Liberalism → focuses on norms, regimes,

economic interdependence,
→ Although many writers have international organizations.
tended to view Liberalism as a
theory of government, what is How do liberals explain war?
becoming increasingly apparent is → Liberalism sees the causes of
the explicit connection between war located in imperialism, others
Liberalism as a political and in the failure of the balance of
economic theory and Liberalism as power, and still others in the
an international theory. Properly problem of undemocratic regimes.
conceived, liberal thought on a And ought this to be remedied
global scale embodies a domestic through collective security,
analogy operating at multiple commerce, or world government
levels.
→ Like individuals, states have Evolution of liberalism
different characteristics—some are
bellicose and war-prone, others are 1. Enlightenment period (liberal
tolerant and peaceful: in short, the universalism) - the great ‘Age of
identity of the state determines its Reason’ – is defined as the period of
outward orientation. rigorous scientific, political and
→ Liberals see a further parallel philosophical discourse that
between individuals and sovereign characterised European society during
states. Although the character of the ‘long’ 18th century: from the late
states may differ, all states are 17th century to the ending of the
accorded certain ‘natural’ rights, Napoleonic Wars in 1815. This was a
such as the generalized right to period of huge change in thought and
non-intervention in their domestic reason, which (in the words of historian
affairs. On another level, the Roy Porter) was ‘decisive in the making
domestic analogy refers to the of modernity’.Centuries of custom and
extension of ideas that originated tradition were brushed aside in favour of
inside liberal states to the exploration, individualism, tolerance and
international realm, such as the scientific endeavour, which, in tandem
coordinating role played by with developments in industry and
institutions and the centrality of politics, witnessed the emergence of the
the rule of law to the idea of a just ‘modern world’.
order. 2. Idealism (after WW1) - Idealism
→ In a sense, the historical project stands for improving the course of
of Liberalism is the domestication international relations by eliminating
war, hunger, inequality, tyranny, force,
of the international.
suppression and violence from
international relations. To remove these citizens. For this reason, political
evils is the objective before humankind. systems rooted in liberalism often
3. Liberal Institutionalism limit military power by such means
(Neoliberalism) - emphasis should be as ensuring civilian control over the
placed on global governance and military.
international organizations as a way of
explaining international relations. Three factors that encourage more
cooperation and less conflict among
Liberalism states:
→ Based on the moral argument → International institutions, such as
that ensuring the right of an the United Nations, who provide a
individual person to life, liberty and forum to resolve disputes in
property is the highest goal of the nonviolent ways
government. → International trade because,
→ Consequently, liberals when countries' economies are
emphasize the wellbeing of the interconnected through trade, they
individual as the fundamental are less likely to go to war with
building block of a just political each other
system. → Spread of democracy, as well-
→ A political system characterized established democracies do not go
by unchecked power, such as a to war with one another, so if there
monarchy or a dictatorship, cannot are more democracies, interstate
protect the life and liberty of its war will be less frequent
citizens. Therefore, the main
concern of liberalism is to construct Main Assumptions
institutions that protect individual
freedom by limiting and checking 1. States are not the only important
political power. actors in world politics
→ While these are issues of 2. The state is not a unitary actor
domestic politics, the realm of IR is 3. Liberalists reject that the agenda of
also important to liberals because a international politics is dominated
state’s activities abroad can have a primarily by military-security issues.
strong influence on liberty at home.
Liberals are particularly troubled by Basic liberal values:
militaristic foreign policies. The
primary concern is that war → Liberals focus on values of order,
requires states to build up military liberty, justice, and toleration into
power. This power can be used for international relations.
fighting foreign states, but it can → State possesses only the
also be used to oppress its own authority given to it by the people
→ Peaceful world order is possible were born in or to leave that
→ Republican/democratic state, government.
commercial interdependence, → Wrote Two Treatises of
universal rights, international law, Government
international institutions = → Man is inherently good
peaceful world order → Man has inalienable rights:
1. Right to life
Liberal Thinkers 2. Right to liberty
3. Right to pursuit of happiness
Classical Liberalism → Enshrined in the US constitution;
→ Classical liberals argued for what Philippine Constitution. Our
they called a minimal state, limited constitution is introduced by the
to the following functions: A Americans
government to protect individual → 1987 Constitution
rights and to provide services that → Article III. Bill of Rights
cannot be provided in a free
market. A common national → Because each has certain
defense to provide protection rights/entitlements, there is a need
against foreign invaders. to protect those rights…
→ Classical liberalism is a “bottom- Competition is inevitable…
up” theory, which regards → Social Contract Theory… a
international relations as an state/government has to be
outgrowth of politics in the established…
domestic or national political → Extra Constitutional Right: To
arena. Only by looking at the overthrow the state which no
classical liberal idea “behind the longer protects the rights
border,” are we able to move mentioned.
closer to comprehending its
meaning “beyond the border.” Shortcomings of state of nature:
1. Even if men are guided by rationality,
John Locke - English political they tend to be biased in favor of self-
philosopher interests;
→ Proposed social contract theory 2. State of nature lacks a third-party
a. Locke’s social contract theory says: judge who will decide impartially
government was created through the 3. The aggrieved party is not always
consent of the people to be ruled by the strong enough
majority, and that every man once they
are of age has the right to either Neoliberalism
continue under the government they
→ Neoliberalism, ideology and Context:
policy model that emphasizes the → Pessimism over the hegemonic
value of free market competition. decline of the US
Neoliberalism as a collection of a. 1944 - 1970s US help promote
economic policies supported by an international order.
ideological commitment that → Liberal institutionalism a critique
argues for the reduction of state- to this pessimism
intervention in the economy and a
promotion of laissez-faire Content
capitalism in order to promote → Keohane most concerned on
human well being, economic what happens after hegemony
efficiency → Concerned with issue-based
→ A neo-liberal foreign policy policy coordination and cooperation
promotes free trade or open to achieve that coordination
markets and Western democratic → Facilitated by regimes
values and institutions. → Regimes consistent with
→ theory and an ideological interests of states
conviction that supports → May even perform important
maximizing the economic freedom function for states
for individuals and thus reducing → Institutions are significant, even
the amount of state intervention to crucial to successful cooperation
the bare minimum. In this regards, → Regimes can form without a
it does advocate the elimination of hegemon
government-imposed restrictions a. E.g., Environmental regimes
on transnational movements of (Montreal Protocol)
goods, capital and people → There is order even under
anarchy
Robert Keohane - Professor of Political
Science at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson Neoliberal Institutionalism - The
School (change after the Black Lives important of institutions
Movement).
→ Associated with the theory of Global Economy has three main
neo-liberal institutionalism in IR issues
after 1984 book 1. Trade (General Agreement on Trades
→ Wrote the book “After and Tariffs - GATT) - a legal agreement
Hegemony” minimizing barriers to international trade
by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs,
Neoliberal Institutionalism - Keohane, and subsidies while preserving
Nye etc. significant regulations
2. Finance (International Monetary Fund
- IMF) - provides help for countries → Parts: informal and formal
suffering financially). a. Informal Parts
3. Development (World Bank) - intended Principles - ideas that members cherish
to facilitate post-war economic recovery. Norms - Specify the general standards
The purpose now is to fight global of behavior.
poverty
→ Institutions established by a b. Formal Parts
hegemon continue to operate. Rules - formal rules
Decision-making - specify ways at
Nuclear Non-proliferation Regime - which members arrive at decisions.
principles, norms, rules, DMP
- Safety inspectors can conduct Commission of human rights
investigations from nuclear states. 1. ICCPR
2. ICESCR
Contents: 3. CEDAW
Mechanisms by which regimes induced 4. CAT
cooperation
Contents
1. Increase transparency among states. → Rules and DMPs may often
2. Provide enforcement mechanisms. change but principles and norms
(GATT penalizing) seldom do.
3. Promote norm of reciprocity.
Examples of Regime
Contents 1. Trade Regime
2. Monetary Regime
→ Relatively new concept (1980s) 3. Human Rights Regime
→ Regime - set of implicit and explicit 4. Nuclear Non-proliferation regime
principles, rules, and decision-making
procedures around which actors' → Regimes are consistent with the
expectations converge in a given issue- interests of states.
area. (Krasner, International Relations) → May even perform important
functions for states.
Principle of Human Rights → Institutions are significant, even
crucial to successful cooperation.
Non-refoulement
- The prohibition of returning refugees to Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye
the country of origin.

Contents
Joseph Nye - Harvard Distinguished movements, the Roman Catholic
Service Professor, Harvard Kennedy Church, the Ford Foundation, etc.)
School
→ Held important posts including Policy prescription
as Secretary of Defense for → Increase international
International Security Affairs transactions
→ Reduce controls and tariff
→ Both are Americans, with liberal, barriers
pluralistic, institutionalist → Increase institutions that support
orientation interdependence
→ Ideologically liberal
→ Positive sum, as opposed to zero Proliferation of transnational actors:
sum. good or bad?
→ Free and open market systems
→ Policy prescriptions. Reasons for optimism
→ Introduced soft power → extension of transnational
relations would contribute to global
Contents welfare
→ Transnationalism /
Interdependence Examples
a. Transnationalism refers to flows and → Liberalization in Burma and
exchanges that take place across observance of human rights?
national borders. These include but are → Myanmar lessened the heavy
not limited to the cross-border militarized regime due to the threat
movements and circulation of bodies, of withdrawing MNCs.
ideas, information, and things. → Sanctions from NGOs and IGOs
b. transnationalism, economic, political, pressure a country to do such
and cultural processes that extend things.
beyond the boundaries of nation-states. → Naming and shaming?
→ IGOS (UN, ASEAN,) NGO (Human
Rights, Green Peace, MNC (Nike, Features of the global economy?
Adidas) → Nation-state just one of the
→ State-centric (interstate) multiple actors
interaction pattern vs. → Int’l. economic relations
transnational interactions essentially harmonious
→ Critique of state-centered → Additional actors + blurred
approaches distinction between foreign and
a. State on the decline as an actor domestic policy
b. MNCs became the most commonly → Confidence in the role of
referred to TNAs (MNCs, guerilla technology and innovation
→ Post-war institutions can help by a unilateral change of strategy if the
solve contemporary issues strategies of the others remain unchanged.
→ Int’l. division of labor desirable
Shadow of the Future
→ Game of Repeated Prisoners
Game Theory
Dilemma
a. Repeat the game
Game Theory
b. Agree on penalties if one cheats
c. Both have incentive to cooperate
The Prisoner’s Dilemma
D. As long as players care enough about
→ Particular “game” between two
profits, they will choose to forego the one-
captured prisoners.
time gain from deflection.
→ Illustrates cooperation is difficult to
maintain even when it is mutually
beneficial.
→ Because aach pursues his or her
own interests, the two prisoners
reached to an outcome that is worse
for the two of them.
→ Cooperation between the two
prisoners is difficult to maintain,
because cooperation is individually
irrational.

Dominant Strategy
→ Strategy that is best for a player in
a game.
→ Regardless of the strategies chosen
by the other players.

Arms Races
→ After World War I, Unites States and
the Soviet Union engages in a
prolonged competition over military
power.
→ Strategies
a. Build New Weapons
b. Disarm
→ Dominant Strategy: Arm

Nash Equilibrium - (in economics and