.8kN/m, and its factored value is:
0.925x1.35x0.8kN/m = 0.999 kN/m.

2. Calculation of design loads in a columns

o Report the design loading on column (C in Figure 1) at ground floors.
Assume the following.
The column self-weight is 2 kN/m.
We can start considering the weight of the roof...
The column that is located above the column "C" is connected to two secondary beams
and two primary beams. We want to know the deign load on these beams:
3. Calculation of design loads at Roof level
 Primary beams at roof level that are connected to the column between second floor and
roof above column "C":
One primary beam that is connected to the column above column "C" takes loads from
two secondary beams. The amount of such loads is:
121.5kN x 2 = 243KN
The load from self-weight of the primary beam is:
0.925 x 1.35 x 0.8 kN/m x 6m = 5.99 KN
These weights are supported by two columns and each column takes:
(243kN+5.99kN)/2 = 124.5 KN
There are two primary beams that are connected to the column above column "C", so the
total load that these two primary beams transfer to the column above column "C" is:
124.5kN x 2 = 249kN.
I. Load that the column above column "C" takes from two secondary beams and two
primary beams.
121.5 kN + 249 kN = 370.5KN
Thus, the design loading on column "C", excluding the self-weight of columns is:
370.5kN

The self-weight of columns is 2kN/m. The length of column above column "C" is 3.5m
and the length of column "C" itself is also 3.5m. They are permanent action.
This is 0.925 x 1.35 x [2kN/m x (3.5m + 3.5m)] = 17.5kN
Thus, the design loading on column "C", including the self-weight of columns is:
370.5kN + 17.5kN = 388 KN

4. Beam design
o Determine the cross-section of beam (B in Figure 1) at second floor. Use hot-rolled UB section.
o Assume the following:
 All beams are simply supported.
 Use a vertical deflection limit of L/200.
For initial design of beam "B", consider cross-sectional resistance of it against bending
moment. You may also do initial design of beam using service limit state and vertical
deflection limit of L/200. Note that this is initial design, you need to pick one beam
cross-section from the "Brue book" (i.e., the list of steel section properties) and check it
against various behaviours.
 Here we use Ultimate Limit State and the design loads that we calculated above (See
Lecture 6 slides).
 Point load from secondary beams is: 121.5 KN.
 Distributed load of the primary beam itself is: 0.999 kN/m.
Thus, the peak bending moments from the respective loads are:
(121.5kN/2) x (6m/2) = 182.25 kN-m (from point load - from secondary beams)
0.999kN/m x (6m)2 / 8 = 4.5 kN-m (from distributed load - from primary beam "B")
Thus, the peak moment from the point load and distributed load is:
182.25 kNm + 4.5 kNm = 186.75 kN-m

We use S355 steel.

We assume that we use steel with thickness less than 16mm. Thus, we assume
fy=355N/mm2.
We assume that our steel is classified as "Class 1".
Thus, the resistance of steel beam against bending moment is:
Mc,Rd = Wpify / ꞄMo
ꞄMo is 1.

The following equation must be respected for the design of steel cross sectional
resistance against bending moment:
MEd/Mc,Rd ≤ 1.0
Thus,
MEd /(Wplfy/gMo) ≤ 1.0
186.75 kN-m /(355N/mm2/1.0) ≤ Wpl
526056 mm3 ≤ Wpl
526 cm3 ≤ Wpl
Check "Blue book" (https://www.steelforlifebluebook.co.uk/). Check "Universal Beam
(UB)". I pick "457x152x52 UB" that has plastic modulus of 1100cm3 (> 526cm3).

h 449.8 mm
b 152.4 mm
tw 7.6 mm
 tf 10.9 mm
r 10.2 mm
A 6660 mm2
Wpl,y 1100 cm3
Wpl,z 133 cm3
Iy 21400 cm4
Iz 645 cm4

Cross-section classification

Є=
√ 235
fy
=
√ 235 = 0.81
355
Outstand flanges:

(b−tw−2 r ) (152.4−7.6−2 x 10.2)

cf = =¿
2 2
cf = 62.2mm
cf 62.2
= =5.7
tf 10.9
Limit for class 1 flange = 9Є = 9-0.81=7.29 7.29>5.7 Class 1

Web:
Cw=h-2tf-2r=449.8-2x10.9-2x10.2=407.6 mm
cw 407.6
= =53.63
tw 7.6

Limit for Class 1 web =72 Є =72-0.81=58.3 58.3>53.63 Class 1

The overall cross-section classification is therefore Class 1.

This justifies the assumption that we assumed that our cross-section is Class 1.

Also, we chose 457x152x52 UB, with thicknesses less than 16mm, which also justifies
fy=355N/mm2.
The selected beam must be suitable for use as a primary beam "B" considering various
effects of actions.

1. Cross-sectional resistance against bending moment:

The following equation must be respected for the design of steel cross sectional
resistance against bending moment:
 MEd/Mc,Rd ≤ 1.0
Mc,Rd = Wpify / ꞄMo
ꞄMo is 1.
Thus,
MEd /(Wplfy/gMo) ≤ 1.0
Thus,
186.75 kN·m /(1100cm3x 355N/mm2/1.0) ≤ 1.0
0.48 ≤ 1.0 (Note: Be careful how you treat numbers with different units!) → OK!

2. Cross-sectional resistance against shear force:

The following equation must be respected for the design of steel cross sectional
resistance against shear force:
VEd/Vc,Rd ≤ 1.0
Vpl,Rd = Av(fy/√3)
AV = A-2btf+(tw+2r)tf, but not less than nhwtw
hw = h-2tf
Substituting the numbers in the equations gives,
AV = A-2btf+(tw+2r)tf
= 6660mm2 – 2 x152.4mm x 10.9mm + (7.6mm + 2 x 10.2mm) x10.9 mm = 3642.9 mm2
hw = h-2tf = 449.8mm -2 x 10.9mm = 428 mm
nhwtw = 1.0 x 428mm x 7.6mm = 3252 mm2 (< 3642.9 mm2)
Thus,
Av = 3642.9 mm2
Vpl,Rd = 3642.9 mm2 (355N/mm2/√3) = 746.65 KN
The peak shear force from the point load is: 60.75 kN (see above)
The peak shear force from the distributed load is: 0.999kN/mx6m /2 = 3.0KN (see above)
Thus, the peak shear force acting on the primary beam "B" is:
VED=60.75 kN + 3.0 KN = 63.75 kN < VcRd = 746.65 kN → OK!
For suitability of primary beam "B" for deflection limit of L/200, we consider
serviceability limit state, using combination of actions including only variable actions
(i.e., imposed floor loading) and excluding permanent action and factors.
There are two secondary beams connected to the primary beam "B". Each of which takes
the variable load as follows:
3.0 kN/m2 x 3m x 6m = 54 kN
Thus, the two secondary beams will impose 54kN x 2= 108 kN of variable load on the
primary beam "B". We consider only this load of 108 KN to assess the suitability of
beam "B" against deflection limit of L/200 time’s length of the beam.
The peak deflection of primary beam "B" is:
FL3/(48EI)
= (108kN x 1000) x (6mx1000)3 /(48 x 210000N/mm2 x 21400cm4 x 10000)
= 10.8 mm
The deflection limit is:
1/200 x 6m x 1000 = 30 mm
The maximum deflection is smaller than the limit. → OK!

Lateral Torsional Buckling

L/rz 3000 /31.1
⅄LT = = =1.13
85 85
h/b = 457/152 = 3

Buckling curve is “a” according to Table 6.2 in BS EN 1993-1-1

Imperfection factor is =0.34 (Table 6.1 in BS EN 1993-1-1).

= 0.5(1+0.34 x (1.13-0.2)+0.342)
= 1.9

1
X= =0.29 ≤ 1,0
1.9+ √(1.92−1.132 )

Mb,rd =XLTWPl,y x fy / ꞄMo

1100000 x 355
Mb , rd=0.29 = 213 KN > MEd
1.0
MEd
≤ 1.0
Mb , Rd
 213186.75
=0.88 ≤1.0 OK
213

Beam is suitable for the primary beam in terms of resistance against lateral torsional buckling

3. Column design
o Determine the cross-section of column (C in Figure 1).
o Use hot-rolled UC section.

The design load for column "C" is: 388 KN (see above - step 2)
We need to design column "C" to resist this design compression load of 388 KN.
We consider cross-sectional resistance of steel column against compression for the initial
design of column.
We use S355 steel.
We assume that we use steel with thickness less than 16mm.
Thus, we assume fy=355N/mm2.
We assume that our steel is classified as "Class 1".
Thus, the resistance of steel beam against bending moment is:
NcRd = A*fy/ ꞄMo
ꞄMo is 1.

The following equation must be respected for the design of steel cross sectional
resistance against compression:
NEd/NcRd ≤ 1.0
Thus,
NEd(A*fy/ ꞄMo) ≤ 1.0
NEd /(fy/ ꞄMo) ≤ A
388 kN/(355N/mm2/1.0) ≤ A
1092.96 mm2 ≤ A
10.92 cm2 ≤ A
Check "Blue book" (https://www.steelforlifebluebook.co.uk/). Check "Universal Column
(UC)". I pick "152x152x30 UC" that has gross area of 38.3 cm2 (> 10.92cm2).
 h 157.6 mm
b 152.9 mm
tw 6.5 mm
tf 9.4 mm
r 7.6 mm
A 3830 mm2
Wpl,y 248 cm3
Wpl,z 112 cm3
Iy 1750 cm4
Iz 560 cm4

Cross-section classification
Cross-section classification

Є=
√ 235
fy
=
√ 235 = 0.81
355
Outstand flanges:
cf
=6.98
tf
Limit for class 1 flange = 9Є = 9-0.81=7.29

7.29 > 6.98 Class 1

Web:
cw
=19
tw

Limit for Class 1 web =33 Є =33 * 0.81=26.73

26.73 > 19 Class 1

The overall cross-section classification is therefore Class 1.
This justifies the assumption that we assumed that our cross-section is Class 1. Also, we
choose 152x152x30 UC, with thicknesses less than 16mm, which also justifies
f,=355N/mm2.
The selected column must be suitable for use as a column "C" considering some effects
of actions.
1. Cross-sectional resistance against compression:
The following equation must be respected for the design of steel cross sectional
resistance against bending moment:
NEd/Nc,Rd ≤ 1.0
Nc,Rd = A*fy/ ꞄMo
ꞄMo = 1.
Thus,
Ned/(A fy/ ꞄMo) ≤ 1.0
Thus,
388kN/(3830mm2*355N/mm2/1.0) ≤ 1.0
0.29 ≤ 1.0 (Note: Be careful how you treat numbers with different units!) → OK!