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 Volume II
OBJECTIVE CHEM STRY
Volume II

NEET
FOR

OBJECTIVE CHEM STRY

NEET
FOR
(National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test)

and Other Medical

Entrance Examinations
K Rama Rao
The first edition of Objective Chemistry for NEET Vol. II is the second of a two-part series written for
aspiring doctors who seek to crack the medical entrance test. Designed as a one-stop solution to revise topics
in chemistry pertinent to popular medical entrance examinations, it provides a comprehensive and systematic
(National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test) des
coverage of the subject supported by numerous practice questions in every chapter. It covers all key topics, Inclu se I
Pha
beginning with the first principles before delving progressively into the subject’s finer aspects.
NEET 6
Also Available and Other Medical 201 Paper
tion
Ques Answers

Volume I OBJECTIVE PHYS CS OBJECTIVE BIOLOGY

Entrance Examinations with

NEET NEET
OBJECTIVE CHEM STRY FOR FOR

NEET
FOR
w Chapter-wise practice questions for better understanding of concepts
(National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test) (National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test)
w Topic-wise summary points for quick and effective study
and Other Medical
and Other Medical w Over 3900 Class-tested problems for hands-on guidance
es
(National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test) Includ e I es
Includ e I
Phas

Entrance Examinations
NEET
016 Entrance Examinations NEET
Phas

and Other Medical 2 Paper

tion
Ques Answers
16
20 Paper
tion
Ques Answers
with
Entrance Examinations w 4000+ Multiple Choice Questions with answers
w Over 350 'assertion and reason' based questions for the benefit of
with
w Written in accordance with NCERT syllabus for classes XI and XII
w Over 450 'assertion and reason' based questions for the
w Chapter-wise practice questions for better understanding of concepts AIIMS and JIPMER aspirants benefit of AIIMS and JIPMER aspirants
w Topic-wise summary points for quick and effective study w Chapter-wise summary of key concepts along with hints and w Comprehensive pedagogy designed to maximize score
w Over 7000 Class-tested problems for hands-on guidance solutions for better understanding w Solved question papers of the past 6 years arranged
w Solutions to questions from previous years NEET, AIPMT chapter-wise

K Rama Rao
and AIIMS examinations w Six sample test papers for practice

K Rama Rao w Board-Text Drills section based on NCERT syllabus

w Three model question papers for practice
Dr Rajiv Vijay
Abhay Kumar

www.pearson.co.in

Vol. II

Rao

Size: 8”x10”mm Spine: 24mm ISBN: 9789332575431 Title Sub Title Edition Authors / Editors Name With CD Red Band Territory line URL Price mQuest
OBJECTIVE CHEMISTRY
VOLUME II

NEET
Copyright (©) 2016 Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd
Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128,
formerly known as TutorVista Global Pvt. Ltd, licensee of Pearson Education in South Asia.

No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the
publisher’s prior written consent.

This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher
reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time.

ISBN: 978-93-325-7543-1
eISBN 978-93-325-7824 -1

Head Office: A-8 (A), 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, Sector 62, Noida 201 309,
Uttar Pradesh, India.
Registered Office: 4th Floor, Software Block, Elnet Software City, TS-140, Block 2 & 9,
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Fax: 080-30461003, Phone: 080-30461060
www.pearson.co.in, Email: [email protected]
 Contents

  Preface v
C 1.1–1.28
C 2. 2.1–2.30
C 3. 3.1–3.32
C 4. 4.1–4.26
C 5. 5.1–5.34
C 6. 
6.1–6.32
C 7A. 7A.1–7A.38
C 7B. 7B.1–7B.36
C 7C. 7C.1–7C.26
C 7D. 7D.1–7D.12
C 8. 
8.1–8.26
C 9. 9.1–9.38
C 10. 10.1–10.32
C 11. 11.1–11.28
C 12. 12.1–12.14
C 13. 13.1–13.26
C 14. 14.1–14.26
C 15. 
15.1–15.34
C 16. 16.1–16.22
C 17. 17.1–17.16
C 18. 18.1–18.12
C 19. 19.1–19.32
  NEET Phase–1 Solved Question Paper Q1.1–Q1.8
This page is intentionally left blank.
This book aims to help those students who are preparing for competitive examinations after completing higher second-
ary ­examination. It is divided into two parts: Vol. I is related to the subject being taught at XI standard and Vol. II is
related to the subject being taught at XII standard.
Each chapter is divided into subtopics and a number of questions are given at the end of each topic in every chapter
so that a student can practice well. Each topic is provided with summary points which are helpful for quick and effec-
tive study. ­Questions involving inter-related concepts of different topics of the same chapter are given at the end of each
chapter as practice exercises. Difficulty level of the questions is graded from lower level to higher level. Lower level ques-
tions are given at the end of each topic within the chapter while the higher level questions are given at the end of each
chapter. Chapter summary, given in a comprehensive and in depth manner, will help the students in revision.
After observing the recent examinations, I have found an important change in the type of questions appearing in
various competitive examinations. Keeping this change in mind, the standard of questions in this book reflects those
that are asked in various competitive examinations. The book provides class-tested course material and problems that
will supplement any kind of coaching or resource the student might be using. The language of this book has been kept
simple and the explanation is clear and point-by-point. The book is packed with exciting new learning tools that help in
smooth grasping of the subject.
I sincerely wish that students enjoy this book and get benefited from it as much as I have enjoyed writing it. I think
students appreciate the manner and care that have been taken in preparing this book. It provides everything a student
needs to complete his course successfully. Many students do not know the basics of chemistry and hence fear the subject;
this book aims to help them overcome this fear.
In spite of my best efforts, there could be some errors in this book. I request all to send their valuable suggestions
and observations for improving the book in the further editions.
I sincerely thank all those who directly or indirectly encouraged me to author this book. I am also very grateful to
the staff of Pearson Education, for their continuous encouragement and hard work in bringing out this book in this
fascinating manner.

 K. Rama Rao
This page is intentionally left blank.
 1

Chapter
Solid State

Solids, Liquids and Gases • Freeze drying is a process of cooling the substances
containing water to below –10°C at 1 atm, where
• The cooling of liquid molecules leads to the forma- the water molecules freeze to ice. This when sub-
tion of solids. jected to evacuation, water sublimes leaving behind
• In the solid state, intermolecular attractive forces the non-volatile components.
are extremely strong and as a result the molecular • Instant coffee, tea, powdered milk and many medi-
motion is completely stopped. cines are dried by freeze-drying method.
• In solids, the molecules assume fixed positions and
their motion is restricted to just vibration. Types of Solids
• Unlike gases and liquids, the solids possess definite
• Solids are of two types: Crystalline and amorphous
volume and shape.
solids
• The constituent particles in solid are closely packed
• In Crystalline solids, the constituent particles are
and this leads to the properties like incompressibil-
arranged in an orderly manner, for example, NaCl,
ity, rigidity, mechanical strength, slow diffusion and
ZnS, etc.
non-fluidity.
• The solids that do not possess crystalline form are
• Like liquids, solids also evaporate and hence exhibit
called amorphous solids, for example, glass, rubber,
vapour pressure.
many plastics, red phosphorous and amorphous
• The molecules at the surface of solid possess more sulphur.
kinetic energy and break away from the surface to
• Amorphous solids are regarded as super-cooled
enter into vapour state.
liquids or pseudo solids because they do not melt
• The process whereby a solid directly converts into sharply at a definite temperature but tend to sof-
vapour is called sublimation. ten on heating and gradually change into a viscous
• Substances such as ammonium chloride, iodine, liquid.
camphor, solid carbon dioxide sublime at ordinary • Isotropy is that, the physical properties such as
temperature and pressure. refractive index, thermal and electrical conductiv-
• Snow sublimes when the surrounding temperature ity and solubility are same in different directions.
is less than 0°C. Amorphous solids are isotropic.
• The white cloud-like exhaust fumes of high flying • Anisotropy is that, the physical properties as above
jets contain water vapour convert directly into mi- are different in different directions. Crystalline sol-
crocrystalline ice slowly converts into water vapour ids are anisotropic.
without passing through liquid state. • Amorphous solids are characterized by limited in
• The property of sublimation is used in the freeze compressibility, limited rigidity, no definite geomet-
drying of substances containing water. ric shape, no sharp melting point and isotropy.

Objective_Chemistry_V2_Chapter_01.indd 1 3/18/2015 2:07:42 PM

 1.2 Objective Chemistry - Vol. II

• Crystalline solids are characterized by incompress- • Metallic solids exhibit metallic lustre, high electri-
ibility, rigidity, mechanical strength, definite geo- cal and thermal conductivity due to free-moving
metric shape, sharp melting point and anisotropy. electrons.

Classification of Crystalline Solids Allotropy and Polymorphism

• The crystalline solids are four types (i) ­covalent
­solids (ii) ionic solids (iii) molecular solids • Allotropy is the phenomenon of existence of a sub-
(iv) ­metallic solids stance (element or compound) in two or more forms
having different physical and chemical properties.
• Depending on the type of attractive forces between
molecules, the molecular solids are again catego- • Enantiotropy is that type of allotropy where each
rized into three types ­allotrope will exist independently, that is, stable over
a given temperature range, for example, sulphur,
• Non-polar molecular solids in which atoms such as
tin, ammonium chloride, red and yellow forms of
Ar, Kr, Xe, and so on, or molecules of covalent sub-
mercuric iodide.
stances such as H2, N2, O2, Cl2, and so on are held
together by weak van der Waals forces. These solids • If one allotrope is stable under normal conditions
have low melting points and the particles are widely but the other allotrope is unstable or metastable,
separated than in close packed ionic or metallic then it is known as monotropic allotropy, for ex-
lattices. ample, white and red phosphorous; diamond and
graphite; calcite and aragonite. Under normal con-
• Polar molecular solids in which molecules are held
ditions, the metastable form changes to the stable
together by relatively stronger dipole–dipole inter-
form but never in the reverse direction.
actions. The solids are soft and non-conductors
of electricity. Their melting points are higher than • The phenomenon in which one allotrope changes
those of non-polar molecular solids, for example, into the other at exactly the same rate as the reverse
solid CO2, SO2, NH3, etc. occurs is known as dynamic allotropy. Both allo-
tropes are stable over a wide range of conditions. In
• Hydrogen-bonded molecular solids are those in
liquid state, Sλ and Sμ exhibit dynamic allotropy.
which molecules participate in hydrogen bonding.
In crystals of benzoic acid, hydrogen bonds cause
the association into dimers which are then held to- Isomorphism
gether by van der Waals forces. These are also non-
conductors of electricity. • When two different chemical substances have the
• In ionic solids, the structural units are positive and same crystalline form, they are said to be isomor-
negative ions, each ion being surrounded by a defi- phous. (In Greek, ‘isomorphe’ means ‘equal form’.)
nite number of oppositely charged ions known as • Isomorphism is exhibited by the solids in which the
coordination number. packing in crystal lattice is same which depends on
• In ionic solids, ions are held together by strong elec- the nature of the forces holding the units of struc-
trostatic forces and they have high melting points. ture together and on the relative sizes and shapes.
They are hard and brittle. Since the ions in a solid • Ionic compounds exhibit isomorphism when the
are not free to move they are non-conductors of relative sizes of the ions are same and have simi-
electricity in solid state but in molten state and in lar shape, for example, NaCl and KCl are isomor-
aqueous solution they ionize and become good phous, K 2SO 4, K 2SeO 4 , KMnO4, and BaSO 4; all
conductors of electricity. alums are isomorphous.
• In a covalent or network solid, the atoms are con-
nected to one another by covalent linkages form-
Vapour Pressure and Melting Point
ing giant, network, for example, diamond, graphite,
carborundum, quartz, and so on. • Solids have some vapour pressure but are negligibly
• In metallic solids, the units are positive metallic ions small due to strong forces which have to be over-
surrounded by a sea of mobile electrons, each elec- come to vaporize.
tron belonging to a number of positive ions and each • The temperature and pressure at which the three
positive ion belonging to a number of electrons. states solid, liquid and vapour of a substance are in
• The binding force in metallic solids is metallic bond. equilibrium is called triple point.

Objective_Chemistry_V2_Chapter_01.indd 2 3/18/2015 2:07:43 PM

 Solid State 1.3

10. Amorphous solids

Objective Questions (1) possess sharp melting points
1. Which one is not the property of crystalline solid? (2) undergo clean cleavage when cut with a knife
(1) isotropic (3) do not undergo clean cleavage when cut with a
(2) sharp melting point knife
(3) a definite and regular geometry (4) possess orderly arrangement over long ­distance
(4) high intermolecular forces 11. Which of the following statement is incorrect
2. The characteristic features of solids are about amorphous solids?
(1) definite shape (1) They are anisotropic.
(2) definite size (2) They are rigid and incompressible.
(3) definite shape and size (4) They melt over a wide range in temperature.
(4) definite shape, size and rigidity (4) There is no orderly arrangement of particles.
3. The constituent particles of a solid have
(1) translatory motion only Answers
(2) rotatory motion only
(3) vibratory motion only (1) 1 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 4
(4) all the above type of motions (5) 2 (6) 4 (7) 3 (8) 2
4. Which of the following is not a characteristic of (9) 3 (10) 3 (11) 1
crystalline solid?
(1) They have a regular geometry
(2) They have sharp melting point Crystal Lattices and
(3) They have long range order of arrangements Unit Cells
(4) They cannot be cleaved
• A space lattice is a regular arrangement of constitu-
5. If heat is supplied to a pure substance which is just
ent particles (atoms, ions or molecules) of a crystal-
beginning to melt, the
line solid in three-dimensional spaces.
(1) critical temperature will rise
(2) temperature will remain constant
• The positions which are occupied by the atoms,
(3) temperature will immediately rise ions or molecules in the crystal are called lattice
(4) temperature will fall points or lattice sites.
• The smallest repetitive unit of a crystal lattice which
6. In solids, the constituent particles may be
is used to describe the lattice is called the unit cell.
(1) atoms (2) ions
(3) molecules (4) any of these
• Crystals possess the same symmetry as their con-
stituent unit cells.
7. Which of the following set contains all molecular
• Primitive unit cells are drawn with lattice points
crystals?
at all corners, and each primitive cell contains the
(1) LiF, solid CO2, wax, diamond equivalent of one atom.
(2) ZnS, silicon, I 2, NaCl
(3) Solid CO2, wax, I 2, Ice
• When a primitive cell contains one or more con-
(4) SiC, graphite, caesium chloride, rubber stituent particles present at positions other than
corners in addition to those at corners, it is called
8. A molecular crystalline solid centred unit cell.
(1) is very hard • In the simple unit cell, the particles are present only
(2) is volatile at the corners of the unit cell.
(3) has a high melting point
(4) is a good conductor
• In the body-centred unit cell, there is one particle
present at the centre of the unit cell in addition to
9. Amorphous solids are the particles at the corners of the unit cell.
(1) solid substances in real sense • In a face-centred unit cell, there is one particle pre-
(2) liquids in real sense sent on the centre of each face in addition to the
(3) supercooled liquids particles at the corners of the unit cell.
(4) substances with definite melting points

Objective_Chemistry_V2_Chapter_01.indd 3 3/18/2015 2:07:45 PM

 1.4 Objective Chemistry - Vol. II

• In the end-centred cell, there is one particle in the • A crystal system is characterized by the dimensions
centre of two opposite faces in addition to the par- of a unit cell along the three axes (a, b, c) and the
ticles at the corners of the unit cell. size of angles (α , β , γ ) between the three axes.
• The various types of unit cells possible are given in the
Crystal Systems following Table and their shapes shown in the figure
• The total number of three-dimensional lattices are
• There are seven crystal systems, arising due to
14, which are known as Bravais lattices.
­different symmetry of the crystal lattices.

The Seven Crystal Systems

Crystal system Axial distance Axial angles Possible types of unit cells Examples
or edge lengths
Cubic a=b=c a = b = g = 90 Primitive body centred, face Copper, KCl, NaCl, zinc blend,
centred diamond
Tetragonal a=b≠c a = b = g = 90° Primitive body centred SnO2, White tin, TiO2, CaSO4
Orthorhombic a≠b≠c a = b = g = 90 Primitive, body centred, face Rhombic sulphur KNO3,
centred, end centred CaCO3, BaSO4
Hexagonal a=b≠c a = b = 90 g = 120 Primitive Graphite Mg, ZnO CdS
Trigonal or a≠b≠c a = b = g ≠ 90 Primitive CaCO3 (Calcite, HgS,
Rhombohedral Cinnabar)
Monoclinic a≠b≠c a = g = 90 b ≠ 90 Primitive, end centred Monoclinic sulphur,
Na2SO4.10H2O
Triclinic a≠b≠c a ≠ b ≠ g ≠ 90 Primitive K2Cr2O7, CuSO4·5H2O, H3BO3

a
a

Primitive (or simple) Body centred Face centred

The three cubic lattices: all sides same length; angles between faces all 90°

a
a

The two tetragonal lattices: one side different in length to the other
two angles between faces all 90°

Objective_Chemistry_V2_Chapter_01.indd 4 3/18/2015 2:07:48 PM

 Solid State 1.5

a
b

The four orthorhombic lattices: unequal sides; angles between faces all 90°

a
b

more
than
90°
c
less
than
90°

Side
view
The two monclinic lattices: unequal sides; two faces have angles differnent to 90°

Objective_Chemistry_V2_Chapter_01.indd 5 3/18/2015 2:07:49 PM

 1.6 Objective Chemistry - Vol. II

Number of Atoms per Unit Cell 15. Which one of the following is a primitive unit cell?
(1) simple cubic
• In a simple or primitive cubic lattice, the lattice (2) body-centred cubic
points are located only at the corners. (3) face-centred cubic
• In different cubic unit cells, there are mainly four (4) both body- and face-centred cubic
kinds of lattice points. The four types of lattice
points and the contribution of each particle at the 16. How many basic crystal systems are known?
lattice point to the unit cell are (1) 7 (2) 8 (3) 6 (4) 4
  (i) A particle in the body of the unit cell belongs 17. Which of the following systems has/have not been
to that unit cell only and counts 1; correctly characterized?
(ii) A particle on a face is shared by two unit cells (1) cubic a = b = c, α = β = γ = 90°
and contributes 1 2 to the unit cell; (2) cubic a = b ≠ c, α = β = γ = 90°
(iii) A particle at the edge is shared by four unit (3) monoclinic a ≠ b ≠ c, α = γ = 90°, β ≠ 90°
cells and contributes 1 4 to the unit cell; and (4) tetragonal a = b ≠ c, α = β = γ = 90°
(iv) A particle at a corner is shared by eight cells 18. The number of atoms per unit cell in a simple
that share the corner and so contributes 18 to ­cubic, face-centred cubic and body-centred cubic
the unit cell. are, respectively,
• In a simple or primitive cubic lattice, the lattice (1) 1, 4, 2 (2) 1, 2, 4
points are located at the corners of each unit cell (3) 8, 14, 9 (4) 8, 4, 2
and can contribute only 18 of each particle at the 19. Tetragonal crystal system has the following unit
corner to the unit cell shared by 8 unit cells in space cell dimensions
lattice. So a simple cubic unit cell has 8 × 18 = 1 par-
(1) a = b = c and α = β = γ = 90°
ticle per unit cell
(2) a = b ≠ c and α = β = γ = 90°
• In a body-centred cubic unit cell, particles are lo- (3) a ≠ b ≠ c and α = β = γ = 90°
cated at the centre of the cell as well as at the cor- (4) a ≠ b = c and α = β = 90° and γ = 90°
ners. Therefore the number of atoms per unit cell
in body centred cubic unit cell is 8(at corners) × 20. In a crystal a ≠ b ≠ c and a = g = 90°, b ≠ 90°. It is
1 + 1( at body centre ) × 1 = 2 particles (1) monoclinic (2) rhombic
8
• In a face-centred cubic (fcc) unit cell, atoms (3) trigonal (4) tetragonal
are bound at the centre of the six faces of the 21. Example of a unit cell with crystallographic
cell as well as at each of the eight corners. The ­dimensions a ≠ b ≠ c, α = γ = 90°, β ≠ 90° is
number of particles per unit cell in a fcc is (1) calcite
6 ( at centre of each face ) × 1 2 + 8 ( at corners ) × 18 = 4 (2) graphite
particles. (3) rhombic sulphur
(4) monoclinic sulphur
Objective Questions 22. For a certain crystal, unit cell axial lengths are found
12. Bravais lattices are to be a = 5.62 Å, b = 7.41 Å and c = 10.13 Å. The
three coordinate axes are mutually perpendicular.
(1) 10 types (2) 8 types
The crystal system to which this crystal ­belongs is the
(3) 7 types (4) 14 types
(1) tetragonal (2) orthorhombic
13. The three-dimensional graph of lattice points (3) monoclinic (4) cubic
which sets the pattern for the whole lattice is called
23. If the three inter axial angles defining the unit
(1) space lattice (2) simple lattice
cell are all equal in magnitude, the crystal cannot
(3) unit cell (4) crystal lattice
­belong to the
14. Which of the following type of cubic lattice has (1) orthorhombic system
maximum number of atoms per unit cell? (2) hexagonal system
(1) simple cubic (2) body-centred cubic (3) tetragonal system
(3) face-centred cubic (4) all have same (4) cubic system

Objective_Chemistry_V2_Chapter_01.indd 6 3/18/2015 2:07:55 PM

 Solid State 1.7

24. A match box exhibits • The void created when four spherical particles are
(1) cubic geometry in contact with each other is called tetrahedral void
(2) orthorhombic geometry or tetrahedral hole.
(3) triclinic geometry • If tetrahedral voids of second layer are covered,
(4) monoclinic geometry hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure results.
• If octahedral voids of second layer are covered,
Answers ­cubic close-packed (ccp) structure results.
• In a close-packed structure of N atoms, there are
(12) 4 (13) 1 (14) 3 (15) 1 (16) 1 2N tetrahedral voids and N octahedral voids. The
(17) 2 (18) 1 (19) 2 (20) 1 (21) 4 octahedral voids are larger than tetrahedral voids.
(22) 2 (23) 2 (24) 2 • The radius ratio of different voids is 0.225 for tet-
rahedral void, 0.414 for octahedral void, 0.155 for
triangular void and 0.732 for cubic void.
Packing of Equal Spheres Tetrahedral
(Structure of Metals) hole

• In metals, the atoms in a close-packed layer are

­arranged in a regular hexagon.
• In metals, the close-packed layers of atoms can be
staked in two ways. (a)
• In hexagonal close packing (hcp), after arranging Octahedral
the atoms of second layer in the depressions of the hole
first layer, the atoms of third layer are arranged so
that they will be immediately above the atoms in the
first layer. This results in AB AB AB ….. pattern.
• Metals that crystallize in hcp structure are Be, Mg, (b)
Ti, Zn and Cd.
• In cubic close packing (ccp), the atoms in third layer (a) Tetrahedral and (b) octahedral voids.
are not immediately above the atoms in the first
layer. This type of stacking of layers results in ABC Locating Tetrahedral and
ABC …. pattern Octahedral Voids in Cubic Close
• Metals that crystallize in the ccp structure are Al, Packing
Cu, Ag, Au, Pt and Ni.
• In cubic close packing, there are eight tetrahedral
• In hcp and ccp structures, the coordination number,
voids two on each body diagonal at one-fourth dis-
that is, the number of surrounding atoms in contact
tance from each end.
with an atom is 12.
• In cubic close packing or face-centred cubic close
• It is impossible to pack identical spheres (atoms)
packing, there is one octahedral hole at the cube
together with coordination number greater than 12.
centre and 12 octahedral voids on the centres of
12 edges of the cube.
Interstitial Sites or • The octahedral hole at the centre of the cube is
Interstitial Voids surrounded by the atoms belonging to the same
cube. The octahedral hole at the edge centre is sur-
• In a close-packed arrangement of spherical parti- rounded by three atoms belonging to the same unit
cles (atoms/ions/molecules), two types of voids or cell (2 on the corners and 1 on the face centre) and
holes are created. 3 belonging to the adjacent unit cells.
• The void created when six spherical particles are in • Each octahedral hole on the edge centre is being
contact with each other is called octahedral void or shared by 4 unit cells. The number of octahedral
octahedral hole. voids in cubic close packing per unit cell is 4.

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 1.8 Objective Chemistry - Vol. II

the corners of the unit cell and Y atoms at the body

Objective Questions centre. The simplest formula of the compound is
25. Which of the following statement is wrong? (1) X 3 Y (2) X 2 Y
(1) The coordination number of each sphere in (4) XY (4) XY2
hcp arrangement is 12. 32. A Compound contains two types of atoms X and
(2) In a close-packed array of N spheres, the Y. Its crystal structure is a cubic lattice with X at-
­number of octahedral holes is N. oms at the corners of the cube and Y atoms are at
(3) In a close-packed array of N spheres, the the face centre. The simplest formula of the com-
­number of tetrahedral holes is 2N. pound is
(4) Hexagonal close-packed arrangement of ions (1) X 2 Y (2) XY3
is described as ABCABCABC…. (3) XY2 (4) X 3 Y
26. Identify the false statement 33. A solid has a structure in which X atoms are locat-
(1) In ccp arrangement, the total number of octa- ed at the cube corners of the unit cell, Y atoms are
hedral voids formed will be 13. located at the cube edges and Z atoms at the cube
(2) AB AB AB ….. arrangement represents cubic centre. What is the formula of the compound?
close-packed structure. (1) ZXY3 (2) XYZ
(3) If the coordination number of an element in (3) XYZ3 (4) ZYX3
its crystal lattice is 8, then the packing is bcc.
(4) In an fcc lattice, the number of nearest neigh- 34. CCP is same as
bours for a given lattice point is 12. (1) bcc (2) fcc
(3) hcp (4) None of these
27. When identical spheres in the adjacent rows have
a vertical as well as horizontal alignment in such a 35. A packing consists of a base of spheres, followed
way that each sphere has four nearest neighbours, by a second layer where each sphere rests in the
the type of pattern is called hollow at the junction of four spheres below it and
(1) square close packing the third layer then rest on these in an arrange-
(2) hexagonal close packing ment which corresponds exactly to that in the first
(3) cubic close packing layer. This packing is knows as
(4) body-centred close packing (1) hexagonal close packing
(2) cubic close packing
28. If three spheres of first layer and three of second
(3) square close packing
layer enclose a site at the centre on a closest pack-
(4) body-centred cubic packing
ing arrangement, then this site is called
(1) interstitial site (2) tetrahedral site 36. The two principal types of staking of closest-
(3) octahedral site (4) none of these packed layers in metallic structures are called
(1) body-centred cubic close packing and hexago-
29. In a closest packed lattice, the number of tetrahe-
nal close packing
dral sites formed will be
(2) square based cubic-close packing and cubic
(1) equal to the number of spheres in the lattice close packing
(2) half than that of the number of spheres (3) hexagonal close packing and cubic close
(3) double than that of the number of spheres ­packing
(4) triple than that of the number of spheres (4) cubic close packing and body-centred cubic
30. The intermetallic compound LiAg crystallizes in packing
cubic lattice in which both lithium and silver have 37. If the spheres in the first and third layers lie in
coordination number of eight. The crystal class is ­different interstices of the second layer rather than
(1) simple cube in the same interstices, then the staking pattern is
(2) body-centred cube called
(3) face-centred cube (1) cubic close packing
(4) end-centred cube (2) hexagonal close packing
31. A compound contains two types of atoms X and Y. (3) body-centred close packing
Its crystal structure is cubic lattice with X atoms at (4) simple cubic lattice pattern

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 Solid State 1.9

38. When a sphere fits into the depression formed by 45. On increasing the temperature of a crystalline
three other spheres close packed in two ­dimensions, compound,
then the void formed is called (1) it decomposes
(1) an octahedral void (2) coordination number increase
(2) a tetrahedral void (3) coordination number decreases
(3) tetragonal void (4) None of these happens
(4) a rhombohedral void
39. The arrangement of the first two layers, one above Answers
the other in hcp and ccp arrangement, is
(25) 4 (26) 2 (27) 1 (28) 3 (29) 3
(1) exactly same in both cases
(30) 2 (31) 3 (32) 2 (33) 1 (34) 3
(2) partially same and partially different
(35) 4 (36) 3 (37) 1 (38) 3 (39) 1
(3) different from each other
(40) 3 (41) 2 (42) 3 (43) 4 (44) 3
(4) nothing definite
(45) 3
40. A tetrahedral void in a crystal implies that
(1) shape of the void is tetrahedral
(2) molecules forming the void are tetrahedral in Efficiency of Packing
shape
(3) the void is surrounded tetrahedrally by four • The atomic radius r is expressed in terms of edge
spheres length ‘a’
(4) the void is surrounded by six spheres a
• r = in the case of simple cubic lattice.
2
41. The octahedral voids in a face-centred cubic (fcc) a
or (ccp) structure are located at • r= in the case of face centred cubic lattice
2 2
(1) 6 at edge centres and 8 along body diagonals
(2) 12 at edge centres and one at body centre 3
• r= a in the case of body centred cubic lattice
(3) 8 along body diagonal and 6 at edge centres 4
(4) all at edge centres only • Ionic radii of an ion ‘r’ in terms of edge length in
different types of ionic crystals can be expressed as
42. The size of an octahedral void formed in a closest-
packed lattice as compared to tetrahedral void is rc + ra = a in the case of simple cubic lattice
a
(1) equal rc + ra = for cubic lattice of NaCl type
(2) smaller 2
(3) larger 3
rc + ra = a for a body-centred lattice of CsCl
(4) not definite 2
type
43. Which of the following statement is wrong?
• Volume occupied in an fcc arrangement is 74.06%
(1) Ag crystallizes in ccp structure
• Volume occupied in body-centred cubic (bcc)
(2) Cobalt crystallizes in bcc structure
­arrangement is 68%
(3) In hcp in two layers one above the other, the
coordination number of each sphere will be 9 • Packing efficiency of simple cubic lattice is 52.4%
(4) In a fcc lattice, the number of nearest neigh- • Packing efficiency of hexagonal close packing is 74%
bours for a given lattice point is 8
44. An alloy of copper, silver and gold is found to Calculation Involving Unit Cell
have copper constituting the ccp lattice. If silver Dimensions
atoms occupy the edge centres and gold is present
at body centre, then the alloy has the formula • If the edge length of the unit cell is ‘a’ pm, that is,
(1) Cu 4 Ag 2 Au a × 10 −10 cm
(2) Cu 4 Ag 4 Au Volume of the unit cell = a3 × 10 −30 cm3
(3) Cu 4 Ag3 Au Mass of the unit cell
Density of the unit cell =
(4) Cu Ag Au Volume of the unit cell

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 1.10 Objective Chemistry - Vol. II

• Mass of the unit cell = (No atoms or formula units • When half the tetrahedral voids are occupied by
per unit cell) × (Mass of one atom or one formula cations the crystal will get the zinc blende or sphal-
unit) = Z × m erite structure.
Here Z is the number of atoms present in one unit • If all the tetrahedral voids are occupied by anions
cell and m is the mass of a single atom. while cation adopt cubic close-packed structure, the
M crystal will get the fluorite structure and the formula
m= , where M is gram molecular weight and of the compound will be AB2 as the tetrahedral
NA
voids are double to the ions making cubic close-
NA is Avogadro’s number (6.02 × 1023 ).
packed structure.
ZM • If anions adopt cubic close packing and cations oc-
Density d = g cm −3
N A a3 × 10 −30 cupy all the tetrahedral voids, the crystal will get the
antifluorite structure and the formula of the com-
pound will be A2B.
Radius Ratio: Structure of an • Packing efficiency of rock-salt structure is 79% and
Ionic Compound that of zinc blend structure is 75%
• In ionic solids every ion is surrounded by a number • The type of hole occupied can be determined from
of oppositely charged ions. the radius ratio.
• The number of oppositely charged ions surround- Radius ratio Coordination number Structure
ing an ion is called as the coordination number of
<0.155 2 Linear
that particular ion
0.155–0.225 3 Triangular
• The arrangement of ions in a crystal and the coor- 0.225–0.414 4 Tetrahedral
dination number of an ion depends on the radius 0.414–0.732 6 Octahedral
ratio of the ions or atoms surrounded it. 0.732–1 8 Cubic
• In the case of ionic solids, the ratio of the radius
of cation to the radius of an anion is called limiting
radius ratio.
• In the simple ionic crystals, anions are normally Objective Questions
larger than cations and arranged in a closest-packed
array. 46. If R is the radius of spheres forming closest-pack-
ing lattice and r is the radius of the tetrahedral
• Being smaller in size, cations occupy the voids. If void, then these two parameters are related as
all the octahedral voids are occupied by cations,
(1) r = 0.155R (2) r = 0.225R
the number of cations is equal to the number of
(3) r = 0.414R (4) r = 0.732R
anions. If all the tetrahedral voids are occupied by
cations, the number of cations is twice the number 47. Close packing is maximum in
of anions. (1) simple cubic (2) bcc
• Relatively small cations occupy the tetrahedral (3) fcc (4) None
holes while larger cations occupy the octahedral
48. The edge length of face-centred unit cubic cell is
holes.
508 pm. If the radius of the cation is 110 pm, the
• If cation is too large to fit into the octahedral hole, radius of anion is
the anions make larger cubic holes for cations. (1) 110 pm (2) 144 pm
• Coordination numbers of 5, 7, 9, 10 and 11 do not (3) 618 pm (4) 398 pm
occur because of the impossibility of balancing the
electrical charges. 49. Suppose ‘a’ is the axial length of the body-centred
cubic unit cell, then the distance between nearest
• When the radius ratio becomes equal to 1, ions neighbours is
of the same size are making up the crystal. This is
(1) a 2 (2)  a 2
found in the crystals of metals.
• When all the octahedral voids are occupied by the 2 3
(3)  a (4)  a
cations, the crystal will get the rock-salt structure. 4 2

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 Solid State 1.11

50. Platinum crystallizes in face-centred cubic crystal Answers

with a unit cell length ‘a’. The distance between
nearest neighbour is (46) 2 (47) 3 (48) 2 (49) 4
3 (50) 3 (51) 4 (52) 3 (53) 4
(1) a (2) a
2 (54) 2 (55) 2 (56) 1
2 2
(3) a (4) a
2 4 Structure of Ionic Compounds
51. Calcium crystallizes in fcc lattice. The axial length
Sodium Chloride Structure
of one unit cell is 556 pm. Calculate the radius of
a calcium atom. • In NaCl, each Na + or Cl − ion is surrounded by six
(1) 278 pm (2) 241 pm (coordination number) other oppositely charged
(3) 481 pm (4) 197 pm ions octahedrally.
52. Lithium crystallizes in body-centred cubic lattice • NaCl structure is regarded as cubic close-packed
of unit cell length 352 pm. The distance between array of Cl − ions with Na + ions occupying all the
nearest neighbours is octahedral holes.
(1) 150 pm (2) 75 pm • The unit cell of NaCl has 4 Na + ions and 4 Cl −
(3) 304 pm (4) 122 pm ions and thus 4 formula units per unit cell.
53. The distance between adjacent oppositely charged • The ionic solids having NaCl-type crystal structure
ion in rubidium chloride is 3.285 Å, in potassium are HgO, CaO, SrO, NaBr, KCl, and so on.
chloride is 3.139 Å, in sodium bromide is 2.981
and in potassium bromide is 3.293. The distance Zinc Blende or Sphalerite (ZnS)
between adjacent oppositely charged ions in Structure
­rubidium bromide is
(1) 3.147 Å (2) 3.385 Å • The radius ratio 0.4 of Zn2+ and S2− in zinc blende
(3) 3.393 Å (4) 3.439 Å suggests a tetrahedral arrangement of ZnS.
54. How many unit cells are there in 1.00 g cube-
shaped ideal crystal of AB (MW = 60), which has AY2 Type Ionic Solids
NaCl type lattice?
Fluorite (Calcium fluoride) Structure
(1) 6.02 × 1023
(2) 2.5 × 1021 • In fluorite each Ca 2+ ion is surrounded by eight F−
(3) 1.00 × 1022 ions giving bcc arrangement.
(4) 6.02 × 1024 • Each F− ion in CaF2 is surrounded by four Ca 2+
ions tetrahedrally.
55. Packing fraction (fraction of volume occupied)
(1) depends on the radius of the spheres
• Since the number of F− ions is double the number
(2) depends only on the nature of packing of Ca 2+ ions, the coordination number of Ca 2+ and
(3) depends both on the radius of the sphere and F− are 8 and 4, respectively.
the nature of the packing • Ionic solids having fluorite structure are UO2,
(4) is independent of the nature of the packing ThO2, SrF2.
56. The low density of the alkali metals is due to
(1) their body-centred cubic structure in which A2X Type Ionic Solid
about 32% of the available space is unfilled Antifluorite Structure
(2) their hexagonal close-packed structure in which
about 74% of the available space is unfilled • In antifluorite structure, anions form cubic close
(3) their cubic close-packed structure in which packed arrangement and cations occupy tetrahe-
74% of the available space is filled dral holes
(4) their body-centred cubic structure in which • In antifluorite structure, coordination number of
about 47% the available space is unfilled cation is 4 and that of anion is 8.

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 1.12 Objective Chemistry - Vol. II

• Ionic solids having antifluorite structure are Li2O, • In CsCl, if the ions at the corners are Cl- ions there
Na2O, K2O and Rb2O. will be Cs + ion at the body-centred position or
vice versa.
Structure of Some Solid Crystals • The ionic solids having CsCl structure are CsBr,
CsI, TlBr.
• Rutile is one form of titanium dioxide. Its unit cell
has a tetragonal structure in which titanium ions
Perovskite Structure
are at the corners and at the centre of the cube. The
titanium ion at the centre is surrounded by six oxide • Perovskite is a mineral with formula CaTiO3.
ions. • The Ca2+ ions occupy the corners of the cube, the
• Every titanium ion is surrounded by six oxide ions O2– ions occupy the face centres of the cube and the
and every oxide ion has three titanium ions as their titanium ion lies at the centre of the cube.
nearest neighbours.
• The ratio of titanium and oxide ions is 1:2 and the Structure of Magnetite (Fe3O4)
formula of rutile is TiO2.
• The Fe3O4 contains Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions in the ratio
• In ZnS (zinc blende) each Zn2+ ion is surrounded 2:1 and considering the composition of FeO Fe2O3
by four S2− ions and each S2− ion is tetrahedrally
surrounded by four Zn2+ ions.
• In Fe3O4, oxide ions are arranged in ccp and Fe2+
ions occupy octahedral voids while Fe3+ ions are
• In ZnS the coordination number of Zn2+ and S2− is equally distributed between octahedral and tetra-
4:4 arrangement. hedral holes.
• ZnS is related to cubic close-packed structure and • Mg Fe2 O 4 also has the structure similar to magnet-
Zn2+ ions occupy tetrahedral holes. ite in which Mg 2+ ions are present in place of Fe2+
• Since there are twice as many tetrahedral holes as ion in Fe3 O 4.
there are S2− ions. It follows that to obtain a for- • Magnetite has an inverse spinel structure.
mula ZnS, only half of the tetrahedral holes are oc-
cupied by Zn2+ (that is every alternate tetrahedral
Normal Spinel Structure
site is occupied)
• ZnS has face-centred cubic structure in which • Spinel is a mineral (Mg Al2 O 4)
S2− ions occupy the lattice points and Zn2+ ions • In spinel oxide ions are arranged in ccp with Mg 2+
are at one-fourth of the distance along each body ions occupying tetrahedral voids and Al3+ ions
diagonal. ­occupy octahedral voids.
• Each unit cell of ZnS consists of four Zn2+ and four • Ferrites such as ZnFe2 O 4 also possess spinel
S2− ions making 4 ZnS formula units. structure.
• Ionic solids having ZnS crystal structure are BeO,
CuCl, Cu, and so on.
Objective Questions
Wurtzite Structure 57. The tetrahedral voids formed by ccp arrangement
of Cl– ions in rock salt structure are
• Wurtzite has hexagonal structure. Sulphide ions
occupy the triangular faces. Four zinc ions make (1) vacant
up the corners of tetrahedron centred on another (2) occupied by Na + ions
sulphide ion at a central point in the cell. (3) occupied by Cl − ions
(4) occupied by both Na + and Cl − ions
• The coordination number of each is 4.
58. The number of Cl − ions required to form ccp lat-
Caesium Chloride Structure tice of NaCl structure will be
(1) 14 (2) 13
• The radius ratio of CsCl is 0.93 which indicates that
(3) 12 (4) 9
CsCl has bcc-type arrangement in which each Cs +
ion surrounded by Cl − ions and vice versa and the 59. The r + / r − value of zinc blende structure is
coordination number of CsCl is 8:8. 0.4.This predicts

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 Solid State 1.13

(1) C.N. 4 with tetrahedral arrangement ­occupying the lattice points. What is the coordina-
(2) C.N. 4 with square planar arrangement tion number of the B atoms?
(3) C.N. 8 with b.c.c arrangement (1) 4 (2) 6 (3) 8 (4) 12
(4) C.N. 6 with octahedral arrangement
68. Antifluorite structure is derived from fluorite
60. In fluorite (CaF2) structure all octahedral voids are structure by
(1) occupied by Ca 2+ ions (1) heating fluorite crystal lattice
(2) vacant (2) subjecting fluorite structure of high pressure
(3) occupied by F− ions (3) interchanging the positions of positive and
(4) none of these negative ions in the lattice
(4) None of these
61. In fluorite (CaF2) structure, the Ca 2+ ions are
­arranged in 69. In a compound XY2 O 4, Oxide ions are arranged
(1) bcc type structure (2) fcc type structure in cubic close-packing arrangement and cations
(3) hcp type structure (4) none of these X are present in octahedral voids. Cations Y are
equally distributed between octahedral and tetra-
62. Na 2 O has antifluorite structure. The fcc type of hedral voids. The fraction of the octahedral voids
lattice will be formed by occupied is
(1) O2− ions 1 1 1 1
(2) Na + ions (1)  (2)  (3)  (4) 
2 4 6 8
(3) Na + and O2− ions
70. The coordination numbers of cation occupying a
(4) None of these
tetrahedral hole and an octahedral hole, respec-
63. For an ionic compound of general formula AX tively, are
and coordination number 6, the value of radius (1) 4, 6 (2) 6, 4 (3) 8, 4 (4) 4, 8
ratio will be
71. The structure of TlCl is similar to CsCl. What
(1) greater than 0.73
would be the radius ratio in TlCl?
(2) in between 0.73 and 0.41
(3) in between 0.41 and 0.22 (1) 0.155–0.225 (2) 0.225– 0.414
(4) less than 0.22 (3) 0.414–0.732 (4) 0.732–1.00
72. The type of structure assumed by an ionic com-
64. The positions of Na + ions in NaCl structure are
pound is determined by
(1) corners of the cube
(1) relative number of each kind of the ions
(2) body centre of the cube
(2) relative sizes of each kind of the ions
(3) edge centres of the cube
(3) both 1 and 2
(4) both 2 and 3
(4) None of these
65. Space lattice of CaF2 is
73. Which one of the following statement is wrong
(1) fcc (2) bcc about rock salt type structure?
(3) simple cubic (4) hcp
(1) it has an fcc structure
66. Which of the following statement is not correct? (2) Na + and Cl − ions have a coordination ­number
(1) The coordination number of each type of ion 6:6
in CsCl crystal is 8 (3) A unit cell of NaCl consists of four NaCl units
(2) A metal crystallizes in bcc structure has a (4) All halides of alkali metals have rock-salt type
­coordination number 12 structure
(3) A unit cell of an ionic crystal shares some of 74. Which one of the following statements is wrong
its ions with other unit cells about zinc blend-type structure?
(4) The edge length of the unit cell in NaCl is 552 pm (1) Each Zn2+ ion is surrounded tetrahedrally by
( RNa + = 95 pm, rCl− = 181 pm ) four S2− ions and each S2− ion by four Zn2+ ions
(2) S 2− ions form an fcc arrangement
67. A mineral having the formula AB2 crystallizes (3) AgBr has zinc blend-type structure
in the cubic close-packed lattice with A atoms (4) cuprous halides have zinc blende-type ­structure

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 1.14 Objective Chemistry - Vol. II

75. The number of formula units in unit cell of fluorite is Crystallography

(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 6 (4) 8
• The branch of science which deals with the geo-
76. Among NaCl, ZnS, CaF2 and CsCl, in which case metrical properties and structure of crystals and
the cations form ccp structure crystalline substances is called crystallography.
(1) NaCl (2) ZnS (3) CsCl (4) CaF2 • The law of constancy of interfacial angles states that
77. In the sphalerite (ZnS) structure S ions form 2− for a given substance the corresponding faces or
face-centred cubic lattice. Then Zn2+ ions are pre- planes forming the external surface of crystal inter-
sent on the body diagonal at sect at a definite angle called interfacial angle and
remains always constant no matter how the faces
(1) 13 rd of the distance
develop.
(2) 1 4 th of the distance
• Plane of symmetry is an imaginary plane which
(3) 1 6 th of the distance
passes through the centre of a crystal and divides
(4) 18 th of the distance it into two equal portions, such that one part is the
78. A solid A + B− has the B− ions arranged as below. If exact mirror image of the other.
the A + ions occupy half the tetrahedral sites in the • Axis of symmetry is a line about a crystal may be
structure, then the formula of solid is rotated such that it presents same appearance more
than once during the complete rotation.
• A n-fold (or n-gonal) axis of symmetry is an axis
such that when an ideal crystal is rotated around it,
the crystal occupies the same position in space by
n-times in a complete rotation of 360°.
(1) AB (2) AB2 (3) A2B (4) A3B4
• Centre of symmetry is a point in the body of the
79. For a solid with the following structure, the coor- crystal such that a line drawn through it inter-
dination number of the point B is sects the opposite faces at equal distances in both
directions.
• Only one centre of symmetry is possible for any
crystal.
• The total number of planes, axes and centre of
­symmetry possessed by a crystal is known as
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 6 ­elements of symmetry.
80. In a solid AB having the NaCl structure ‘A’ atoms • A cube has three rectangular planes of symmetry,
occupy the corners of the cubic unit cell. If all six diagonal planes of symmetry, three fourfold
the face-centred atoms along one of the axes are axes of symmetry, four threefold axes of symmetry,
removed, then the resultant stoichiometry of the six twofold axes of symmetry thus the total of sym-
solid is metry elements is 23.
(1) AB2 (2) A2B (3) A4B3 (4) A3B4 • The law of rational indices states that intercepts of
the planes of a crystal on a suitable set of axes can
81. In which of the following crystals alternate tetra- be expressed by small multiples of unit distances.
hedral voids are occupied
• The indices used in practice to denote the direction
(1) NaCl (2) ZnS (3) CaF2 (4) Na2O
of a plane of a crystal are called Miller indices.
• For calculating Miller indices, a reference plane
Answers known a parametral plane is selected having inter-
cepts a, b and c along x-, y- and z-axes, respectively.
(57) 1 (58) 1 (59) 1 (60) 2 (61) 2
(62) 1 (63) 2 (64) 4 (65) 1 (66) 2 • The intercepts of the unknown plane are given with
(67) 4 (68) 3 (69) 1 (70) 1 (71) 4 respect to a, b and c of the parametral plane as
(72) 2 (73) 4 (74) 3 (75) 2 (76) 4 a
(77) 2 (78) 1 (79) 4 (80) 2 (81) 2 h=
intercept of the plane along x-axis

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 Solid State 1.15

b
k= Objective Questions
intercept of the plane along y-axis
c 82. In the Bragg’s equation for the diffraction of
l=
intercept of the plane along z -axis ­X-rays, ‘n’ represents
• The distance between the parallel planes in crystal (1) number of moles
is designated as d hkl (2) quantum number
(3) Avogadro’s number
• For different cubic lattices, the interplanar spacing
(4) the order of reflection
is given by the general formula:
a 83. Bragg’s law is given by the equation
d hkl =
h + k2 + l 2
2 (1) n λ = 2θ sin θ
(2) n λ = 2d sin θ
where ‘a’ is the length of the cube side while h, k and (3) 2 n λ = 2d sin θ
l are the Miller indices of the plane. θ d
(4) n = sin θ
• The spacings of three planes (100), (110) and (111) 2 2
of simple cubic lattice can be calculated as follows. 84. The second-order Bragg diffraction of X-ray with
a λ = 1.0 Å from a set parallel planes in metal occurs
d(100 ) = =a
12 + 0 + 0 at an angle 60°. The distance between the scatter-
a a ing planes in the crystal is
d(110 ) = = (1) 0.57 Å (2) 1.00 Å
2 2
1 +1 + 0 2
(3) 1.15 Å (4) 2.00 Å
a a
d(111) = = 85. A crystal plane intercepts the three crystallograph-
2
1 +1 +1 2 2 3
ic axes at a, 1 2 b and 3 2 c, where a, b and c are the
• The ratio of three planes for a simple cube is unit lengths along x-, y- and z-axes, respectively.
1 1 The Miller indices of the plane will be
d100 : d110 : d111 = 1 : : = 1 : 0.707 : 0.57
2 3 (1) 1:2:0.67 (2) 1:0.5:15
(3) 3:6:2 (4) 2:1:3
• The d hkl ratio of the face-centred cubic and body-
centred cubic are 86. In a hypothetical solid C atoms are found to form
1 2 cubical close packed lattice, A atoms occupy all
d100 : d110 : d111 ( for fcc ) = 1 : : tetrahedral voids B atoms occupy all octahedral
2 3 voids. A and B atoms are of appropriate size, so
1 1 2
d100 : d110 : d111 ( for bcc ) = : : that there is no distortion in ccp lattice of C atoms.
2 2 2 3 Now if a plane as shown in the following ­figure
1 is cut, then the cross section of this plane will
= 1: 2 : = 1 : 1.414 : 0.577 look like
3

Determination of Structure of
Solids by X-ray Diffraction
• When X-rays are incident on a crystal face, they are
reflected by the atoms in different planes.
• Bragg’s equation to calculate the distance between
the repeating planes of particles in crystals from the
reflected X-rays is C B C
C C C
n λ = 2d sin θ A
(a) B B
A
B     (b) B B B
where n is an integer like 1, 2, 3 and represents order
of reflection, λ is the wavelength of the X-rays used C B C C C C
and d is the distance between the repeating planes.

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 1.16 Objective Chemistry - Vol. II

• The crystal defects are mainly two types: (i) point

C C C C C C defects and (ii) line defects.
A A A A
(c) B B B (d) B B B
• Point defects are due to the irregular arrange-
A A A A ment around a point or an atom in a crystalline
C C C C C C substance.
   • Line defects are the irregularities or deviations
87. In an fcc crystal, which of the following shaded from ideal arrangement in the entire rows of lattice
planes contains the following type of arrange- points.
ment of atoms?
Types of Point Defects
• Point defects are classified into three types:
  (i) Stoichiometric defects
 (ii) Impurity defects
(iii) Non-stoichiometric defects

(a) (b) Stoichiometric Defects

• Stoichiometric defects are also known as intrinsic
or thermodynamic defects.
• The defect due to the vacancy of the lattice sites is
(c) (d) called vacancy defect.
• Due to vacancy defect the density of the substances
decreases
• Vacancy defects can be developed by heating.
88. Crystal is made of particles A and B. A forms fcc • If constituent particles occupy interstitial site extra
packing and B occupies all the octahedral voids. to the lattice points, interstitial defects arise.
If all the particles along the plane as shown in the • Due to interstitial defects, density of substances
fig. are removed, then, the formula of the crystal
increases.
would be:
• Non-ionic solids exhibit vacancy and interstitial
A defects.
B
• The vacancy and interstitial defects exhibited by
ionic solids are known as Frenkel and Schottky
defects.
• Schottky defect consists of a pair of holes in the
crystalline lattice due to the absence of one posi-
tive ion and one negative ion (to maintain electrical
(a) AB (b) A5B7 neutrality).
(c) A7B5 (d) None of these
• In the case of Schottky defect, the density of solid
decreases.
Answers • Schottky defect occurs mainly in the ionic com-
pounds which contain smaller ions of similar size
(82) 4 (83) 2 (84) 3 (85) 4 which have high coordination number, for example,
(86) 3 (87) 1 (88) 1 NaCl, CsCl, KCl and KBr.
• Frenkel defect is created when an ion occupies an
interstitial site instead occupying its correct lattice
Imperfections in Solids
site.
• The imperfections or defects which arise due to • The small cations (compared to anions) occupy the
­irregularity in the arrangement of atoms or ions interstitial positions thus causing Frenkel defect.

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 Solid State 1.17

• Frenkel defect is favoured when there is large differ- • Metal deficiency defect is due to the absence of a
ence in the size between cation and anion and hav- positive ion from its lattice point and the charge
ing low coordination number 4 to 6. can be balanced by an adjacent metal ion having an
• AgCl, AgBr and AgI show Frenkel defect. In these ­extra positive charge, for example, FeO, NiO, FeS
solids Ag+ions occupy the interstitial sites. and CuI.
• There is no change in density of the solid due to • If one Fe2+ ion is missing from its lattice site in FeO
Frenkel defect but the lattice may be distorted and then there must be two Fe3+ ions somewhere in the
show increase in the unit cell dimensions due to the lattice to balance the electrical charges.
presence of ions in interstitial positions. • Crystals with metal deficiency defects are p-type
• Impurity defects are due to the occupation of other semiconductors.
type of cation in a crystal lattice in the place of nor-
mal cations.
• Occupation of Sr 2+ ion in the place NaCl crystal Objective Questions
lattice two Na + ions is replaced by one Sr 2+ ion to
maintain electrical neutrality, thus creating a site of 89. In Schottky defect
one Na + ion vacant. (1) some of the lattice sites are vacant
• The cationic vacancies created are equal to the (2) an ion occupies interstitial position between
number of M2+ ions, for example, solid solution of lattice points
Cd Cl2 and AgCl. (3) a lattice point is occupied by electron
(4) the radius ratio r + / r − is low
• In non-stoichiometric defects, the ratio of positive
ion to negative ion is not exactly one. 90. Schottky defect generally appears in
• The metal excess defect is due to the absence of (1) NaCl (2) KCl
a negative ion from its lattice point leaving a hole (3) CsCl (4) All
which is occupied by an electron, thereby maintain- 91. Frenkel defect generally appears in
ing the electrical neutrality.
(1) AgBr (2) AgI
• NaCl/Na; KCl/K shows metal excess defect. (3) ZnS (4) All
• The non-stoichiometric NaCl/Na is yellow in colour.
92. In a solid lattice the cation has left a lattice site
• In metal excess defect, the anion site occupied by an and is located at an interstitial position, the lattice
electron is called F-Centre. defect is
• The solids having F-centres have colour and the (1) interstitial defect
­intensity of the colour increases with an increase in (2) valency defect
the number of F-centres. (3) Frenkel defect
• Solids containing F-centres are paramagnetic (4) Schottky defect
since the electrons occupying the vacant sites are
93. Ionic solids with Schottky defects contain in their
unpaired.
structure
• When materials with F-centres are irradiated with (1) equal number of cation and anion vacancies
light become photoconductors. (2) anion vacancies and interstitial anions
• Metal excess defects also occur when an extra posi- (3) cation vacancies
tive ion occupies an interstitial position in the lattice (4) cation vacancies and interstitial cations
and to maintain electrical neutrality one electron
is included in an interstitial position for example, 94. Due to Frenkel defect, the density of ionic solids
ZnO, CdO, Cr2O3 and Fe2O3. (1) increases (2) decreases
(3) does not change (4) changes
• The solids with metal excess defect contain free
electrons and behave as n-type semiconductors. 95. Point defects are present in
• ZnO is white at low temperature but yellow at high (1) ionic solids
temperature because it loses oxygen reversibly at (2) molecular solids
high temperature and forms a non-stoichiometric (3) amorphous solids
defect with metal excess. (4) liquids

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 1.18 Objective Chemistry - Vol. II

96. Schottky defects in crystal is observed when (1)  renkel and Schottky defects
F
(1) unequal number of cations and anions are (2) Schottky defect
missing from the lattice (3) Interstitial defect
(2) equal number of cations and anions are miss- (4) Frenkel defect
ing from the lattice 104. Metal deficiency defects are shown by
(3) an ion leaves its normal sites and occupies an
(1) alkaline earth metals
interstitial site
(2) alkali metals
(4) density of crystal is increased
(3) transition metals
97. Which of the following solid will not show the (4) None of these
Schottky defect?
105. The electrons trapped in anion vacancies in metal
(1) NaCl (2) CsCl (3) KBr (4) AgBr excess defects are called
98. In which of the following solids, the Frenkel (1) mobile electrons
­defects are common? (2) trapped electrons
(1) covalent solids with high coordination number (3) valence electrons
(2) covalent solids with low coordination number (4) F-centres
(3) ionic solids with low coordination number 106. The correct statement regarding F-centre is
(4) ionic solids with high coordination number
(1) electrons are held in the voids of crystals
99. In stoichiometric defects, the ratio of positive and (2) F-centre imparts colour to the crystals
negative ions as indicated by chemical formula of (3) conductivity of the crystal increased due to
the compound ­F-centre
(1) decreases (2) increases (4) All the above three
(3) remains the same (4) cannot be ­predicted 107. Non-stoichiometric form of NaCl is
100. In the Schottky defect (1) yellow (2) red
(1) cations are missing from the lattice sites and (3) lilac (4) blue
occupy the interstitial sites 108. Non-stoichiometric metal deficiency is shown in
(2) equal number of cations and anions are ­missing the salts of
(3) anions are missing and electrons are present in (1) all metals
their place (2) alkali metals only
(4) equal number of extra cations and electrons (3) alkaline earth metals only
are present in the interstitial sites (4) transition metals only
101. As a result of Schottky defect 109. ZnO is white when cold and yellow when hot. It is
(1) there is no effect on the density due to the development of
(2) density of the crystal increases (1) Frenkel defect
(3) density of the crystal decreases (2) Schottky defect
(4) any of the above three can happen (3) metal excess defect
102. Frenkel defect is found in crystals in which the (4) metal deficiency defect
­radius ratio is 110. When NaCl crystal is doped with MgCl2, the
(1) low (2) 1.3 ­nature of the defect produced is
(3) 1.5 (4) slightly less than unity (1) interstitial defect (2) Schottky defect
103. What type of crystal defect is indicated in the (3) Frenkel defect (4) None of these
­diagram given below? 111. Mark the false statement in the below:
+ − + − + − (1) CsCl crystal shows Schottky defect
Na Cl Na Cl Na Cl
(2) Crystals having F-centres are coloured and
Cl − Cl − Na + Na + paramagnetic
Na + Cl− Cl− Na + Cl− (3) Photosensitivity of AgBr is due to the pres-
ence of Frenkel defect in its crystals
Cl− Na + Cl− Na + Na + (4) None of these

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 Solid State 1.19

Answers • The highest occupied energy band is called the

­valence band while the lowest unoccupied energy
(89) 1 (90) 4 (91) 4 (92) 3 (93) 1 band is called conduction band.
(94) 3 (95) 1 (96) 2 (97) 4 (98) 3 • In the case of metals, the valence band may be half
(99) 3 (100) 2 (101) 3 (102) 1 (103) 2 filled or there may be an overlapping between the
(104) 3 (105) 4 (106) 4 (107) 1 (108) 4 valence band and conduction bands which makes it
(109) 3 (110) 4 (111) 4 possible for the electrons to go in to vacant bands
and hence responsible for electrical conductivity.
• In the case of insulators, the energy gap is inter-
mediate between those of metals and insulators.
Properties of Solids
The increase in temperature gives thermal energy
Electrical Properties for some electrons in valence band to move into the
conduction band and hence their electrical conduc-
• Good conductors are those which allow the maxi- tivity increases with increase in temperature
mum current to flow through them and their con- • Semiconductors are perfect insulators at absolute
ductivity is of the order 108 Ω −1cm −1 . zero.
• Metallic conductors allow the current to pass through • Silicon and germanium which crystallize in diamond
them without undergoing any chemical change. type network lattice are semiconductors.
• In metallic conductors, the conductance is due to • At room temperature the conductivity of silicon
the movement of electrons under the influence of and germanium is extremely low but at high tem-
an applied electric potential. The stream of elec- perature the bonds begin to break down emitting
trons constitutes the current. the electrons and hence conductivity increases.
• Electrolytic conductors allow the electricity to pass • The conduction introduced in the crystal without add-
through them by undergoing chemical change. ing an external substance is called intrinsic conduction.
• The conductivity of electrolytic conductors is due • Doping is a process of mixing pure silicon or germa-
to the movement of ions in their molten state or in nium with an impurity.
their aqueous solution.
• Doping enhances the conductivity and the products
• Semiconductors are the solids whose conductivity are called extrinsic semiconductors.
lies between those of typical metallic conductors
• n-type semiconductors (‘n’ stands for ‘negative’) are
and insulators. Their conductivity range is 10 −6 to
obtained due to metal excess defect or by adding
10 4 Ω −1cm −1 .
trace amounts of V or 15th group elements (P, As)
• Insulators are those which do not allow electricity to to pure silicon or germanium.
flow through them. Their conductivity is 10-22W-1cm-1.
• When P or As is added to silicon or germanium,
some of the Si or Ge atoms in the crystal are replaced
Electrical Conductivity in Metals by P or As atoms and 4 out 5 electrons of P and As
atom will be used for bonding with Si or Ge atoms
• According to molecular orbital (MO) theory, in while the fifth electron serves to conduct electricity.
a metal crystal the orbitals of valence shell of all
atoms combine to form a large number of MOs
• P-type semiconductors (‘p’ stands for ‘positive’) are
around all the atoms in that metal crystal. obtained due to metal deficiency defect or by dop-
ing with impurity atoms containing less electrons
• Since a large number of MOs having almost equal (i.e. atoms of III or 13th group).
energy are formed, they are very close to each other
and form as a band of MOs.
• When B, Ga or In is added to silicon or germanium,
some of the Si or Ge atoms in the crystal are re-
• Depending upon different types of atomic orbitals placed by B, Ga or In atoms and only three valen-
which overlap, different energy bands are formed. cies of Si or Ge are satisfied leaving an electron at
• The arrangement of electrons in the different ener- Si or Ge because B, Ga or In have one electron less.
gy bands determines the characteristics of a metal. • Due to the shortage of electrons when Si or Ge is doped
• The energy bands formed from different atomic or- with B, Ga or In electron, vacancies commonly known
bital may overlap or be separated from each other. as positive holes arises in p-type semiconductors.

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 1.20 Objective Chemistry - Vol. II

• When electric field is applied to p-type semiconduc- • When electric field is applied, displacement of
tors, flow of current takes place due to migration charges takes place and dipoles are created which
of positive holes due to the movement of electrons results in polarization.
from adjacent site into positive hole. • Crystals in which dipoles may align to produce a
• Unlike metals the conductivity of semiconductors net dipole moment are called piezoelectrics.
increases with increase in temperature because the • When piezoelectric crystals are subjected to pres-
weakly bound extra electron or positive hole be- sure or mechanical stress, electricity is produced
comes free by the increased temperature and can be due to displacement of ions and this is known as
used for conduction. piezoelectricity.
• A superconductor is that whose electrical resistance • In some piezoelectric crystals, the dipoles are
is zero. spontaneously aligned in a definite direction even
• The electrical resistance of a material usually in the absence of electric field and are called fer-
­becomes zero near absolute zero. roelectric substances and this phenomenon is called
• The temperature at which a substance starts ferroelectricity.
­behaving like a super conductor is called transition • Potassium hydrogen phosphate (K H2 PO 4), barium
temperature. titanate (BaTiO3) and potassium sodium tartrate
(KNa C 4 H4 O6 ⋅ 4 H2 O Rochelle salt) are ferroelec-
Magnetic Properties tric substances.
• The crystals in which alternate dipoles are in op-
• Diamagnetic solids contain paired electrons (↑↓) posite direction and have net dipole moment equal
and repel the external magnetic field. to zero are called anti-ferroelectric substances, for
• Paramagnetic solids contain unpaired electrons and example, lead zirconate (Pb ZrO2).
are attracted into the applied magnetic field. • The polar crystals which attain charges on oppo-
• In ferromagnetic solids there occurs magnetic inter- site faces and produce a small electric current on
actions between the neighbouring centres (domains) heating are called pyroelectric substances and this
and the electrons in these centres interact in parallel phenomenon is called pyroelectricity.
direction (↑↑↑↑↑). This interaction leads to an in-
crease in magnetic moment. Iron, cobalt and nickel
are examples of ferromagnetic substances. Objective Questions
• In anti-ferromagnetic solids, there occurs magnetic 112. Germanium and silicon become semiconductors
interaction between the neighbouring centres and due to
the electrons in these centres interact in an anti-­ (1) Schottky defect
parallel (↑↓↑↓↑↓) direction, which leads to a (2) Chemical impurity
­decrease in magnetic moment, for example, (3) Frenkel defect
[Cu(CH3COO)2 H2O], VO(CH3COO)2, MnO, (4) Schottky defect
MnO2, Mn2O3]
113. On adding a little phosphorous to silicon, we get a/an
• In ferrimagnetic solids there occurs magnetic (1) p-type semiconductor
­interactions between the neighbouring centres and (2) n-type semiconductor
the electrons in these centres interact in such a way (3) insulator
which leads to the presence of uncompensated spins (4) metallic conductor
(↑↑ ↓↑ ↑↓) in the opposite direction resulting some
magnetic moment, for example, magnetite ( Fe3 O 4 ) ; 114. On adding a little indium to germanium we get
2+ 2+
Ferrite MFeO 4 (where M = Mg , Cu , Zn , etc.) 2+ (1) rectifier
(2) insulator
(3) n-type semiconductor
Dielectric Properties (4) p-type semiconductor
• A dielectric substance is that which may not ­allow 115. Which of the following possess zero resistance at 0 K?
electric current throughout it but charges are in- (1) insulators (2) semiconductors
duced on its faces by the application of electric field. (3) conductors (4) superconductors

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 Solid State 1.21

116. Which of the following magnetism arises due to 126. Some of the polar crystals on heating produce a
spontaneous alignment of magnetic moment of small electric current called
ions or atoms in the same direction? (1) anti-ferroelectricity (2) ferroelectricity
(1) diamagnetism (2) paramagnetism (3) piezoelectricity (4) pyroelectricity
(3) ferromagnetism (4) ferrimagnetism 127. Crystals where dipoles may align themselves in
117. Doping of silicon with P or Al increases the con- an ordered manner so that there is a net dipole
ductivity. The difference in the two cases is ­moment exhibit
(1) P is non-metal whereas Al is a metal (1) pyroelectricity
(2) P is poor conductor while Al is good ­conductor (2) piezoelectricity
(3) P gives rise to extra electron while Al gives rise (3) ferroelectricity
holes (4) anti-ferroelectricity
(4) P gives rise to holes while Al gives rise to extra 128. The electricity produced on applying stress on the
electrons crystals is called
118. Ferromagnetism is maximum in (1) pyroelectricity
(1) Fe (2) Ni (2) piezoelectricity
(3) Co (4) None (3) ferroelectricity
(4) anti-ferroelectricity
119. Anti-ferromagnetic substances possess
(1) low magnetic moment 129. On heating some polar crystals, weak electric
(2) large magnetic moment ­current is produced. It is termed as
(3) zero magnetic moment (1) piezo electricity
(4) any value of magnetic moment (2) pyroelectricity
(3) photoelectric current
120. Which of the following substances shows anti-­
(4) superconductivity
ferromagnetism?
(1) ZrO2 (2) CdO 130. Which of the following statement is true?
(4) CrO2 (4) Mn2 O3 (1) piezoelectricity is due to net dipole moment
(2) ferroelectricity is due to alignment of dipoles
121. A diode used a rectifier is
in the same direction
(1) n-type semiconductor (3) pyroelectricity is due to heating polar crystals
(2) p-type semiconductor (4) All are correct
(3) a combination of the above two types
(1) None of the above
122. Which one among the following is an example of Answers
ferroelectric substance?
(112) 2 (113) 2 (114) 4 (115) 4 (116) 3
(1) Quartz (2) Lead chromate (117) 3 (118) 1 (119) 2 (120) 4 (121) 3
(3) Barium titanate (4) Semiconductor (122) 3 (123) 3 (124) 1 (125) 2 (126) 4
123. Which arrangement of electrons decides ferrimag- (127) 2 (128) 2 (129) 2 (130) 4
netism?
(1) ↑↑↑↑↑ (2) ↑↓ ↑↓
(3) ↑↑↑↓↓ (4) None of these
124. Which arrangement of electrons leads to ferro-  Practice Exercise Level-I
magnetism?
1. Which of the following statement is false?
(1) ↑↑↑↑↑ (2) ↑↓ ↑↓
(1) The unit cell of highest symmetry is hexagonal
(3)  ↑↑↑↓↓ (4) None of these
(2) The unit cell of lowest symmetry is triclinic
125. Which arrangement of electrons leads to anti-­ (3) The number of planes of symmetry in cubic
ferrimagnetism? crystal is 9
(1) ↑↑↑↑↑ (2) ↑↓ ↑↓ (4) The number of axes of symmetry in cubic
(3) ↑↑↑↓↓ (4) None of these crystal is 13

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 1.22 Objective Chemistry - Vol. II

2. Most crystals show good cleavage because their (3) packing fraction in face centred cubic lattice is
­atoms, ions or molecules are 2
π
(1) arranged in planes 6
(2) weakly bonded together (4) The distance between the two nearest neighbours
(3) strongly bonded together in simple cubic lattice of axial length ‘l’ is also ‘l’
(4) spherically symmetrical
10. An element (atomic weight = 100) having bcc struc-
3. In a crystal the atoms are located at the position of ture has unit cell edge length 400 pm. The density
(1) zero potential energy of this element will be
(2) infinite potential energy (1) 5.188 g/mL (2) 16.37 g/mL
(3) minimum potential energy (3) 7.29 g/mL (4) 2.14 g/mL
(4) Maximum potential energy
11. A metallic element exists in bcc lattice. Each edge
4. A big red spherical balloon (radius = 6a) is filled up of the unit cell is 2.88 Å. The density of the metal
with gas. On the balloon six small green spherical is 7.20 g cm −1 . How many unit cells will be present
balloons (radius = a) are stuck on the surface in a in 100 g of the metal?
specific manner. As red balloon is slowly deflated, a (1) 6.85 × 102 (2) 5.82 × 1023
point comes when all these six green balloons touch (3) 4.37 × 10 5
(4) 2.12 × 106
and green balloons arrange themselves in a 3D closed
packing arrangement. At that stage the radius of the 12. The unit cell of a metallic element of atomic mass
red balloon would have reduced by approximately 108 and density 10.5 g/cm3 is a cube with edge
length of 409 pm. The structure of the crystal
(1) 14.5 times (2) 1.414 times
­lattice is
(3) 6.0 times (4) 2.42 times
(1) fcc (2) bcc
5. An element occurring in the bcc structure has (3) hcp (4) simple cubic
12.08 × 1023 unit cells. The total number of atoms
of the element in these cells will be α -form of iron exists in bcc form and γ -form of
13.
(1) 24.16 × 1023 (2) 36.18 × 1023 iron exist in fcc structure. Assuming that the dis-
23 tance between the nearest neighbours is the same
(3) 6.04 × 10 (4) 12.08 × 1023
in the two forms, the ratio of the density of γ -form
6. Copper metal has a face centred cubic structure to that of α -form is (Atomic weight of Fe = 56)
with the unit cell length equal to 0.361 nm. The (1) 1.089 (2) 1.25
apparent radius of a copper ion is (3) 0.89 (4) 2.2
(1) 0.128 pm (2) 1.42 nm
(3) 3.2 nm (4) 4.2 nm 14. The most malleable metals (Cu, Ag, Au) have
close-packing of the type
7. A solid PQ has rock salt type structure in which (1) hexagonal close-packing
Q atom are at the corners of the unit cell. If the (2) cubic close packing
body-centred atoms in all unit cells are missing, (3) body-centred cubic packing
the resulting stoichiometry will be (4) simple cubic
(1) PQ (2) PQ2
(3) P3Q 4 (4) P4 Q3 15. The anions (A) form hexagonal closest packing
and atoms (C) occupy 2/3 of octahedral voids in
8. Gold crystallizes in fcc lattice with edge length it, then the general formula of the compound is
4.07 Å. The closest distance between gold atoms is (1) CA (2) CA2
(1) 2.035 Å (2) 8.14 Å (3) C2A3 (4) C3A2
(3) 2.878 Å (4) 1.357 Å
16. The number of tetrahedral and octahedral voids in
9. Which of the following is wrong? hexagonal primitive unit cell is
2 (1) 8, 4 (2) 2, 1 (3) 12, 6 (4) 6, 12
(1) packing fraction in simple cubic lattice is π
6
(2) packing fraction in body centred cubic lattice 17. The number of octahedral voids per unit body
3 centred cubic structure is
is π (1) 12 (2) 4 (3) 8 (4) 6
8

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 Solid State 1.23

18. Transition metals, when they form intersti- 26. BaO has rock salt type structure. When subjected
tial compounds, the non-metal (H, B, C) are to high pressure, the ratio of the coordination
­accommodated in number of Ba 2+ ion to O2− ion changes to
(1) voids or holes in cubic close packed structure (1) 4:8 (2) 8:4 (3) 8:8 (4) 4:4
(2) tetrahedral voids
27. An ionic solid is hexagonal close packing of Q2–
(3) octahedral voids
ions and PX+ ions are in half of the tetrahedral
(4) all of these
voids. The value of X should be
19. In a body-centred cubic packing, the nearest (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 0.5
neighbours lie along
28. A solid X melts slightly above 273 K and is a poor
(1) edges of the cube
conductor of heat and electricity. To which of the
(2) face diagonal
following categories does it belong
(3) line joining the two opposite corners of the face
(4) cube diagonal (1) Ionic solid (2) Covalent solid
(3) Metallic solid (4) Molecular solid
20. A mineral having the formula AB2 crystallizes in
cubic close packed lattice, with the A atoms occu- 29. The particles would be stationary in a lattice only at
pying the lattice points. What is the coordination (1) 273 K (2) 0 K
number of the B atoms? (3) 298 K (4) 373 K
(1) 4 (2) 6 (3) 8 (4) 12 30. An ionic crystalline solid MX3, has a cubic unit
21. Copper has a face-centred cubic lattice with unit cells which of the following arrangement of
cell edge length of 0.361 nm. What is the size of the ions is consistent with the stoichiometry of
the largest atom that could be fit into octahedral ­compound?
holes of the lattice without disturbing the lattice? (1) M  3+ ions at the corners and X − ions at the
(1) 0.09 nm (2) 0.187 nm body centres
(3) 0.106 nm (4) 0.053 nm (2) M  3+ ions at the corners and X − ions at the
face centres
22. The ionic radii of Rb+ and I– are 1.46 and 2.16 Å. (3) X  − ions at the corners and M3+ ions at the
The most probable type of structure exhibited by it is body centres
(1) CsCl type (2) NaCl type (4) X − ions at the corners and M3+ ions at the
(3) ZnS type (4) CaF2 type face centres
23. Sapphire is aluminium oxide. Aluminium oxide
crystallizes with aluminium ions in two-third of the Answers
octahedral voids in the closest packed array of ox-
ide ions. What is the formula of aluminium ­oxide? (1) 1 (2) 1 (3) 3 (4) 1 (5) 1
(1) Al2 O3 (2) AlO2 (6) 1 (7) 3 (8) 3 (9) 1 (10) 1
(11) 4 (12) 1 (13) 1 (14) 2 (15) 3
(3) Al3O 4 (4) Al3O2
(16) 3 (17) 1 (18) 4 (19) 4 (20) 1
24. What is the formula of magnetic oxide of cobalt (21) 4 (22) 2 (23) 1 (24) 4 (25) 2
used in recording tapes, that crystallizes with co- (26) 3 (27) 2 (28) 4 (29) 2 (30) 1
balt atoms occupying one-eighth of the tetrahe-
dral holes and one half of the octahedral holes in
a closest packed array of oxide ions?
(1) Co2 O3 (2) Co5 O8
 Practice Exercise Level-II
(3) CoO (4) Co3O 4
1. In a compound XY2 O 4, oxide ions are arranged in
25. Caesium chloride on heating to 760 K changes into ccp and cations X are present in octahedral voids.
(1) CaCl (g) Cations Y are equally distributed between octa-
(2) NaCl structure hedral and tetrahedral voids. The fraction of the
(3) antifluorite structure octahedral voids occupied is
(4) ZnS structure (1) 1 2 (2) 1 4 (3) 18 (4) 1 6

Objective_Chemistry_V2_Chapter_01.indd 23 3/18/2015 2:08:53 PM

Another Random Scribd Document
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 On advertisement chromos, torn with time
Around a hearth where wasps and spiders build.—
The house is dead: meseems that night of crime
It, too, was shot and killed.

UNANOINTED
I

Upon the Siren-haunted seas, between Fate’s mythic shores,

Within a world of moon and mist, where dusk and daylight wed,
I see a phantom galley and its hull is banked with oars,
With ghostly oars that move to song, a song of dreams long dead:—

“Oh, we are sick of rowing here!

With toil our arms are numb;
With smiting year on weary year
Salt-furrows of the foam:
Our journey’s end is never near,
And will no nearer come—
Beyond our reach the shores appear
Of far Elysium.”

II

Within a land of cataracts and mountains old, and sand,

Beneath whose heavens ruins rise, o’er which the stars burn red,
I see a spectral cavalcade with crucifix in hand
And shadowy armor march and sing, a song of dreams long dead:—
 “Oh, we are weary marching on!
Our limbs are travel-worn;
With cross and sword from dawn to dawn
We wend with raiment torn:
The leagues to go, the leagues we’ve gone
Are sand and rock and thorn—
The way is long to Avalon
Beyond the deeps of morn.”

III

They are the curs’d! the souls who yearn and evermore pursue
The vision of a vain desire, a splendor far ahead;
To whom God gives the poet’s dream without the grasp to do,
The artist’s hope without the scope between the quick and dead:—

I, too, am weary toiling where

The winds and waters beat;
When shall I ease the oar I bear
And rest my tired feet?
When will the white moons cease to glare,
The red suns veil their heat?
And from the heights blow sweet the air
Of Love’s divine retreat?

SUNSET AND STORM

Deep with divine tautology,
The sunset’s mighty mystery
Again has traced the scroll-like west
With hieroglyphs of burning gold:
Forever new, forever old,
Its miracle is manifest.

Time lays the scroll away. And now

Above the hills a giant brow
Night lifts of cloud; and from her arm,
Barbaric black, upon the world,
With thunder, wind and fire, is hurled
Her awful argument of storm.

What part, O man, is yours in such?

Whose awe and wonder are in touch
With Nature,—speaking rapture to
Your soul,—yet leaving in your reach
No human word of thought or speech
Expressive of the thing you view.

BEECH BLOOMS
Among the valleys
The wild oxalis
Lifts up its chalice
Of pink and pearl;
And, balsam-breathing
From out their sheathing,
The myriad wreathing
Green leaves uncurl.

The whole world brightens

With spring, that lightens
The foot that frightens
The building thrush;
Where water tosses
On ferns and mosses
The squirrel crosses
The beechen hush.

And vision on vision,—

Like ships elysian
On some white mission,—
Sails cloud on cloud;
With scents of clover
The winds brim over,
And in the cover
The stream is loud.

’Twixt bloom that blanches

The orchard branches
Old farms and ranches
Gleam in the gloam:
Through fields for sowing,
’Mid blossoms blowing,
The cows come lowing,
The cows come home.

Where ways are narrow,

A
 A vesper-sparrow
Flits like an arrow
Of living rhyme;
The red sun poises,
And farm-yard noises
Mix with glad voices
Of milking-time.

When dusk disposes

Of all its roses,
And darkness closes,
And work is done,
A moon’s white feather
In starry weather
And two together
Whose hearts are one.

WORSHIP
I

The mornings raise

Voices of gold in the Almighty’s praise;
The sunsets soar
In choral crimson from far shore to shore:
Each is a blast,
Reverberant, of color,—seen as vast
Concussions,—that the vocal firmament
In worship sounds o’er every continent.

II
 Not for our ears
The cosmic music of the rolling spheres,
That sweeps the skies!
Music we hear, but only with our eyes.
For all too weak
Our mortal frames to bear the words these speak,
Those detonations that we name the dawn
And sunset—hues Earth’s harmony puts on.

UNHEARD
All things are wrought of melody,
Unheard, yet full of speaking spells;
Within the rock, within the tree,
A soul of music dwells.

A mute symphonic sense that thrills

The silent frame of mortal things;
Its heart beats in the ancient hills,
And in each flow’r sings.

To harmony all growth is set—

Each seed is but a music mote,
From which each plant, each violet,
Evolves its purple note.

Compact of melody, the rose

Woos the soft wind with strain on strain
Of crimson; and the lily blows
Its white bars to the rain.

The trees are pæans; and the grass

One long green fugue beneath the sun—
Song is their life; and all shall pass,
Shall end, when song is done.

REINCARNATION
High in the place of outraged Liberty,
He ruled the world, an emperor and god:
His iron armies swept the land and sea,
And conquered nations trembled at his nod.

By him the love that fills man’s soul with light,

And makes a heaven of earth, was crucified;
Lust-crowned he lived, yea, lived in God’s despite,
And old in infamies, a king he died.

Justice begins now.—Many centuries

In some vile body must his soul atone
As slave, as beggar, loathsome with disease,
Less than the dog at which we fling a stone.

ON CHENOWETH’S RUN
I thought of the road through the glen,
With its hawk’s nest high in the pine;
With its rock, where the fox had his den,
’Mid tangles of sumach and vine,
Where she swore to be mine.

I thought of the creek and its banks,

Now glooming, now gleaming with sun;
The rustic bridge builded of planks,
The bridge over Chenoweth’s Run,
Where I wooed her and won.

I thought of the house in the lane,

With its pinks and its sweet mignonette;
Its fence, and the gate with its chain,
Its porch where the roses hung wet,
Where I kissed her and met.

Then I thought of the family graves,

Walled rudely with stone, in the West,
Where the sorrowful cedar-tree waves,
And the wind is a spirit distressed,
Where they laid her to rest.

And my soul, overwhelmed with despair,

Cried out on the city and mart!—
How I longed, how I longed to be there,
Away from the struggle and smart,
By her and my heart.

By her and my heart in the West,—

Laid sadly together as one;—
On her grave for a moment to rest,
Far away from the noise and the sun,
On Chenoweth’s Run.
REQUIESCAT
The roses mourn for her who sleeps
Within the tomb;
For her each lily-flower weeps
Dew and perfume.
In each neglected flower-bed
Each blossom droops its lovely head,—
They miss her touch, they miss her tread,
Her face of bloom,
Of happy bloom.

The very breezes grieve for her,

A lonely grief;
For her each tree is sorrower,
Each blade and leaf.
The foliage rocks itself and sighs,
And to its woe the wind replies,—
They miss her girlish laugh and cries,
Whose life was brief,
Was all too brief.

The sunlight, too, seems pale with care,

Or sick with woe;
The memory haunts it of her hair,
Its golden glow.
No more within the bramble-brake
The sleepy bloom is kissed awake—
The sun is sad for her dear sake,
Whose head lies low,
Lies dim and low.

The bird, that sang so sweet, is still

At dusk and dawn;
No more it makes the silence thrill
Of wood and lawn.
In vain the buds, when it is near,
Open each pink and perfumed ear,—
The song it sings she will not hear
 Who now is gone,
Is dead and gone.

Ah, well she sleeps who loved them well,

The birds and bowers;
The fair, the young, the lovable,
Who once was ours.
Alas! that loveliness must pass!
Must come to lie beneath the grass!
That youth and joy must fade, alas!
And die like flowers,
Earth’s sweetest flowers!

THE QUEST
I

First I asked the honey-bee,

Busy in the balmy bowers;
Saying, “Sweetheart, tell it me:
Have you seen her, honey-bee?
She is cousin to the flowers—
All the sweetness of the south
In her wild-rose face and mouth.”—
But the bee passed silently.

II

Then I asked the forest-bird,

Warbling by the woodland waters;
Saying, “Dearest, have you heard,
Have you heard her, forest-bird?
She is one of Music’s daughters—
Never song so sweet by half
As the music of her laugh.”—
But the bird said not a word.

III
Next I asked the evening-sky,
Hanging out its lamps of fire;
Saying, “Loved one, passed she by?
Tell me, tell me, evening-sky!
She, the star of my desire—
Sister whom the Pleiads lost,
And my soul’s high pentecost.”—
But the sky made no reply.

IV

Where is she? ah, where is she?

She to whom both love and duty
Bind me, yea, immortally.—
Where is she? ah, where is she?
Symbol of the Earth-soul’s beauty.
I have lost her. Help my heart
Find her! her, who is a part
Of the pagan soul of me!

BEFORE THE RAIN

Before the rain, low in the obscure east,
Weak and morose the moon hung, sickly gray;
Around its disc the storm mists, cracked and creased,
Wove an enormous web, wherein it lay
Like some white spider hungry for its prey.
Vindictive looked the scowling firmament,
In which each star, that flashed a dagger ray,
Seemed filled with malice of some dark intent.

The marsh-frog croaked; and underneath the stone

The peevish cricket raised a creaking cry.
Within the world these sounds were heard alone,
Save when the ruffian wind swept from the sky,
Making each tree like some sad spirit sigh;
Or shook the clumsy beetle from its weed,
That, in the drowsy darkness, bungling by,
Sharded the silence with its feverish speed.

Slowly the tempest gathered. Hours passed

Before was heard the thunder’s sullen drum
Rumbling night’s hollow; and the Earth at last,
Restless with waiting,—like a woman, dumb
With doubting of the love that should have clomb
Her casement hours ago,—avowed again,
’Mid protestations, joy that he had come.
And all night long I heard the Heavens explain.

AFTER RAIN
Behold the blossom-bosomed Day again,
With all the star-white Hours in her train,
Laughs out of pearl-lights through a golden ray,
That, leaning on the woodland wildness, blends
A sprinkled amber with the showers that lay
Their oblong emeralds on the leafy ends.
Behold her bend with maiden-braided brows
Above the wildflower, sidewise with its strain
Of dewy happiness, to kiss again
Each drop to death; or, under rainy boughs,
With fingers, fragrant as the woodland rain,
Gather the sparkles from the sycamore,
To set within the core
Of crimson roses girdling her hips,
Where each bud dreams and drips.

Smoothing her blue-black hair,—where many a tusk

Of iris flashes,—like the falchions keen
Of Faery round blue banners of their Queen,—
Is it a Naiad singing in the dusk,
That haunts the spring, where all the moss is musk
With footsteps of the flowers on the banks?
Or but a wild-bird voluble with thanks?

Balm for each blade of grass: the Hours prepare

A festival each weed’s invited to.
Each bee is drunken with the honied air:
And all the heaven is eloquent with blue.
The wet hay glitters, and the harvester
Tinkles his scythe,—as twinkling as the dew,—
That shall not spare
Blossom or brier in its sweeping path;
And, ere it cut one swath,
Rings them they die, and tells them to prepare.

What is the spice that haunts each glen and glade?

A Dryad’s lips, who slumbers in the shade?
A Faun, who lets the heavy ivy-wreath
Slip to his thigh as, reaching up, he pulls
The chestnut blossoms in whole bosomfuls?
A sylvan Spirit, whose sweet mouth doth breathe
Her viewless presence near us, unafraid?
Or troops of ghosts of blooms, that whitely wade
The brook? whose wisdom knows no other song
But that the bird sings where it builds beneath
The wild-rose and sits singing all day long.

Oh, let me sit with silence for a space,

A little while forgetting that fierce part
Of man that struggles in the toiling mart;
Where God can look into my heart’s own heart
From unsoiled heights made amiable with grace;
And where the sermons that the old oaks keep
Can steal into me.—And what better then
Than, turning to the moss a quiet face,
To fall asleep? a little while to sleep
And dream of wiser worlds and wiser men.

SUNSET CLOUDS
Low clouds, the lightning veins and cleaves,
Torn from the wilderness of storm,
Sweep westward like enormous leaves
O’er field and farm.

And in the west, on burning skies,

Their wrath is quenched, their hate is hushed,
And deep their drifted thunder lies
With splendor flushed.

The black turns gray, the gray turns gold;

And sea’d in deeps of radiant rose,
Summits of fire, manifold,
They now repose.

What dreams they bring! what thoughts reveal!

That have their source in loveliness,
Through which the doubts I often feel
Grow less and less.

Through which I see that other night,

That cloud called Death, transformed of Love
To flame, and pointing with its light
To life above.

RICHES
What mines the morning heavens unfold!
What far Alaskas of the skies!
That, veined with elemental gold,
Sierra on Sierra rise.

Heap up the gold of all the world,

The ore that makes men fools and slaves:
What is it to the gold, cloud-curled,
That rivers through the sunset’s caves.

Search Earth for riches all who will,

The gold that soils, that turns to dust—
Mine be the wealth no thief can steal,
The gold of Beauty naught can rust.

THE AGE OF GOLD

 The clouds that tower in storm, that beat
Arterial thunder in their veins;
The wildflowers lifting, shyly sweet,
Their perfect faces from the plains,—
All high, all lowly things of Earth
For no vague end have had their birth.

Low strips of mist, that mesh the moon

Above the foaming waterfall;
And mountains that God’s hand hath hewn,
And forests where the great winds call,—
Within the grasp of such as see
Are parts of a conspiracy;

To seize the soul with beauty; hold

The heart with love: and thus fulfill
Within ourselves the Age of Gold,
That never died, and never will,—
As long as one true nature feels
The wonders that the world reveals.

A SONG FOR LABOR

I

Oh, the morning meads, the dewy meads,

Where he ploughs and harrows and sows the seeds,
Singing a song of manly deeds,
In the blossoming springtime weather:
The heart in his bosom as high as the word
Said to the sky by the mating bird,
While the beat of an answering heart is heard,
His heart and hers together.

II
Oh, the noonday heights, the sunlit heights,
Where he stoops to the harvest his keen scythe smites,
Singing a song of the work that requites,
In the ripening summer weather:
The soul in his body as light as the sigh
Of the little cloud-breeze that cools the sky,
While he hears an answering soul reply,
His soul and hers together.

III

Oh, the evening vales, the twilight vales,

Where he labors and sweats to the thud of flails,
Singing a song of the toil that he hails,
In the fruitful autumn weather:
In heart and in soul as free from fears
As the first white star in the sky that appears,
While the music of life and of love he hears,
Her life and his together.

THE LOVE OF LOVES

I have not seen her face, and yet
She is more sweet than anything
Of earth—than rose or violet
That winds of May and sunbeams bring.
Of all we know, past or to come,
That beauty holds within its net,
She is the high compendium:
And yet—

I have not touched her robe, and still

She is more dear than lyric words
And music; or than strains that fill
The throbbing throats of forest birds.
Of all we mean by poetry,
That rules the soul and charms the will,
She is the deep epitome:
And still—

She is my world: ah, pity me!

A dream that flies whom I pursue:
Whom all pursue, whoe’er they be,
Who toil for Art and dare and do.
The shadow-love for whom they sigh,
The far ideal affinity,
For whom they live and gladly die—
Ah me!

THREE THINGS
There are three things of Earth
That help us more
Than those of heavenly birth
That all implore—
Than Love or Faith or Hope,
For which we strive and grope.

The first one is Desire,—

Who takes our hand
And fills our hearts with fire
None may withstand;—
Through whom we’re lifted far
Above both moon and star.

The second one is Dream,—

Who leads our feet
By an immortal gleam
To visions sweet;—
Through whom our forms put on
Dim attributes of dawn.

The last of these is Toil,—

Who maketh true,
Within the world’s turmoil
The other two;—
Through whom we may behold
Ourselves with kings enrolled.

IMMORTELLES
I
 As some warm moment of repose
In one rich rose
Sums all the summer’s lovely bloom
And pure perfume—
So did her soul epitomize
All hopes that make life wise,
Who lies before us now with lidded eyes,
Faith’s amaranth of truth
Crowning her youth.

II

As some melodious note or strain

May so contain
All of sweet music in one chord,
Or lyric word—
So did her loving heart suggest
All dreams that make life blessed,
Who lies before us now with pulseless breast,
Love’s asphodel of duty
Crowning her beauty.

A LULLABY
I
In her wimple of wind and her slippers of sleep
The twilight comes like a little goose-girl,
Herding her owls with many “Tu-whoos,”
Her little brown owls in the forest deep,
Where dimly she walks in her whispering shoes,
And gown of glimmering pearl.

Sleep, sleep, little one, sleep:

This is the road to Rockaby Town.
Rockaby, lullaby, where dreams are cheap;
Here you can buy any dream for a crown.
Sleep, sleep, little one, sleep;
The cradle you lie in is soft and is deep,
The wagon that takes you to Rockaby Town.
Now you go up, sweet, now you go down,
Rockaby, lullaby, now you go down.

II

And after the twilight comes midnight, who wears

A mantle of purple so old, so old!
Who stables the lily-white moon, it is said,
In a wonderful chamber with violet stairs,
Up which you can see her come, silent of tread,
On hoofs of pale silver and gold.

Dream, dream, little one, dream:

This is the way to Lullaby Land.
Lullaby, rockaby, where, white as cream,
Sugar-plum bowers drop sweets in your hand.
Dream, dream, little one, dream;
The cradle you lie in is tight at each seam,
The boat that goes sailing to Lullaby Land.
Over the sea, sweet, over the sand,
Lullaby, rockaby, over the sand.
 III

The twilight and midnight are lovers, you know,

And each to the other is true, is true!
And there on the moon through the heavens they ride,
With the little brown owls all huddled a-row,
Through meadows of heaven where, every side,
Blossom the stars and the dew.

Rest, rest, little one, rest:

Rockaby Town is in Lullaby Isle.
Rockaby, lullaby, set like a nest
Deep in the heart of a song and a smile.
Rest, rest, little one, rest;
The cradle you lie in is warm as my breast,
The white bird that bears you to Lullaby Isle.
Out of the East, sweet, into the West,
Rockaby, lullaby, into the West.

PESTILENCE

High on a throne of noisome ooze and heat,

’Mid rotting trees of bayou and lagoon,
Ghastly she sits beneath the skeleton moon,
A tawny horror coiling at her feet—
Fever, whose eyes keep watching, serpent-like,
Until her eyes shall bid him rise and strike.

MUSINGS
I

Inspiration
 All who have toiled for Art, who’ve won or lost,
Sat equal priests at her high Pentecost;
Only the chrism and sacrament of flame,
Anointing all, inspired not all the same.

II

Apportionment

How often in our search for joy below

Hoping for happiness we chance on woe.

III

Victory

They who take courage from their own defeat

Are victors too, no matter how much beat.

IV

Preparation

How often hope’s fair flower blooms richest where

The soul was fertilized with black despair.

Disillusion

Those unrequited in their love who die

Have never drained life’s chief illusion dry.

VI
 Success

Success allures us in the earth and skies:

We seek to win her, but, too amorous,
Mocking, she flees us.—Haply, were we wise,
We should not strive and she would come to us.

VII

Science

Miranda-like, above the world she waves

The wand of Prospero; and, beautiful,
Ariel the airy, Caliban the dull,—
Lightning and Steam,—are her unwilling slaves.

VIII

The Universal Wind

Wild son of Heav’n, with laughter and alarm,

Now east, now west, now north, now south he goes,
Bearing in one harsh hand dark death and storm,
And in the other, sunshine and a rose.

IX

Compensation

Yea, whom He loves the Lord God chasteneth

With disappointments, so that this side death,
Through suffering and failure, they know Hell
To make them worthy in that Heaven to dwell
Of Love’s attainment, where they come to be
Parts of its beauty and divinity.
 X

Poppies

Summer met Sleep at sunset,

Dreaming within the south,—
Drugged with his soul’s deep slumber,
Red with her heart’s hot drouth,
These are the drowsy kisses
She pressed upon his mouth.

XI

Her Eyes and Mouth

There is no Paradise like that which lies

Deep in the heavens of her azure eyes:
There is no Eden here on Earth that glows
Like that which smiles rich in her mouth’s red rose.

XII

Her Soul

To me not only does her soul suggest

Palms and the peace of tropic shore and wood,
But, oceaned far beyond the golden West,
The Fortunate Islands of true Womanhood.

XIII

Her Face