’THÔMSON'S MODEL OF ATOM
Aecording to Thomson's model , evey aom congiuts f a
pasitivey charyed sphee of radus of the order i6m in
which enthe mas and positiye chage of the ctom ae
uniformly distibtel.
’ Tnside thus spheke,the electrons ahe embedded ike seeds in a
watermelon oY ike plums in a pudding
’ he numbe of electrons is such that Atom
theia negatiye chage is equal to the positive
posi tive chage of erm. chaye
Thus the alom is elechically neuthal. elecron
’ Limitations of Thomson atom model -
I. It coule not explain the origin af specral sties of
hydogen ana othe atoms, obsesved expeimentaly.
2. It coulal net explain desge angle scatting of - pasticdes
tram thin metal foils, as obseyed by Ruthotod.
RUTHERFORD'S d- RAY SCATTERING EXPERIMENT -
In 1911, under the diyecin of Ruthetoy d, Hans heige an
Enest Massden conducted
o scateaing expeiments.
Expexsimertal stup
An alpha pasticle is hellm nuclews contining 2 pruions and'
2 neuthong. d- pakttele has 4untts of mass qnd too unls ot vedaye
214 2
A radioactue sowce of - paticle. Jike i
enclosed in thick dead biock, prouidaal wtth a nanos
The K- pastides trom this Soute dhe celimae ino a narrou
beam -thraugh narroo s .
The beam is louweal to tal on a thin gdal fod o
hieknegs 2.ixi6 m.
-’ The -particdes scaterelin different direcimns oe ooseweal
uwth the help of a rotable deBector which comsists of a zin
Sulphide screen ane
microscope
ZyS ScTeen
Leod block
Callimato old fo!
Most - pas
Soutce sf
straigat
ol- paadicdes
About 1 In Booo
o is reflectea bauk
Rotatable
Mierosope
DetectY
ObsevatoT, -
I Most of he o paticles pags stralght threugh ihe gela
fot or sufe ony small defedny.
2 A feo d pasticles, beut &Coo get defleckeal
through more.
8. Ocasimaly, an d- paticke gets ebounded from the
geld fod, suffeing deflectim
’ Significance of the reutt
1. Mest of the n- pastides pass straigt thrugh the fol,
So most of he spae otthin atoms muLst be enpty.
2. To explain lage angle seatesirg f <- panteles, Ructherkord
of
suggeste hat al the pasitive chge and the mas
the atom ib caYKentaed in a very small region, calleal
the nucleus af. the aom.
3 The miclaus. Js -surowded by o cloud of electros cohase
total negatiue charge is equal to the tota! positive chage
Ne)
Scatered
on the nucleis so that pantcles
the aom as a ohcle js
elechically neutral.
*A graph behseen
Numbek
the scatiening ange (9)
and the number NCO)
of the - partides
Scattered at m angeo)
0 20 40 6o &o ion [20 t40
Sattening angle (o) (in degee)
The scatdeaing of the «
pticles is elue Jo Jhe
coulombic epulsion between
-the pasitively chasgec «
pashcles and the nucei,
Atom
(Ze)r2(2e)
-Nuceus
where Y s Jstance of
od- pastiele tom the
centre of the nuclens.
’RUTHERFORD'S ATOM MODEL
On tie basis af the d- paxticle scatering experiment,
Ruthertrd poposed the fulbuing model of an aton,
D Evey atom coslsts of o tiny central core, called the
atornic nucleus, in ahich he entire positive charge and
almost entire ma af the ctom ose cDncentrated.
The size of nucleus is of the otac of I6m, which is
vey small as compased to the size of the atom cohich is
of the srder of 6°m,
3) The atomic nucdeus is sumounded by certan numbes of elechos
As atom on the ohoe is electically neutral, the total
negatiue charge of elecons suunding the nucdeus is
equa to total pasitive charge on the nudeus.
4) These electons revolve avoud the nucleus in various
cireulat orbits as do the planets around the sun.
The centipeta! force vequired by electron foY vevolutio
is prouideal by the elechostai frrce of atradion beucen
the eleetroy anal the nucleus.
4 ELECTRDN ORBITS -
fe= cenhipetal torce required to keep a reolving e in odt
£* elechrostaie fore of tyation betueen the Tevolug
eleehon qnd the nucles,
then for dynamically stable ovbit in a hgdragen aton
Y
p2.
4T, my2
KE. of elechon in the orbit K= my
4TTE,r
Potential ener o elechron in orbit.
ue)cc)
4TE,
Negatiue sign indicates that reveuing electron s bound
to the posive nucles.
.: Tolal enegy of electren in hyaogen atom
e
E=k+U = 2 4TEY
Thenefbre, total enehy of elechm in orbit of hydhogen atom
is egatiue. Hence, the electron js boung to the nucleus,
e. the electron is not Pree to Jeave the orbit oun the
ncleus.
+Exomple- In a Geiger.- Marsden expeimert, ahat s the distance d
closest apprbach to the Tucleus of a .1 Mew d-patiele
befrye i comes momentarily to rest and yeverses its direcin
K =1.:Me =1.7x-s6T
z (Au) =19 At the distance of closed approah
=Ze ot an - partiale
?, = 2e
7,= 9XIÝx 2X79 x (i6x5'j2 e 2.5X1om 3otm
7.7x16 x 613
Limitatioms of Rutherford's atorie model
) According to slectromagneic thery, an accelerated
partide must chag|
revolving
raaliate
elechromagneie eneAgy. An elechon
und he nudens is nde cntinuous
towards the centre. It shaule accederation
in orbits of gradually continususy Jose eneng mn
The elechon shd folosdecreasng radi.
a spr path
md Anatly it sheald collapse into the
[Link] the Ruthesfory medel
canndt aplain the stabilily of an atsm.
In Rutheford's model, an electon can rekove in orbits
of all possible radi. So it shouls
emt a coninuurs specrum
But an atom ike hydrogen aleoays enits a discrete
Spectrum. dine
BOHR MODEL OF HY DROGEN ATOM
Behy tomic modl s baged on te folimoing pastulates
1. First pestulate
’ Every atom conaists t a cental core called nucdeus, in
Lohich entie positive chahge and almast entie mas of the
ctum ase concentted.
suitable numbe of electrns revclve around the Yuclews
in circalar orbits.
’ The centiptal force required for revolulon is prouded by
the ele chrostdie Joree f athration between he electroy
omd the ueles.
’ If mi4 the mas sf elecran mouing with velocity v
in a circulas. srbit of radius Y, then the mecessary
centipétal fore
The elechostatic rce of atyadirn belvcen the nucles of
change +ze) qnd elechron of charge (~e) s
F ze)e) -
=we get m
4TE Y2
This postulates suggests that an elechon in an a~onm cam
Tevetwe ony in ceytaùn stable orbits with fixed enehy vales
2. Second Postulate -
-’ Ele chron can Tevove ondy in certain disoree non adiating
orbil, callead stationany orbits, fet shich doia angulak
mamentum of the reuuing eleehron an integrl mutiple ot
» where h is Plancks constnt
TRes the anguat mosnerhum of the arbiting elechron is quentied
+ As angula momentum of electyon = mvy
muy= 2TT
nh chere n js any prsitve ntegeà.
n al,2,3,
n =Pyinipal quantum nuanbe
3. TRird Postulate
emision Gr cbsorptim of enehg occwns ony shen n
electvon junps fram one of t spealfied non- redlating orbit to
omothe.
The diferene in the total eneg o electren in the too
[Link] orbits is absovbed shen he elecon jumpS an
inneh. to oute arbit,obit.
and emitted wben electron jumps fom
oute to the inne
£, and E - enugy of e in n inne and outes
statly orbits.
D- fregueney of reallatiy
alue. e's and prutting
&oh,
v-)-o
nh ®inpritting
Zez
pastulate seemd from
nh
- ze4E postulate frst from
my
orbit.
-statinary Bohrts elechron Veltocity B
(n)-© 5.29xi5'm |:
8.8s4Xi6" ,E= 9.1x16 m
xI63s, 6.62 puting
h=
41TE, 47-mY
n8 get we 0in Putting
ThhY
nh
2T postutale Second
postulate frst
Ze2
rbitsstatnoy bohy's ofRadi a.
8)
frequeny ot electron in Bohr's statmay orbit
the nmbek. of Tevoitis completed pe seond by
the electon in
statinay orbit, oUUnd the rucleus.
fa
eg ara put in abeve equatm
) em
2TT
fos Hy dhogen Atem z=|, n=1, re gt f 6.51XoTps.
d Total engy of elecron Jn Bohris statimasy obit
frst pastutale my² 4TTE T
K.E
Potential eney of electron - potential x charge
P.E x (-e) -(
Total enehgy f e in orbit.
Zel
4TE,
E =-k.E.
2
Ze2.
puting (Z nme
£,=-met
)
me
= 13.6ey
8¬ 8x (8.8S4 xi8'') (662X634 2
For hydrogen aton |Es-B ev
Tstal enehgy of elechron is a statinay orbit is negative,
Lobich means the ele ctyon is bound to the nucleus qnd
js not free to leaye t
Nte -The enery of the atem is Jeast when n=l.
i.e when electrm js Yevoluing in an srbit ciasest to the
nucleus. This state of ouest eney ot the aiom is called
round stae ( £, -13.6eV)
Thevefore, the minimum energy Tequire to Yemeve the lecbo
fom the gyound stte of hydhgen alom is 13.6el.
As increases, value of negaliue energy decreases, ie.
n
enengy s progressively lange in the ate arbits,
SPECT RAL SERIES HYDRDGEN ATDM
+When an
electron jumps from an oudes to an innes obit.,
the eneg1 of radiation emited, according to Bohrls thirl
postulate is ho =E,-E me (z
h=
hy
he |me phatn
z*me
zR ’ Rycloerg formul for the
spectm of hydhagen ctem.
whereR= met a constant callool
= 1091 XI8
Ryabeng coutont
Now . the wave numbe of aditim emtre
foy hydhagen aom z =1
’ Atomic Specra
when at low
Vapou pressuYe
excitea usuay by pasing an electie curent trough it,
the gas/vapou emts radiatiny of cextain spedfte wsauelengts
only. A specrum ot this ind is called ine emission specm
cqnd it consists ef
a feo bright nes on a dank backgrandl.
Nhen hte ight is passed throuh jhe same as/
obsehe
vapew, bright backgrouna erossed by a
fes donk Jines signityirg the mizing uoavelengths ar the
wavelengths that ae absorbed by the gas. They om ihe
Line absorpion Spectrum.
Wavelengn
Lymam Balmer Paschen seies
seies Seits
fif sho03 emistion ines in the specrm df
tydhgen.
The spectral ines ahe in groups, The spaing betueen
Jines oitin way.
in a egula certainEachsetsof ofthese
the ses
hyodhegen spectrm
"is caled deceaes
a speetal
Seles.
Bor offered a theoretical explanatim of these spectal
Sejes fotlous.
DLmon Seies - Bohy postulated that yman seles s
obtained ohen an electron jumes to the first artit (n=)
from qny oue srbit ( , = 2,3,4...)
seies were
waue numbes of spectral Jines of Lyman
Calculdted
n,= 2,3,+...
These values of A ie the wtra vilet eglon of
the spectrun.
> Balmec Sejes Balmes sejes ib obtined ushen cn
electron jumps do the second orbit (n, =2) from qy oute
orbit (n =3,4,5, -)
n,=2
fur this sejes n 3,4,S..
This set of Spectral ines Jie in the visible pat of
the. spectrum.
3) Paschen seles- Paschen sejes js obtained when n
electron junps to the 3rd orbit (n,=3) from any oute
orbit (n =4,S, 6... )
for this sekiey n,= 45,6...
Thase value f A e in the Jnfra red regim
of he spectum.
>Bracket Series
Braekett seies is obtaned cshen m electran jumps
4th orbit (n,=+) from any oute arbit (",-s).
n, =4
for this seies n= S,4,1....
These value of A Jie in -the infeal relm of the
spectrum.
s) Pund Sejes -
Pfumd sejes js obtained ushen am ele chron jumps to
the sh orbit (n,= s) fram any aute arbit (n, *6,1,8.-)
fuy tis sies
n,= b,1,8...
These vaue of A Jie n the intrared regim of the
spectum.
ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM -
A diagrem tieh Tepresents the Jotal energies of electon
in different statisnoky orbits o an om is called the
enery euet diagram of that atom.
In tis diagram, total eneagies of elecron' in valos
statinasy orbits Oe represenied by paalel horizontal lines
crauon according to Sone suttable enegy sCale.
TTotel enegy dtf electron in nth orbit hydrogen atom s
E - (134) ey = B6 ev
n=l, 2,3.... get the eneagies at elecrns in
vawnus otienay arbit.
14
E--34ey EL -0.31ev
E, a- [Link]
Pfmd
n=4 rackett Ey -0.8sey
Paschen , : -15let
Sejes
=- -1 Sley n2
Balo
seies
e -0.8Sev
-0.S4ey E,-134ey
Lynen
series
chen -ns3
=4
n=5
Example- Caleulate shatest ravelength f Balme seies,
hiven R= 1-097 X10 m
I.09
IS
LIMITATIONS OF BOHR'S THEORY
. This theorg is applicablk ondy to hydogen-like single
electron toms qnd fails in the case of atns with
more electrons.
2. In the spectrim ot hydrogen , cedain spechral Lines
he iot single Jines but a. group of closedl Jines wth
slighdly ifferent freguencies. Bohr's themy ceuld net.
eplain these fine feaures of hydrogen spectrum.
3. H does not explain ohy ony chrualas orbits shauld
be chosen shen eliptical orbits ae aso posible.
4 As elecrons exhibit waue propeties also, so orbits of
electrons cannot be exacty defined as in Bohr's theorg
5. Bobris theorsy does not tell anything absut the relatve
intensities ot the vajsus spectral ines. Bohr's theary pretict
ony the fequencies of these ines.
6. It does not explain the frther splitling of specral
Jines in a magnetie teld ( Zeeman effect) or in an
electric field cstawk efect).
