To Determine the Specific Latent Heat of

Fusion of Ice

To Determine the Specific Latent Heat of

Vaporization of Water A B

Q
By Group - 5
t1 t2
Group Members
Arian Estinab Parthib
01 ID : 23-52526-2
MD Saiful Islam
MD Zunayed Tanvir 04 Rittiq
ID : 23-52355-2
02 Zishan
ID : 23-52258-2

05 AKM Golam Alahi

Jehad Mahammud ID : 23-52483-2

03 Rafiqul Islam
ID : 23-52318-2
Contents of this presentation
Theory Here we briefly describe the theory behind these experiments.

Apparatus Equipment that were used to perform these experiments.

Procedure Step by step guide on performing the experiments.

Experimental Data Where the collected data are stored.

Calculation and Error % Final values are calculated here and compared with theoritical data.

Possible mistakes that might have occurred during the experiment and their
Discussion prevention.
Theory
 To Determine the To Determine the
Specific Latent Heat of Specific Latent Heat of
Vaporization of Water Vaporization of Water
Latent heat (𝐿) is defined as the energy The specific latent heat of vaporization (𝐿𝑣) is the heat
required to change the state of a substance. required to convert a unit mass of a substance from
The latent heat of fusion (𝐿𝑓)refers to the heat liquid to vapor without a temperature change. In this
energy needed to convert a solid into a liquid, experiment, steam at 100°C is introduced into a
without a temperature change, as seen in the calorimeter with water at an initial temperature (𝑇𝑖). The
melting of ice. According to calorimetry, the steam condenses, and the system reaches equilibrium at
heat lost by the warm body equals the heat a final temperature (𝑇𝑓). Using the principle of
gained by the cold body, ensuring energy calorimetry, where heat lost by the steam equals heat
conservation. This principle is used to calculate gained by the calorimeter and water, 𝐿𝑣L v​ is
the specific latent heat of fusion. determined.
Here’s a figure to visualize the Latent
heat of fusion and vaporization
 For Experiment 1

Let consider, • The final temperature of the calorimeter

• Mass of Calorimeter plus stirrer = 𝑀𝑐𝑠 plus stirrer plus water = 𝑇𝑓
• Mass of Calorimeter plus stirrer plus • Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 𝐿𝑓
water = 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤
• The initial mass of water = 𝑀𝑤 So,
• Mass of Calorimeter plus stirrer plus (𝑇𝑖−𝑇𝑓)(𝑀𝑤𝐶𝑤+𝑀𝑐𝑠𝐶𝑐𝑠)−𝑀𝑖𝐶𝑤𝑇𝑓
𝐿𝑓=
𝑀𝑖
water plus ice = 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑖
• Mass of ice added = 𝑀𝑖
This formula is derived from the
• Specific heat of calorimeter plus stirrer
calorimetry principle. Which is Energy
= 𝐶𝑐𝑠
gained by ice = energy lost by calorimeter
• Specific heat of water = 𝐶𝑤
• The initial temperature of the + energy lost by the water.
calorimeter plus stirrer plus water = 𝑇𝑖
 For Experiment 2

Let consider, • The final temperature of the calorimeter plus

Mass of Calorimeter plus stirrer = 𝑀𝑐𝑠 stirrer plus water = 𝑇𝑓
Mass of Calorimeter plus stirrer plus water • Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 𝐿𝑣
= 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤
The initial mass of water = 𝑀𝑤 So,
Mass of Calorimeter plus stirrer plus water (𝑇𝑓−𝑇𝑖)(𝑀𝑐𝑠𝐶𝑐𝑠+𝑀𝑤𝐶𝑤)−𝑀𝑠𝐶𝑤(100−𝑇𝑓)
𝐿𝑣 =
plus steam = 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑠 𝑀𝑠
Mass of steam added =𝑀𝑠
Specific heat of calorimeter plus stirrer = This formula is derived from the calorimetry
𝐶𝑐𝑠 principle. Which is Energy lost by steam = energy
Specific heat of water = 𝐶𝑤 gained by calorimeter + energy gained by the
The initial temperature of the calorimeter water.
plus stirrer plus water = 𝑇𝑖
 Apparatus

• Calorimeter with stirrer

• Thermometer
• Digital balance
• Ice cubes of 0C
• Electronic timer
• Paper towel
Procedure
• Ice cubes are placed in a beaker of water, and the temperature is monitored with a
thermometer until the ice-water mixture reaches 0°C.The mass of the calorimeter plus
stirrer (𝑀𝑐𝑠) is measured.
• The calorimeter is half-filled with water warmed to approximately 10°C above room
temperature, and the combined mass of the calorimeter and water (𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤) is
determined. The mass of the water (𝑀𝑤) is calculated as 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤−𝑀𝑐𝑠 .The initial
temperature (𝑇𝑖) of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water is recorded.
• The ice cubes are wrapped in kitchen paper or a cloth and crushed using wooden
blocks, then dried with the kitchen paper.
• The crushed ice is added, in small amounts, to the calorimeter until the temperature of
the water decreases by approximately 20°C.The lowest temperature (𝑇𝑓) of the
calorimeter plus stirrer plus water plus melted ice is recorded.
• The mass of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water plus melted ice (𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑖) is
determined, and the mass of the melted ice (𝑀𝑖) is calculated as 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑖−𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤.
 Experimental Data

• Mass of Calorimeter plus stirrer , 𝑀𝑐𝑠 = 66.8 gm

• Mass of Calorimeter plus stirrer plus water, 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤 = 214 gm
• The initial mass of water, 𝑀𝑤 = 147.2 gm
• Mass of Calorimeter plus stirrer plus water plus ice, 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑖 = 236.4 gm
• Mass of ice added, 𝑀𝑖 = 22.4 gm
• Specific heat of calorimeter plus stirrer, 𝐶𝑐𝑠 = 0.0909 cal / gm-C
• Specific heat of water, 𝐶𝑤 = 1 cal / gm-C
• The initial temperature of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water, 𝑇𝑖 = 23𝐶
• The final temperature of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water,𝑇𝑓= 11𝐶
Time-Temperature record for ice cube
Observations Time (s) Temperature (°C)
1 20 21
2 40 18
3 60 15
4 80 14
5 100 13
6 120 12.7
7 140 12.5
8 160 12
9 180 11.8
10 200 11.5
11 220 11.4
12 240 11.2
13 260 11
14 280 11
15 300 11
16 320 11
17 340 11
Calculation
(𝑇𝑖−𝑇𝑓)(𝑀𝑤𝐶𝑤+𝑀𝑐𝑠𝐶𝑐𝑠)−𝑀𝑖𝐶𝑤𝑇𝑓
𝐿𝑓=
𝑀𝑖
(23−11)(147.2∗1+66.8∗0.0909)−22.41∗1∗11
𝐿𝑓=
22.4
𝐿𝑓= 71.11 cal/gm

Error Calculation
Experimental Value−Standard Value
Percentage Difference = ∗ 100
Standard Value
71.11−80
Percentage Difference = ∗ 100
80
= -11.12%
Result
Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice is 71.11 cal/gm
 Discussion
• During the experiment, it was observed that, as ice floats on water, some
parts of it may melt due to heat absorbed from the atmosphere. To prevent
this, the ice was pressed into the water to ensure direct contact.
• The final temperature was carefully monitored and recorded a few degrees
above the dew point to minimize errors caused by condensation.
• The calorimeter was placed on a non-conducting stand to reduce heat loss
through conduction.
• It was noted that the ice used might have contained impurities. These
impurities did not contribute to the latent heat but added to the overall mass
of the ice, potentially introducing minor errors in the calculations.
 Apparatus

• Calorimeter with stirrer

• Thermometer
• Digital balance
• Steam of 1000C
• Electronic timer
Procedure
• Water is heated until steam is issued freely.
• The mass of the calorimeter plus stirrer (𝑀𝑐𝑠) is measured.
• The calorimeter is half-filled with water cooled to approximately 10°C below room
temperature.
• The combined mass of the calorimeter plus stirrer and water (𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤) is determined.
The mass of the cold water (𝑀𝑤) is calculated as 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤−𝑀𝑐𝑠.
• The initial temperature (𝑇𝑖) of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water is recorded.
• Dry steam is mixed into the water in the calorimeter until the temperature increases
by approximately 20°C. Care is taken to ensure no water is removed from the
calorimeter during the process.
• The final temperature (𝑇𝑓) of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water plus condensed
steam is recorded. The temperature decrease of the steam is noted as 100−𝑇𝑓.
• The mass of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water plus condensed steam (𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑠) is
measured. The mass of the condensed steam (𝑀𝑠) is calculated as 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑠−𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤.
 Experimental Data

• Mass of Calorimeter plus stirrer , 𝑀𝑐𝑠 = 66.8 gm

• Mass of Calorimeter plus stirrer plus water, 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤 = 236.4 gm
• The initial mass of water, 𝑀𝑤 = 169.6 gm
• Mass of Calorimeter plus stirrer plus water plus steam, 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑠 = 243.1 gm
• Mass of steam added, 𝑀𝑠= 6.7 gm
• Specific heat of calorimeter plus stirrer, 𝐶𝑐𝑠 = 0.0909 cal / gm-C
• Specific heat of water, 𝐶𝑤 = 1 cal / gm-C
• The initial temperature of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water, 𝑇𝑖 = 13𝐶
• The final temperature of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water,𝑇𝑓= 33𝐶
 Table - 2

Obs 𝑀𝑐𝑠 𝑀𝑤 𝑀𝑠 𝐶𝑐𝑠(cal / 𝑇𝑖 (𝑪 ) 𝑇𝑓 (𝑪)

gm-C )
1 66.8 169.6 6.7 0.0909 13 33
Calculation
(𝑇𝑓−𝑇𝑖)(𝑀𝑐𝑠𝐶𝑐𝑠+𝑀𝑤𝐶𝑤)−𝑀𝑠𝐶𝑤(100−𝑇𝑓)
𝐿𝑣 =
𝑀𝑠
(33−13)(66.8∗0.0909 + 169.6∗1)−6.7∗1∗(100−33)
𝐿𝑣 =
6.7
𝐿𝑣 = 457.39 cal/gm

Error Calculation
Experimental Value−Standard Value
Percentage Difference = ∗ 100
Standard Value
457.39−540
Percentage Difference = ∗ 100
540
= -15.297%
Result
Latent Heat of Vaporization of Water is 457.39 cal/gm
 Discussion
• During the experiment, it was observed that some steam may have
condensed in the delivery system, resulting in heat loss. To minimize this,
the steam was directed efficiently into the calorimeter.
• The calorimeter was placed on a non-conducting stand to reduce heat loss
through conduction.
• It was noted that the water used may have contained impurities. These
impurities did not release latent heat but could have influenced the
temperature changes by altering the specific heat capacity.
• Care was taken to ensure that no steam escaped from the system, as any
loss of steam would have caused an underestimation of the mass of
condensed steam, leading to inaccuracies in the results.
• The final equilibrium temperature was recorded promptly to avoid errors
caused by heat exchange with the surroundings over time.