1.
Generation & Detection of Binary Digital
Modulation using SDR
fs = 1e6; % Sample rate
fc = 100e3; % Carrier frequency
data = randi([0 1], 1, 100); % Reduced to 100 bits for easier visualization
bpskSig = 2*data - 1; % BPSK mapping (0 -> -1, 1 -> 1)
t = (0:length(bpskSig)-1)/fs; % Time vector
carrier = cos(2*pi*fc*t); % Carrier signal
% Transmitter
tx = bpskSig .* carrier; % Modulated signal
% Receiver
rx = tx .* carrier; % Coherent demodulation (mixing)
rxLPF = lowpass(rx, fc, fs); % Low-pass filter to retrieve baseband
received = rxLPF > 0; % Decision device (bit recovery)
% Plotting
figure;
subplot(5,1,1);
stem(data(1:20), 'filled');
title('Original Data (First 20 Bits)');
ylim([-0.5 1.5]);
subplot(5,1,2);
plot(t(1:1000), tx(1:1000));
title('Transmitted BPSK Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(5,1,3);
plot(t(1:1000), rx(1:1000));
title('Received Signal After Mixing');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(5,1,4);
plot(t(1:1000), rxLPF(1:1000));
title('Low-pass Filtered Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(5,1,5);
stem(received(1:20), 'filled');
title('Recovered Data (First 20 Bits)');
ylim([-0.5 1.5]);
2. Spread Spectrum Communication - Baseband
DSSS
% Baseband DSSS with visualization
data = randi([0 1], 1, 10); % Original binary data (10 bits)
chips_per_bit = 10; % Spreading factor
pn_seq = randi([0 1], 1, length(data)*chips_per_bit); % PN sequence
% Data spreading
data_upsampled = repelem(data, chips_per_bit); % Repeat each bit
pn_bipolar = 2*pn_seq - 1; % Convert to bipolar
data_bipolar = 2*data_upsampled - 1;
spread_data = data_bipolar .* pn_bipolar; % Spread signal
% Time vector for plotting
t = 0:1:length(spread_data)-1;
% Plotting
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(repelem(data, chips_per_bit), 'filled');
title('Original Data (Upsampled)');
xlabel('Chip Index');
ylim([-1.5 1.5]);
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(pn_bipolar, 'filled');
title('PN Sequence (Bipolar)');
xlabel('Chip Index');
ylim([-1.5 1.5]);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t, spread_data, 'LineWidth', 1.5);
title('Spread Signal (DSSS Output)');
xlabel('Chip Index');
ylabel('Amplitude');
ylim([-1.5 1.5]);
3.MIMO Transceiver Design (2x2 System)
N = 1000; % Number of symbol pairs to transmit
s = 2*randi([0 1], 2, N) - 1; % BPSK symbols for 2 transmit antennas
% MIMO Channel Matrix (Rayleigh fading)
H = (randn(2,2,N) + 1i*randn(2,2,N)) / sqrt(2);
% Transmit and receive signals
x = zeros(2, N); % Transmitted
y = zeros(2, N); % Received
r = zeros(2, N); % Detected
for i = 1:N
x(:,i) = s(:,i);
y(:,i) = H(:,:,i) * x(:,i); % Channel effect
r(:,i) = pinv(H(:,:,i)) * y(:,i); % Zero-forcing detection
end
% Plotting Transmitted vs Received Symbols
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
scatter(real(x(:)), imag(x(:)), 20, 'b', 'filled');
title('Transmitted BPSK Symbols');
xlabel('In-Phase');
ylabel('Quadrature');
grid on;
axis([-2 2 -2 2]); % Zoomed axis for better visibility
subplot(2,1,2);
scatter(real(r(:)), imag(r(:)), 20, 'r', 'filled');
title('Detected Symbols after MIMO Channel and Equalization');
xlabel('In-Phase');
ylabel('Quadrature');
grid on;
axis([-2 2 -2 2]);
4.CDMA Performance Evaluation
% CDMA using Walsh codes with visualization
users = 4;
chips = 8;
% Generate random data for all users
data = randi([0 1], users, 1); % Binary data
bipolar_data = 2*data - 1; % Convert to bipolar
% Generate Walsh codes (Hadamard matrix)
walsh = hadamard(chips);
% Each column of Walsh is a spreading code for each user
user_codes = walsh(:,1:users);
% Spread (encode) data
encoded = user_codes * bipolar_data; % Spread signal (chips x 1)
% Add Gaussian noise
noise = 0.5*randn(chips, 1);
rx = encoded + noise;
% Despread (decode) signal
decoded = user_codes' * rx / chips; % Normalized by chips
% Plotting
figure;
subplot(4,1,1);
stem(data, 'filled');
title('Original User Data');
ylim([-0.5 1.5]);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(encoded, 'b-o');
title('Spread (Encoded) Signal');
xlabel('Chip Index');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(rx, 'r-o');
title('Received Signal (with Noise)');
xlabel('Chip Index');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(4,1,4);
bar(decoded);
title('Decoded User Data Values');
xlabel('User');
ylabel('Amplitude (Before Thresholding)');
grid on;
5.Channel Coder/Decoder - Convolutional Code
% Convolutional Encoding and Viterbi Decoding with Visualization
trellis = poly2trellis(7, [171 133]); % Constraint length 7, generator polynomials
data = randi([0 1], 100, 1); % Random input data (100 bits)
% Convolutional encoding
encoded = convenc(data, trellis); % Encoded sequence (rate 1/2)
% Pass through AWGN channel
noisy = awgn(double(encoded), 5, 'measured'); % Add noise (Eb/N0 = 5 dB)
% Hard decision decoding (threshold at 0.5)
decoded = vitdec(noisy > 0.5, trellis, 34, 'trunc', 'hard');
% Plotting
figure;
subplot(4,1,1);
stem(data(1:30), 'filled');
title('Original Data (First 30 Bits)');
ylim([-0.5 1.5]);
subplot(4,1,2);
stem(encoded(1:60), 'filled');
title('Encoded Data (First 60 Bits)');
ylim([-0.5 1.5]);
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(noisy(1:60), 'r.-');
title('Noisy Encoded Data (First 60 Samples)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(4,1,4);
stem(decoded(1:30), 'filled');
title('Decoded Data (First 30 Bits)');
ylim([-0.5 1.5]);
