STATS AND PROBABILITY

WHAT IS STATISTIC? STATISTICAL DATA

- from a latin word “status” which means stats ●​ DATA
-​ Refers to any information concerning to
DIVISION (BRANCHES) OF STATISTICS
a population or sample
1.​ DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ●​ VARIABLE
-​ Summarize or describe the important -​ Refers to the different characteristics of
characteristics of a given set of data. the population or the sample, that
continuously varies.
EXAMPLE:
CLASSIFICATION (NATURE) OF DATA
-​ The average body temperature of 50
people is 36.75C. A.​ TYPES OF DATA ACCORDING TO
2.​ INFERENTIAL STATISTICS SOURCE
-​ Aims to give information about the ●​ PRIMARY DATA
population by studying the -​ Gathered directly from the original
characteristics of the sample drawn from source.
it. ●​ SECONDARY DATA
-​ Taken from a secondary source
EXAMPLE: B.​ TYPES OF DATA ACCORDING TO
-​ In a sample survey conducted, 65% of FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP
Filipino Generation Z prefer to drink ●​ INDEPENDENT DATA
milk tea that coffee while only 34% of -​ Refer to any controlling data
Filipino Millennials prefer to drink milk ●​ DEPENDENT DATA
tea than coffee. -​ Affected by controlling data
C.​ TYPES OR CATEGORIES OF
BASIC CONCEPTS DATA
●​ QUALITATIVE DATA
●​ POPULATION
-​ Non-numeric characteristics
-​ Is the set of complete collection or
●​ QUANTITATIVE DATA
totality of all possible values of the
-​ Representing counts or measurements
variable.
●​ SAMPLE TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
-​ A subset or sub-collection or portion of
elements drawn from a population. ●​ DISCRETE DATA
-​ Values obtained by counting
POPULATION ANS SAMPLE ●​ CONTINUOUS DATA
-​ Values obtained by measuring
●​ PARAMETER
-​ Describes the population CLASSIFICATION OF DATA ACCORDING
-​ A numerical measure that describes a TO SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
population (population)
●​ STATISTIC ●​ NOMINAL
-​ A numerical measure that describes a -​ Data that consists of names, labels, or
sample (portion). categories only
-​ A numerical measure that describes a -​ Is a measurement scale that classifies
sample (portion) elements into two or more categories or
classes
 ●​ ORDINAL -​ It examines the cause and effect of a
-​ Measurements deal with order or rank. certain phenomenon
-​ Is a measurement scale that deals with
METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA
order or rank
●​ INTERVAL 1.​ TEXTUAL FORM
-​ It does not have a “true zero” starting -​ Data is presented in paragraph form
point 2.​ TABULAR FORM
-​ There is no absolute zero in this scale -​ Presented in tables (rows and columns)
●​ RATIO 3.​ GRAPHICAL FORM
-​ Modified interval level to include zero A.​ BAR CHART
as starting point B.​ PIE CHART
-​ There is absolute zero in this scale C.​ PARETO CHART
D.​ PICTOGRAPH
5 STEPS IN STATISTICAL
E.​ LINE CHART
INVESTIGATION
F.​ MAP GRAPH OR MAP CHART
1.​ IDENTIFICATION OF THE
WHAT IS PROBABILITY?
PROBLEM
-​ Worth to study, to be investigated, to -​ Probability (outcome) can be expressed
understand it in decimal, fraction or percentage
2.​ COLLECTION DATA
-​ Refers to the different methods and PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
techniques of gathering data -​ Is a table, graph, formula or notation
3.​ PRESENTATION OF DATA which supplies that probability of a
-​ Refers to the tabulation and organization given outcomes occurrence
of data in tables, graphs and charts
4.​ ANALYSIS OF DATA SAMPLE SPACE
-​ Task of drawing conclusion or
-​ Set of all possible outcomes of an
inferences from the analyzed data
experiment
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
INFINITE SAMPLE SPACE
●​ DIRECT OR INTERVIEW
-​ If the number in the sample space is not
METHOD
finite
-​ It is a method where there is a person to
person interaction FINITE SAMPLE SPACE
●​ INDIRECT OR QUESTIONNAIRE
METHOD -​ If the number in the sample space is
-​ A questionnaire is a list of well-planned finite or definite
questions written on paper EVENT
●​ REGISTRATION METHOD
-​ A documentary analysis where in data -​ A subset of the sample space
are gathered from fact or information on
SAMPLE SPACE AND EVENTS
file
●​ OBSERVATION METHOD 1.​ SEMANTIC FORM
-​ Gathering data that makes possible use -​ Statement describing the elements of a
of all senses to measure set
●​ EXPERIMENT METHOD 2.​ ROSTER FORM
-​ Listening method
 3.​ SET BUILDER NOTATION 2. QUOTA SAMPLING
-​ Rule method
- the sample size is limited on the required
DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS RANDOM number of subject in the study
VARIABLE
3. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
1.​ DISCRETE RANDOM
- selected from a particular place at a specified
VARIABLE
time preferred by the researcher. Researchers
-​ Countable possible outcomes
pick samples who are willing to participate.
2.​ CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
-​ Take values on continuous scale 4. SNOWBALL SAMPLING
PROBABILITY SAMPLING - samples are drawn from different stages. Also
TECHNIQUE called “chain referral sampling”.
1. SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING

- elements of the sample are selected

through “lottery” or “fish bowl” method

2. SYSTEMATIC RANDOM
SAMPLING
- taking every element in the population by
assigning number as a part of the sample
3. STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLING
- all clusters (groups) should have
representatives, The larger the cluster, the larger
the number of samples. The population is
subdivided into at least 2 different
subpopulations (strata).
4. CLUSTER SAMPLING
- group the population. Population under this
technique is being divided into sections.
5. MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING
- this technique is referred to as selection of
samples in several stages of sampling
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
TECHNIQUE
1. PURPOSIVE/JUDGMENTAL
SAMPLING
- elements of the sample are being selected
according to the criteria or rules set