DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL, CDA, CUTTACK

PRACTICALS FOR STD-X

SUB: -PHYSICS
EXPERIMENT NO-1-A (FOCAL LENGTH OF CONCAVE MIRROR)

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: -

To determine the focal length of a concave mirror by obtaining the image of a distant object.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
1. A concave mirror with holder
2. A half metre scale
3. White screen with holder
THEORY: -
Light from a distant object form a parallel beam of light which converge to a point after
reflection from the concave mirror and this point is the focus of the mirror.
Distance from the focus to the pole of a concave mirror is the focal length.
PROCEDURE: -
1. A concave mirror is mounted on the mirror holder.
2. Some distant object such as a tree or a building is located.
3. With the help of the concave mirror a clear image of the distant object is focused
on the screen and the position of the screen is fixed there.
4. The distance of the screen from the mirror is measured with the help of a metre
scale.
5. The steps are repeated for two more observations and the average of the focal
length is calculated.

OBSERVATIONS: -

SL Position of concave Position of the white Focal length f (in

NO. mirror (in cm) screen (in cm) cm)

1
 1 10 25.4 f1=25.4-10=15.4
2 15 30.2 f2=30.2-15=15.2
3 20 34.8 f3=34.8-20=14.8

CALCULATION
Average focal length of the concave mirror is f= ᵅ1 + ᵅ2 + ᵅ3
3
= 15 . 4 + 15 . 2 + 14 . 8
3
= 15.13 cm
CONCLUSION: -
Thus, the focal length of the concave mirror is found to be 15.13cm.
PRECAUTIONS: -
1. Concave mirror should be fixed in vertical plane only.
2. Position of the screen should be recorded only when a clear, inverted and diminished
image of the object is focused.
SOURCES OF ERROR: -
1. If the concave mirror is not fixed in the vertical plane, focal length of the mirror is
likely to be wrong.
2. If correct position of the screen is not marked observations will be wrong.

EXPERIMENT NO-1-B (FOCAL LENGTH OF CONVEX LENS)

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: -

To determine the focal length of a convex lens by obtaining the image of a distant object.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
1. A convex lens with holder
2. A half metre scale
3. White screen with holder

THEORY: -
Light from a distant object form a parallel beam of light which converge to a point after
refraction from the convex lens and this point is the focus of the lens.
Distance from the focus to the optical centre of a convex lens is the focal length.

PROCEDURE: -
1. A convex lens is mounted on the lens holder.
2. Some distant object such as a tree or a building is located.
3. With the help of the convex lens a clear image of the distant object is focused on
the screen placed behind the lens and the position of the screen is fixed there.

2
 4. The distance of the screen from the lens is measured with the help of a metre
scale.
5. The steps are repeated for two more observations and the average of the focal
length of the convex lens is calculated.

OBSERVATIONS: -

SL Position of convex Position of the white Focal length f (in

NO. lens (in cm) screen (in cm) cm)
1 5 19.8 f1=19.8-5=14.8
2 10 25.2 f2=25.2-10=15.2
3 15 30.3 f3=30.3-15=15.3

CALCULATION
Average focal length of the convex lens is f= ᵅ1 + ᵅ2 + ᵅ3
3
= 14 . 8 + 15 . 2 + 15 . 3
3
= 15.1 cm
CONCLUSION: -
Thus, the focal length of the convex lens is found to be 15.1cm.

PRECAUTIONS: -
1. Convex lens should be fixed in vertical plane only.
2. Position of the screen should be recorded only when a clear, inverted and diminished
image of the object is focused.

SOURCES OF ERROR: -
1. If the convex lens is not fixed in the vertical plane, focal length of the lens is likely to
be wrong.

3
 2. If correct position of the screen is not marked observations will be wrong.

EXPERIMENT NO-2 (REFRACTION THROUGH GLASS SLAB)

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: -

To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles
of incidence. To measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence and
interpret the result.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
1. A Rectangular glass slab
2. Board pins
3. Drawing pins
4. Scale, Pencil, Protractor
5. White sheet of paper-A4 size
6. Drawing Board

THEORY: -
Laws of refraction: - 1) The incident ray , the refracted ray and the normal at the point of
incidence to the interface separating two media all lie in the same plane.
2) The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant for
the given pair of media.
n21 = sin ᵅ
sin ᵅ
PROCEDURE: -
1. A white sheet of paper is fixed on the drawing board with the help of board pins.
2. The rectangular glass slab is placed on it and its outline is traced.
3. With the help of protractor, the angle of incidence is marked.
4. Two drawing pins are fixed on the incident ray with a minimum distance of 6-8 cm.
5. The rectangular glass slab is placed again.
6. Two more drawing pins are taken and fixed on the other side of the rectangular glass
slab to trace the emergent ray.
7. Then the glass slab is removed from its place and the refracted ray is drawn.

4
 8. Angle of incidence (Ði), angle of refraction (Ðr) and the angle of emergence (Ðe) are
measured.

OBSERVATIONS: -

SL NO. ANGLE OF ANGLE OF ANGLE OF DIFFERENCE

INCIDENCE(Ði) REFRACTION(Ðr EMERGENCE(Ðe) (Ði - Ðe) IN
IN DEGREE (°) ) IN DEGREE (°) IN DEGREE (°) DEGREE (°)
1 30 19 29 30-29=1
2 40 25 41 41-40=1
3 50 31 50 50-50=0
4 60 35 59 60-59=1

CONCLUSION: -
1. The angle of incidence is equal to angle of emergence.
2. Incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray.
PRECAUTIONS: -
1. The pins should be fixed in upright position.
2. The minimum distance between the pins should be 5 cm.
3. The experiment should be conducted for angles of incidence 30° to 60°.
SOURCES OF ERROR: -
1. Glass slab may get displaced from its boundary.
2. Measurement of angle can be wrong.

EXPERIMENT NO-3 (REFRACTION THROUGH TRIANGULAR GLASS PRISM)

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: -

To trace the path of the ray of light through a glass prism.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -
1. A triangular glass prism
2. Board pins

5
 3. Drawing pins
4. Scale, Pencil, Protractor
5. White sheet of paper-A4 size
6. Drawing Board

THEORY: -
A prism is a transparent material bounded by two triangular and three rectangular surfaces,
when light is incident obliquely on the refracting surface of a glass prism it gets deviated.
Ði + Ðe = ÐA + ÐD
Were
Ði= Angle of incidence
Ðe = Angle of emergence
ÐA= Angle of prism
ÐD= Angle of deviation

PROCEDURE: -
1. A white sheet of paper is fixed on the drawing board with the help of board pins.
2. The triangular glass prism is placed on it with its triangular face at the base and its
outline is traced.
3. With the help of protractor, the angle of incidence is marked.
4. Two drawing pins are fixed on the incident ray with a minimum distance of 6-8 cm.
5. The triangular glass prism is placed again.
6. Two more drawing pins are taken and fixed on the other side of the prism to trace the
emergent ray.
7. Then the glass prism is removed from its place and the refracted ray is drawn.
8. Angle of incidence (Ði), angle of emergence (Ðe), angle of the prism (ÐA) and the
angle of deviation (ÐD) are measured.

OBSERVATIONS: -

SL angle of angle of angle of angle of Ði +Ðe ÐA+ÐD in

NO. incidence(Ði) prism(ÐA) emergence(Ðe) in deviation(ÐD) in degree degree (°)

6
 in degree (°) in degree ( degree (°) in degree (°) (°)
°)
1 30 60
2 40 60
3 50 60
4 60 60

CONCLUSION: -
1. Ði +Ðe = ÐA+ÐD
2. As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of deviation first decreases then
increases.
PRECAUTIONS: -
1. The pins should be fixed in upright position.
2. The minimum distance between the pins should be 5 cm.
3. The experiment should be conducted for angles of incidence 30° to 60°.
SOURCES OF ERROR: -
1. Glass prism may get displaced from its boundary.
3. Measurement of angle can be wrong.

EXPERIMENT NO-4 (OHM’S LAW)

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I)
passing through it and determine its resistance (R). Also plot a graph between V and I.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:-
1. A voltmeter and ammeter of suitable range,
2. resistance wire or resistor,
3.some connecting wires,
4.a key,
5.a dry cell (or battery eliminator),
6. a rheostat
7. a piece of sand paper.
THEORY/PRINCIPLE :-
The dependence of current on potential difference can be studied by Ohm’s law.
According to Ohm’s law, the potential difference (V) across the ends of a resistor is directly
proportional to the current (I) through it provided its temperature remains the same.
i.e. V ∝ I or
V/I = Constant = R
or V = RI Here,

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R is a constant for the given resistor at a given temperature and is called its resistance.
The SI unit of resistance is ohm (Ω). The graph between the potential difference across the
two ends of a resistor and the current passing through it is a straight line passing through the
origin. The slope of this straight line graph gives the resistance R of the resistor.

PROCEDURE :-
1. Before starting the experiment, note down the range, least count and zero error (if any) of
the ammeter and voltmeter.
2. Wipe the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper to remove any insulating layer.

3. Make a set up of the circuit by connecting different components with the help of
connecting wires as shown in Fig.
4. Connect the key, the rheostat, the ammeter and the resistor in series with the connecting
wires to the dry cell, as shown in the circuit diagram , Ensure that positive (+) terminal of
ammeter is joined to the positive (+) terminal of the cell. Make neat and tight connections.
5. Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the resistor, as shown in circuit diagram. Ensure that
the positive (+) terminal of the voltmeter is joined to the positive (+) terminal of the cell, and
the negative (-) terminal of the voltmeter is joined to the negative (-) terminal of the cell.
6. Insert the key in the plug to let the current establish in the circuit.
7. Adjust the rheostat, so that a small current passes through the resistor, say 0.1 A, so the
reading of ammeter will be 0.1 A.
8. Read the corresponding value of potential difference from voltmeter.
9.Repeat the experiment by adjusting the slider, for the values of current 0.3A, 0.4A, 0.5A
etc. and record the corresponding values of potential difference in voltmeter.
10. Lastly, plot a graph between V and I taking V along y-axis and I along x-axis.

OBSERVATION:-
Range of ammeter = ……… A
Least count of ammeter = ……….. A

8
Zero error of ammeter = ……….. A
Range of voltmeter = ……….. V
Least count of voltmeter = ……… V
Zero error of voltmeter = ………… V
SL NO. READING OF READING OF RESISTANCER=V/I
VOLTMETER IN AMMMETER IN IN Ohm(W)
Volt(V) Ampere(A)
1
2
3
4
5

CALCULATIONS AND GRAPH:-

Mean value of resistance = (R1 + R2 + R3 + R4+R5)/5 = …….. Ω
Now, by plotting the graph between V and I taking V along y-axis and I along x-axis. We get
a straight line and the slope of V versus I graph gives the resistance of the resistor

CONCLUSION:-
1. From the above calculation and observation, we have concluded that for a resistor, if
temperature remains constant then current through the resistor is directly proportional to the
potential difference applied across it.
2. The value of resistance R of resistor remains the same for all values of current through it.
The graph between V and I is a straight line and passes through the origin. This verifies
Ohm’s law.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Wires should be thick and their insulation of ends should be removed properly.
2. All the connections should be tight otherwise some external resistance may introduce in
the circuit.
3. Ammeter must be connected in series with the circuit.
4. Voltmeter must be connected in parallel with the circuit.
5. Zero mark of ammeter and voltmeter should be checked properly.

EXPERIMENT NO-5 (EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE OF RESISTORS IN SERIES)

AIM:-
To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors, when connected in series
combination.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:-
1. Two standard resistance coils (or resistors),
2. ammeter (0-1.5A),

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 3. voltmeter (0-1.5V),
4. one-way key,
5. low resistance rheostat,
6. connecting wires,
7. a piece of sand paper
8. battery eliminator.
THEORY/PRINCIPLE:-The end-to-end connection of two or more resistors is said to be
series combination, if they. provide only one path to the flow of current, i.e. same current
would be flown through each resistor.

If V1 and V2 be the potential differences measured by the voltmeter across each resistor, then
V =V1 +V2 ………(i)
According to Ohm’s law, V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2 and V = IRs ……..(ii)
where, Rs = Equivalent resistance of R1 and R2 in series combination.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get IRs = IR1 + IR2
=>Rs =R1 + R2
Thus, the equivalent resistance of the series combination is equal to the sum of the individual
resistances connected in the series circuit.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Note the least count and the zero error (if any) of the given ammeter and voltmeter.
2. Clean the ends of connecting wires using a sand paper.
3. Find the values of two given resistances R1 and R2 by the procedure given in Experiment
4. Connect the resistances in series as shown in block diagram or circuit diagram given in
Fig.
5. Put the plug in the key and take the readings of ammeter and voltmeter
6. Repeat the step 5 three times by changing the position of the sliding contact of the rheostat
7. Tabulate the readings and find the ratio of V and I. It will give the equivalent resistance of
the combination.

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OBSERVATION:-
1. Least count of ammeter = …………. A
2. Zero error of ammeter = ………… A
3. Least count of voltmeter = ………… V
4. Zero error of voltmeter = …………. V
5. Zero correction in ammeter reading = ………. A
6. Zero correction in voltmeter reading = ……… V
RESISTOR OBSERVATI VOLTMETER AMMETER R= MEAN
USED ONS READING IN V READING V/I VALUE OF
IN A RESISTANC
E IN OHM(W)
R1 (a)
(b)
(c)
R2 (a)
(b)
(c)
RS=R1+R2 (a)
(b)
(c)

CALCULATIONS:-
1. Mean value of R1 = ………. Ω

2. Mean value of R2 = ……….. Ω

3. Equivalent value of series combination,
o By calculation, R’s = R1 + R2 = ………… Ω

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o By experiment, Rs = ………… Ω Difference in both values, Rs -R’s = ……… Ω
CONCLUSION:-
1. There is a close agreement between the calculated value and the value obtained by the
experiment. Hence, Rs = R1 + R2 is verified.
2. Equivalent resistance, Rs = …………. Ω

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Remove the dust and other insulating particles from the ends of connecting wire, by
rubbing it with sand paper.
2. All the connections should be tight and properly done as per the circuit diagram.
3. Take out the plug from the plug key in between the two observations.
4. A low resistance rheostat should be used in the circuit to obtain a large variation in the
current.
5. The thick copper connecting wires should be used in the circuit.
6. The positive terminal of the ammeter and voltmeter must be connected to the positive
terminal of the battery or battery eliminator.
7. Never connect the two terminals of the cell without any resistance.
8. The pointers of the ammeter and voltmeter should be at zero mark when no current flows
through them.
9. Current should be passed through the circuit for a short time while taking observations;
otherwise current would cause unnecessary heating in the circuit. Heating may change the
resistance of resistors.
10. The ammeter should be connected in series with the combination of resistors such that the
current enters at the positive terminal and leaves at the negative terminal of the ammeter.

EXPERIMENT NO-6 (EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE OF RESISTORS IN

PARALLEL)

AIM:-
To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors, when connected in parallel
combination.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:-
1. Two standard resistance coils (or resistors),
2. ammeter (0-1.5 A),
3. voltmeter (0-1.5 V),
4. one-way plug key,
5. a low resistance rheostat,
6. connecting wires,
7. a piece of sand paper
8. cell or battery eliminator.

THEORY/ PRINCIPLE:-
An arrangement of resistors in which number of resistors are connected between two
common points in such a way that the potential difference across each resistor is equal to the
applied voltage is called parallel combination of resistances.

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 As shown in Fig. two resistors of resistances R1 and R2 are connected between two points A
and B in parallel combination. Let the potential difference applied by the DC source to this
combination be V. Let I1 and I2 be the currents measured by an ammeter, connected in series
with each resistor R1 and R2 respectively,
then I = I1+I2 …….(i)
According to Ohm’s law, I1 = VR1 and I2 = VR2 ……..(ii)
If Rp is the equivalent resistance of the given parallel combination, having the same potential
difference as the applied potential, then I= VRp ………(iii)
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii),
we get VRp = VR1 + VR2
or 1Rp = 1R1 + 1R2
or R1R2/R1+R2
Therefore, when number of resistances are connected in a parallel combination, the reciprocal
of the equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances.
PROCEDURE :-
1. Note down the least count and zero error (if any) of the given ammeter and voltmeter.
2. Clean the ends of connecting wires using sand paper.
3. Find the values of two given resistances R1 and R2
4. Connect the given resistors in parallel combination between the two terminals of the
voltmeter

13
5. Put the plug in the key and take the readings of ammeter and voltmeter.
6. Repeat the step 5 three times by changing the position of the sliding contact of the rheostat
7. Tabulate the readings and find the ratio of V and I. It will give the equivalent resistance of
the combination.

OBSERVATION
1. Least count of ammeter = ………… A
2. Zero error of ammeter = ………….. A
3. Least count of voltmeter = ………. V
4. Zero error of voltmeter = …………. V
5. Zero correction in ammeter reading = ……….. A
6. Zero correction in voltmeter reading = ………… V

RESISTOR OBSERVATIO VOLTMETE AMMETE R=V/ MEAN

USED NS R READING R I VALUE OF
IN V READING RESISTANC
IN A E IN OHM(W)
R1 (a)
(b)
(c)
R2 (a)
(b)
(c)
Rp=R1R2 (a)
/R1+R2 (b)
(c)

CALCULATIONS
1. Mean value of R1 = ……….. Ω
2. Mean value of R2 = ………. Ω Equivalent value of parallel combination,

o By calculations, R’p = (R1R2) / (R1+R2) = ……….. Ω

o By experiment, Rp = …………. Ω

CONCLUSION
1. The equivalent resistance of parallel combination, Rp = ………….. Ω

2. There is close agreement between the calculated value and the value obtained by the
experiment. Hence, 1Rp = 1R1 + 1R2 is verified.
PRECAUTIONS
1. It is to be properly checked that ammeter is connected in series and voltmeter is connected
in parallel.
2. The connecting wires should be thick and must have a tight connection at joints.
3. The ends of connecting wires should be cleaned properly using sandpaper.
4. The ammeter and voltmeter must be of proper range and of less least count.
5. Current should be passed for a very short time, otherwise heating effect can change the
actual result.

14
15
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
EXPERIMENT 1 Chemistry Class 10

Aim : To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper / universal indicator.
Apparatus Required
Dropper pH strip Test Tube Universal Indicator
Chemical required
1. Dilute hydrochloric acid.
2. Dilute NaOH solution.
3. Dilute ethanoic acid solution.
4. Lemon juice.
5. Water.
6. Dilute sodium bicarbonate solution

Procedures

1. Take six strips pH paper and place them on a glazed tile. Mark them 1 to 6.
2. Take the test solutions in separate test tubes. Dissolve the solid substance by adding
distilled water to it. Label the test tubes.
3. Now, place a drop of the test solution on one strip of the pH paper with the help of a fine
dropper or glass rod. Use a fresh dropper for each test solution.
4. Observe the colour produced and match it with the different colour shades of the standard
colour pH chart.
5. Note down the colour of the pH from the colour chart that matches most closely with the
colour produced on the pH paper.
6. Similarly, find the pH value of the remaining samples by using a fresh strip of pH paper and
a separate glass rod or fine dropper for each one.

Observations:

Colour produced on pH Approximate

Sl.No Sample solution Inference
paper pH
1 Dil.HCl
2 Dil. NaOH
3 Dil. Ethanoic acid
4 Lemon juice
5 Water
Dil. Sodium bicarbonate
6
sol.

Precautions:

1. Use only the standard colour chart supplied with the pH paper for assessing the ph value.
2. Keep the pH strips away from chemical fumes.
3. Either use fresh fine dropper or glass rod for each different sample, or wash the dropper or
rod well with water every time.
BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
2. Waft gases emitted from ferrous sulphate on heating gently towards your nose holding the
test tube at a distance. The gases SO2 and SO3 are very harmful, so do not take a deep
breath when smelling the odour of the gases.
3. Always use a test tube holder while heating the test tube.

EXPERIMENT 5

Aim: To study the properties of acids and bases (HCl and NaOH) by their reaction with:

 Litmus solution (blue/Red)

 Zinc metal
 Solid sodium carbonate

Apparatus Required:

Flat Bottom Flask Test Tubes Thistle Funnel Watch Glass Pieces Of Zinc Metal
Solid Sodium Carbonate Phenolphthalein Dropper Cork Stand with Clamp
Blue & Red Litmus NaOH / HCl Distilled Water Beaker Lime Water GlassTube Burner

Procedure:

Action of litmus solution with acid and base.

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a little amount of blue and red
litmus solutions separately in two HCl is an acid having pH
Blue litmus turns red.
test tubes. Add few drops of HCl to value below 7.
each test tube using a dropper.

Take a little amount of blue and red

litmus solutions separately in two NaOH is an alkali having pH
Red litmus turns blue.
test tubes. Add few drops of NaOH value more than 7.
to each test tube using a dropper.

The evolution of hydrogen gas can be seen by conducting the following experiments.

Experiment Observation Inference

Take some pieces of zinc A gas is evolved.
metal in a boiling tube. It extinguishes
Add few drops of HCl into the burning The gas evolved is hydrogen which burns
the boiling tube using a matchstick and with mild explosion.
dropper. Then place a burns itself with
dropper with a fine jet on mild explosion
the mouth of the tube. and produces a
BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
Heat the boiling tube. popping sound.
Bring a burning
matchstick near the
mouth of the fine jet.

Take some pieces of zinc A gas is evolved.

metal in a boiling tube. It extinguishes
Add few drops of NaOH the burning
into the boiling tube using matchstick and
a dropper. Then place a burns itself with
The gas evolved is hydrogen which burns
dropper with a fine jet on mild explosion
with mild explosion.
the mouth of the tube. and produces a
Heat the boiling tube. popping sound.
Bring a burning
matchstick near the
mouth of the fine jet.
Action of HCl on solid sodium carbonate

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a small
quantity of solid
sodium carbonate
in a flask. Then add
distilled water into
it. Cork the flask
with a double bore
cork and insert a
thistle funnel into
the flask. Then
place a beaker
A gas is evolved
containing lime The gas produced is carbon dioxide due to the
which turns lime
water near the action of HCl on Na2CO3, which turns lime water
water turns
flask. Then insert milky.
milky.
one end of the
delivery tube into
the flask and the
other end into the
beaker. Now add
HCl into the flask
through the thistle
funnel and observe
the change in
colour of the lime
water.
Action of NaOH on solid sodium carbonate

Experiment Observation Inference

Take a small The solution Both NaOH and Na2CO3 are alkali so they do not react
quantity of solid in the test but form alkaline solution. Phenolphthalein gives pink

BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
sodium carbonate tube turns colour in an alkaline medium.
in a test tube and pink.
add a little of
NaOH solution into
it. Then shake the
test tube well.
Then add few
drops of
phenolphthalein
into the test tube.

Precautions:

1. Take small quantities of zinc, HCl and NaOH for their reaction, otherwise large amount of
hydrogen produced may cause explosion.
2. To hydrogen burning take a fine jet.
3. Add HCl to Na2CO3, only when apparatus is made carefully airtight.
4. NaOH and HCl are injurious, handle these chemicals carefully.

EXPERIMENT 6

Aim: To perform a double displacement reaction using sodium sulphate and barium chloride
solutions.

Apparatus Required:
Sodium Sulphate solution Dil. HCl Barium Chloride Solution
Conical Flask Test Tube Glass Rod

Procedure:

 Take 2ml of sodium sulphate solution in a test tube.

 Take 1ml of barium chloride solution in another test tube.
 Add barium chloride solution to sodium sulphate solution.
 Observe the change.

Observation:

 A white precipitate appears that is insoluble in dilute HCl.

Inference:

 When sodium sulphate chemically reacts with barium chloride in the form of their aqueous
solutions, white precipitate of barium sulphate appears. This confirms the presence of
sulphate (SO42-) ions.

BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
Then place a boiling tube containing lime water NaHCO3, which turns
near the tube containing NaHCO3 solution. Insert lime water milky.
one end of the delivery tube into the tube
containing NaHCO3 solution and the other end
into the tube containing lime water. Now, add
acetic acid into NaHCO3 solution through the
thistle funnel and observe the change in colour of
the lime water.

Precautions:

1. Never smell acetic acid directly.

2. Keep the mouth of the test tube away from you and your classmates' face.
3. Use the chemicals judiciously.

EXPERIMENT 8

Aim: To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions:
 ZnSO4 (aq)
 FeSO4 (aq)
 CuSO4 (aq)
 Al2(SO4)3 (aq)

Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the above results
Apparatus Required:
Zinc Metal Copper Metal Aluminium Metal Iron Metal Zinc Sulphate Solution
Copper Sulphate Aluminium Sulphate Ferrous Sulphate Four 100ml Beaker

Procedure:

 Select four 100ml beakers and label them as zinc sulphate, copper sulphate, aluminium
sulphate and ferrous sulphate.
 Add 20ml of 1M solution of ZnSO4, CuSO4, Al2(SO4)3 and FeSO4 in the labeled beaker
respectively.
 Take a strip of cleaned zinc metal and cut it into small pieces of suitable size.
 Add two pieces into each beaker containing CuSO4, Al2(SO4)3 and FeSO4.
 Keep the beakers undisturbed for about 1 hour.
 After about an hour, note the change in colour of solutions, appearance of metal surface or
any other change.
 Repeat the similar procedure by adding-
 Copper strips to ZnSO4, Al2(SO4)3 and FeSO4 solutions.
 Aluminium strips to ZnSO4, CuSO4, and FeSO4 solutions.
 Iron strips to ZnSO4, CuSO4 and Al2(SO4)3 solutions.

Observations:

BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
Salt solution Colour change of Appearance of Inference
Metal in which solution metal surface
added
Zinc CuSO4 Blue color of Changes Zn can displace Cu
CuSO4 disappears and from CuSO4 solution.
red-brown copper Zn + CuSO4 --->
particles settle down at ZnSO4 + Cu
the bottom of the
beaker.
Al2(SO4)3 Solution remains No change Zn cannot displace Al
colorless. from
Al2(SO4)3 solution.
FeSO4 Green colour of ferrous Changes Zn can displace Fe
sulphate disappears. from FeSO4 solution.
Iron metal is settling Zn + FeSO4 --->
down at the bottom of ZnSO4 + Fe
the beaker.
Copper ZnSO4 Solution remains No change Cu cannot displace Zn
colorless. from ZnSO4 solution.
Al2(SO4)3 Solution remains No change Cu cannot displace Al
colorless. from
Al2(SO4)3 solution.
FeSO4 Solution remains No change Cu cannot displace Fe
colorless. from FeSO4 solution.
Aluminium ZnSO4 Solution remains Changes Al can displace Zn
colorless. Zinc metal is from ZnSO4 solution.
settling down at the 2Al + 3ZnSO4 --->
bottom of the beaker. 3Zn + Al2(SO4)3
CuSO4 Blue colour of Changes Al can displace Cu
CuSO4 disappears. from CuSO4 solution.
The brown colored 2Al + 3CuSO4 ---> 3Cu
copper particles settle + Al2(SO4)3
down at the bottom of
the beaker.
FeSO4 Green colour of Changes Al can displace Fe
FeSO4 disappears. from FeSO4 solution.
Iron metal is settling 2Al + 3FeSO4---> 3Fe
down at the bottom of + Al2(SO4)3
the beaker.

Iron ZnSO4 Solution remains No change Fe cannot displace Zn

colorless. from ZnSO4 solution
CuSO4 Blue colour of Changes Fe can displace Cu
CuSO4 changes to light from CuSO4 solution.
green colored FeSO4. Fe+ CuSO4 ----> Cu
Copper metal is formed + FeSO4
in the beaker.
Al2(SO4)3 Solution remains No change Fe cannot displace Al

BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
 Measuring scale
 Cloth pieces (5 cm x 5 cm )
 Ink
 Dropper

Procedure:

 Take three beakers and label them as A, B and C.

 In beaker A, put 20ml of distilled water using a measuring cylinder.
 In beaker B, put 20 ml of water obtained from a well using another measuring cylinder.
 In beaker C, add 20 ml of distilled water. To this, add 2 g of calcium chloride and stir with a
glass rod till it dissolves.
 Take three soap pieces, each weighing 1g.
 Add one soap piece to each beaker A, B and C.
 Stir the contents in the beakers with separate glass rods to ensure that soap has dissolved.
 In case the soap does not dissolve completely, heat the beaker gently on a Bunsen flame
with constant stirring.
 In beaker A, the soap solution formed is almost clear, in beaker B, some turbidity is
observed and in beaker C scum is formed.
 Take three test tubes and label them as A, B and C and place them in a test tube rack.
 Pour 10 ml of soap solution from beaker A into test tube A and 10 ml of soap solution from
beaker B into test tube B and 10 ml of soap solution from beaker C into test tube C, using
separate measuring cylinders.
 Measure the initial length of each soap solution with a measuring scale.
 Hold the test tube A by hand.
 Close its mouth with the thumb and shake it thoroughly 10 times in upward-downward
direction.
 It is observed that lather has formed in the test tube.
 Measure the length of foam and the final length of the soap solution with the measuring
scale.
 Repeat the above four steps for test tubes B and C.

Observations:

BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
 Use the same sample and same weight of soap for the beakers A, B and C.
 While stirring the soap solution, do not spill any solution out of the beaker.
 In case the soap does not dissolve completely, heat the beaker gently with constant stirring
on a Bunsen flame. Place the wire gauze on the tripod stand, to ensure heating is gentle
and evaporation of water is avoided. Evaporation will reduce the volume of the water.
 Carefully measure the same quantity of soap solution from the beakers A, B and C to put in
the experimental test tubes A, B and C.
 Give equal number of shakes to the test tubes A, B and C in the same way, without spilling
any soap solution.
 Immediately measure the length of foam produced.
 The quantity of ink put on each piece of cloth should be equal.

EXPERIMENT 10

Aim: To study the saponification reaction for preparation of soap.

Apparatus Required:

 Vegetable oil (castor oil, olive oil, coconut oil or palm oil)
 20% sodium hydroxide solution Common salt
 Measuring cylinders
 Glass beaker (250 ml) Blue and red litmus papers Glass rod
 Bunsen burner Wire gauze
 Tripod stand Filter funnel and Filter paper Spatula Knife

Procedure:

 Take 25 ml of coconut oil in a measuring cylinder and pour it into a 250 ml glass beaker.
 Measure 30 ml of 20% NaOH solution in another measuring cylinder and add it into the
beaker containing vegetable oil.
 Vigorously stir the mixture using a glass rod.
 Touch the beaker from outside. It is observed that the beaker is warm.
 Place the beaker on a wire gauze placed over a tripod stand.
 Heat the beaker using a Bunsen burner till the mixture become a whitish paste.
 Remove the beaker from the flame and allow it to cool.
 Dip a red litmus paper in the suspension formed.
 When dipped in the suspension, the red litmus paper changes its colour to blue.
 Dip a blue litmus paper in the suspension.
 The colour of blue litmus paper remains the same.
 To the above suspension, add 15g of common salt and stir it well with a glass rod.
 After adding common salt, soap in the suspension gets precipitated out as solid.
 Take a filter funnel and place a filter paper in it and fix it in a stand.
 Place a beaker below the funnel.

BY DEEPAK YADAV
FOUNDATION PRACTICAL
 Pour the contents of the beaker into the funnel over a glass rod and filter the contents of the
beaker.
 After filtration, soap is left behind in the filter paper.
 Transfer the soap into another filter paper using a spatula and dry it by pressing with
another filter paper.
 Then, cut it into desired shape with a knife.

Observations:

 When 20% NaOH solution was added to the beaker containing vegetable oil, it was
observed that the beaker was warm when touched from the outside.
 A whitish suspension was formed by heating the mixture of vegetable oil and 20% NaOH
solution.
 Red litmus paper changed colour to blue when dipped in suspension. Blue litmus paper
was not affected by the suspension.
 After adding common salt, the soap in suspension form precipitated out as solid.

Conclusions:

 The reaction between vegetable oil and sodium hydroxide solution is exothermic in nature
because heat is liberated during the reaction.
 The white suspension formed is made up of soap and glycerol. The process of formation of
soap is called saponification.
 Test using red and blue litmus papers shows that soap suspension is basic in nature and
not acidic in nature.
 The process of precipitation of soap from the suspension is called salting out.

Precautions:

 Do not touch the NaOH solution with bare hands as it may burn the skin.
 Do not breathe the fumes of NaOH or let the fumes get in your eyes. Keep the windows of
the laboratory open.
 The mixture of oil and alkali should be stirred thoroughly.
 It is necessary to stir the soap solution after adding common salt to it, in order to precipitate
out the soap in solid form.

BY DEEPAK YADAV
 Practical 5: SQL
We will create a table and perform specific functions.
1. Create a table named STAFF with specified fields.

2. Add a new record of Fedrick.

3. Display all records in increasing order of experience.

4. Update the salary of people by adding 10,000 having experience

more than 10 years.

5. Display employees that belong to Sales Department.

6. Delete the record of staff whose ID 117.

7. Delete the table along with contents and structure.

 PRACTICAL- 4
Aim of the practical:-
Perform DML queries on any table in LibreOfficeBase.

Activity:-
⮚Perform the following queries in the table created in practical:-14
I. Display the studentname and dob of all students in the student
table.
II. Increase the rollno of amit by 5.
III. Display the studentname and their class of all students who are
in class 10.
IV. Delete the record of shruti from the student table.
V. Insert the following record in the student table
(“ramesh”,10,’a’,17, “2005-07-25”,”[email protected]”)

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

• A data manipulation language (DML) is a language that enables
users to access and manipulate data in a database.
• The goal is to provide efficient human interaction with the
system.
Data manipulation involves:
• Retrieval of information from the database- SELECT statement
• Insertion of new information into the database - INSERT statement
• Deletion of information in the database - DELETE statement
• Modification of information in the database - UPDATE statement

Syntax of applying DML queries:

Select:-
select <columnlist /*> from <tablename> where
<condition>;
insert:-
insert into <table name>
(col1,col2,col3,………, coln)
values(val1, val2, val3, ………., valn);

Delete:-
delete from <tablename>
where <condition>;

update:-
update <table name> set <column name=value>
where <condition>;
 PRACTICAL- 3
Aim of the practical:-
Create a table in a database in OpenOfficeBase.

Activity:-
⮚Create a database school in OpenOfficeBase and create a table
named as student as per the description given below.

Column name Data type Size Constraint

studentname varchar 30 Primary key
class int
section char 2
rollno int
dob date
email varchar 20

Create the table and paste it in the activity page.

Syntax of creating a table:-
Create table tablename
( column name1 data type (size) <constraint name>,
column name2 data type (size) <constraint name>,
column name3 data type (size) <constraint name>,

column name n data type (size) <constraint name>);

⮚Insert the following data in the table created

 studentname class section rollno dob email
amit 7 a 10 2009-05-12 [email protected]
sunil 10 b 12 2007-03-20 [email protected]
priya 11 c 15 2006-07-15 [email protected]
shruti 12 a 22 2003-02-12 [email protected]
soubhagya 9 c 45 2005-09-25 [email protected]

Syntax of Inserting data in a

table:-insert into tablename
(col1,col2,col3….coln)
values(val1,val2,val3……. Valn);

.
.
.
 PRACTICAL- 2
Aim of the practical:-
Perform an online transaction and discuss its benefits in details.
Online Transaction:-
⮚An online transaction, also known as a PIN-debit transaction, is a
password-protected payment method that authorizes a transfer
of funds over an electronic funds transfer (EFT).
⮚ Online transaction via an EFT system requires a personal
identification number (PIN) to complete the process.
⮚ In online transaction, the exchange of funds is completed using an
EFT network, such as Star, Pulse or Interlink, depending on which
EFT system your bank is associated with as a member bank.
⮚ The cost of the transaction typically amounts to an interchange fee
of 1% of the total purchase price, which is charged to the
vendor/merchant.
Steps for booking Railway Ticket on IRCTC website from a
browser enabled mobile phone:

⮚ Login to URL https://www.irctc.co.in/mobile with your existing IRCTC user id

and password.
⮚ Click on Book Ticket and fill in details for plan my travel.
⮚ Select the train and continue the booking.
⮚ Use existing passenger list or add passengers.
⮚ Confirm booking details and pay through Credit/debit card to get
successful
Benefits of using online banking transactions
⮚ Anytime banking and anywhere banking
⮚ Reduction in cost of transaction
⮚ Easy to make utility payment
⮚ Online purchase
⮚ Service is available 24x7
 CLASS X
PRACTICAL-1
Aim of the practical:-
Create an online blog account and describe its uses.
Online blog:-
⮚ A weblog or blog, is a listing of text, images, or other objects that are
arranged in a chronological order that first started appearing in 1998.
⮚ Blogs are often maintained and run by a single individual, updated daily,
or contain personal remarks about a topic, a personal ramble, or an
update on the person's life.
⮚ In many ways, many weblogs are like a personal journal or a look into
another individual’s life and can be a way to learn about people, events,
places, and more from people around the world.

Creating an online blog account (Word press)

⮚ First we need to open a web browser on our computer.
⮚ Type the web address www.wordpress.com in the address bar
and click the sign up button.
⮚ A new page with different fields like blog address, username,
password, etc opens up on our screen. We need to fill up those
details.
⮚ After providing those details click the create blog button.
⮚ We will receive an activation link in our email id we need to open
it and activate our blog account.
⮚ Now our blog is ready for use.
Features of wordpress.com
Some of the key features of wordpress.com are as follows:-
I. SIMPLICITY OF DESIGN
II. FLEXIBILITY OF TYPE OF ACCOUNTS
III. PUBLISHING WITH EASE
IV. USER MANAGEMENT
V. MEDIA MANAGEMENT
VI. FULL STANDARD COMPLIANCE
VII. EASY THEME SYSTEM