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 USING
ENGLISH DICTIONARIES
EFFECTIVELY
(Based on Oxford Elementary Learner's Dictionary)

By:
Majid Rezai-Rad
Assistant Professor
PhD in Health Care Management,
MS in Public Health (Health Education)
BS i,n Public health,
Instructor in English for Hygiene
and Health Care Courses, Health Care Management, &
Management Courses

Akbar Estarki
MA in Educational Administration,
BA in English Translation,
Instructor in English for Special Purposes
and
Management

Ehsan Jenabi
BA in English Literature,
English Instructor

2002(1381AH)
Madreseh Publication
 Rezai-Rad, majid, 1962-
Using English Dictionaries Effectively:(Based on oxford Elementary Leamer's Diction-
ary)! By Majid Rezai-Rad, Akbar Estarki, Ehsan Jenabi-Tehran: Madreseh, 2002 .
.J)~ ')~ : 'v"IOY
I.S.B.N :964-353-691-2.
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Madreseh Borhan Publication (JUl.> .'6..wJ~ ':'IJLt.:.u1

Ministry of Education, ~j~ [Link]().D\j> .'9~9~([Link].w
Organization of Research & Educational Planning cfoJ9J-;!9 cfo j9"1 wJI Js
Using Dictionaries Effectively
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Authors: Majid Rezai-Rad, Akbar Estarki, Ehsan
Jenabi 9N~~.r9:I}~9cljh

Layout and Designe: Farshid Peymanpoo II"AI :J91""If.

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st., Gharani Ave., Tehran, Iran.
Tel: + 98(21)8800324 -9 Fax: + 98(21)8903809 ~fl"-I"C> I"-f~I-Y ~w.
ISBN 964-353-691-2

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~ CONTENTS
Introduction to Teachers 7
Introduction to Students 13
A Word with Students(in Farsi) .)~~I'.J .)ljylJ.'b L~ 17

How to Use the Book(in Farsi) ...,,\.:5

jl ,,~I <.SL...:..,.,I; 23

Section I: What is a Dictionary?

III Pre-Reading 30
1.1. What a Dictionary Tells You 32
1.2. Different Parts of a Dictionary 32
1.3. Alphabetical Order 34

lA. Finding Words Quickly 37

g Information Box I 38
g Information Box 2 38
Ifi] Just for fun 39
rm Read, Practice & Learn J 40

Section II: Types of Headword

III Pre-reading 44
2.1. Different Parts of Entries 46
2.2. Types of Headword: Finding Words Quickly 49
2.3. Simple Words or Base Forms 50
2A. Homographs: Headwords with the Same Spelling 51
2.5. Affixes 54
2.6. Abbreviations 56
g Information Box 3 57
2.7. Dummy Entries 63
2.8. Words that Start with Capital Letters 65
2.9. Special Plural Nouns 66
2.10. Compound Words 67
I!I Read, Practice & Learn 2 72

Section III: Spelling and Pronunciation (Saying and Spelling)

ill Pre-Reading 76
3.1. What to Say and How to Spell 77
3.2. Phonetic Alphabet ·78
3.3. Other Phonetic Notes 91
3.4. Homonyms 94
3.5. Stress 96
3.6. Spelling 98
3.7. American and British Spelling 100
~ Information Box 4 101
3.8. Other Spelling Notes 104
I!I Read, Practice & Learn 3 106

Section IV: Meaning

ill Pre-reading 108
4.1. Where to Find Meaning 110
4.2. Definition Language 112
4.3. Different Definitions 114
4.4. Brackets in Definitions 116
4.5. Words in Definitions with a Separate Headword 117
4.6. Understanding and Using Sample Sentences 118
4.7. Collocations: Words that Go Together 121
4.8. Contextual Meaning 123
4.9. Learning by Seeing: Illustrated Definitions 125
IfJ Read, Practice & Learn 4 130

Answer Key 132

Bibliography 142
Subject Index 143
Vocabulary Index 144
~ Introduction to Teachers

Using an English dictionary is part of the elementary and secondary

school program in USA, UK and most European countries. But unfortu-
nately this is not true in other countries such as Iran. When I returned to
Iran after completing my high school education in USA and started my
higher education in Iran, I realized and deeply felt this inadequacy. My
experience in teaching English for different levels of students (higher
diploma, BS, MS, and Ph.D.) and in different courses (preparatory, general,
and specialized English) emphasized this need. This was more emphasized
by my colleagues who are instructors and teachers in different colleges and
English institutions. Due to not having a habit or rather say, not feeling a
necessity to refer to understand a new word, students and even some well-
known translators translate a text improperly.
The other reason for the importance of preparing this workbook is for
the sake of schoolteachers and college instructors, alike. I have understood
that many teachers, in this case English teachers, don't have practical and
enough knowledge of using dictionaries. Many teachers know only limited
aspects of an English dictionary. And, unfortunately because of inadequate
knowledge of this matter, some don't even let students use a monolingual
dictionary in an English class. Maybe this is because of not having a source
to use in their classroom. So we can't blame students in believing that mono-
lingual dictionaries are hard to use and prefer to fall into one of the common
mistakes of all bilingual dictionaries- word-by-word correspondence.
Although all dictionaries have a section on how to use the dictionary,
in practice, there are some reasons for its ineffectiveness:
• Students usually don't refer to it very often,
• It usually doesn't give enough practice to make students skillful, 7
 b
• Only some of the important information is noted, especially when this
section is short and concise.
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Publishers of English dictionaries, after decades of publishing, have
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understood that the following reasons stated above and other reasons have
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eis helped to force them to work on workbooks in some ways. The following
:I: books are just examples indicating the importance of such books:
III
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(!)
z • Goodale, Malcolm. Collins Cobuild English Dictionary Workbook.
w
London: Harper Collins Publishers, 1995.
• Butterworth, John. Using The Oxford School Dictionary (Student's
Book). London: Oxford University Press, 1992.
• Butterworth, John. Using The New Oxford School Dictionary (Stu-
dent's Book). London: Oxford University Press, 1992.
• Pullman, Philip. Using The Oxford Junior Dictionary. 2nd ed.,
London: Oxford University Press, 1991.
• Maingay, Susan and Tribble, Chris. Longman Language Activa-
tors Workbook. Essex: Longman Group UK Limited, 1988.
• Oxford University Press. Making The Most of Dictionaries in The
Classroom: A Guide for Teachers of English. London: Oxford Uni-
versity Press, [no date].
Besides the books named, there are other books entitled "Study Skills",
which one of their important sections is "using the dictionary." These books
usually prepare students for different skills needed for college such as time
management, dictionary skills, library skills, reading and writing skills, ....
These books are written for students of English as a second language and
not for English natives. The following books are two famous books dealing
with this topic:
1. Yorkey, Richard C. Study Skills for Students of English as a Second
Language. New York: McGraw-Hili Book Company, 1973 [its new
edition has also been published].
2. Smith, Mike and Smith, Glenda. A Study Skills Handbook. 2nd ed., Lon-
don: Oxford University Press, 1980.
8 So all of these were good reasons to start a work on how to use diction-
aries effectively. So I started my first pamphlet in 10 pages and after teaching
it in different classes it turned out to "Using Dictionaries Effectively (UDE)."
In my first version, I used Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (OALD)
as a model and gave the samples and examples using this dictionary. I tested
it in my new classes in different fields of BS degrees. In practice, although
useful, it was a little hard. After getting feedback, the new version of Oxford
Elementary Learner's Dictionary (OELD) came into being. This changed
my look towards my work. I started my new version by using OELD as a
model and the samples and examples were completely revised according to
OELD. My dear colleagues, Estarki and Jenabi, and I used and tested this
version and revised it together till it has become what you have in your
hands.
A dictionary is one of the most important and frequently used refer-
ences, every student and foreign student of English, alike, needs to learn
about. In order to use it effectively, like all references, they must know how
to use it properly. A short time spent on learning what a dictionary contains
and how it should be used will save them much time later. Sometimes inad-
equate knowledge on how to use the dictionary will usually lead to many
mistakes in understanding, interpretation, and translation.
The Oxford Elementary Learner's Dictionary (OELD) is a member of
the Oxford's family of learner's dictionaries. It is a dictionary for learners of
English, especially learners of English as a second language. Therefore, it
has been written on the basis of the elementary users needs very much in
mind. OELD can be a great helper and friend to students, especially when
they haven't a teacher at hand to ask. However, they have to use it often and
use it well. Thus, this intensifies our role, as teachers and instructors, to
help students use a dictionary as a habit besides their daily learning, reading,
translation and so on.
The units and the different exercises in this workbook will teach students
how to make the best of their dictionary and even other dictionaries. We
have based our exercises on OELD: because students of
elementary and pre-intermediate levels can very easily use it. If they learn 9
~
~ to use OELD effectively, they won't have much problem in using the other
6
w members of Oxford learners dictionaries like Oxford Advanced Learner's
It
w
III
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Dictionary (OALD), Oxford Wordpower Dictionary (OWD), and Oxford
0:
~ Basic English Dictionary. Of course, through doing the exercises they would
o
6 also be able to use other dictionaries, American or British alike, such as
o
:I: Longman, Webster, Random House, and other dictionaries. But as a note,
III
:::;
~ they should always be recommended to read the introduction to every
w

o dictionary before using it- this is an effective rule in using in all dictionaries.
z
Vi
::> Using a dictionary, whether Oxford, Webster, Longman, or other dic-
tionaries, requires practice, especially simple practice. So we don't believe
in teaching this skill through employing very difficult examples. The simpler
the examples the faster students learn and will have more pleasure using it.
So we tried our best to follow the following characteristics in this work.
.I Use simple examples understandable by all levels,
.I Use lots of samples, examples and exercises in order to give students a
"dictionary trip" in different comers of the dictionary,
.I Only work on one point in each unit,
.I Give simple definitions of key words,
.I Use different kinds of exercises to learn from different aspects.

The exercises in this workbook encourage students to use the OELD,

and later on, other dictionaries, with pleasure and fun. As previously stated,
its exercises are somewhat a "dictionary tour", which will lovely guide the
students to look throughout the different parts of OELD; and this is done
not only once but many times, each time from different aspects. Each time
they go throughout the dictionary, they are bound to find new and exciting
information, ideas, or words to fulfill their present or future needs. This
workbook is not an English coursebook, but, without doubt, could be an aid
to course books in different levels of English courses. It can be used as a
complement to your English classes. But you should emphasize on doing
all the exercises to get the most effect.
10 The exercises in the workbook are aimed at students of pre-intermedi-
ate level, making it suitable to be used in the high schools and precollege
English courses, at the outset of a university course, or with students of
English courses. The workbook is divided into four sections:

1. What is a Dictionary? In this section, students will learn about different

information found in a dictionary, finding words quickly through alpha-
betical order and using guidewords. This section has 4 units. There are also
two information boxes and a game in this section.

2. Types of Headword. In this section, different kinds of headword have

been described: simple words or base forms, homographs, affixes, abbre-
viations, dummy entries, words that start with capital letter, proper plural
nouns and compound words. It has 10 units. It has an information box
"Abbreviations, Acronyms and Initials. "

3. Spelling and Pronunciation (Saying and Spelling). This section is about

one of the most difficult areas of the English language- i.e. spelling and
pronunciation. It has 8 units. Because of the difficulty of pronunciation,
this section is full of different exercises. It gives students practice in both
reading and writing phonetics and in word stress. There is an information
box "American and British English" and one game in this section.

4. Meaning. Vocabulary and understanding the meaning of words are always

a problem for the learners of any language. This section deals with where
to find meaning, definition language, different definitions, understanding
and using example, collocations, and contextual meaning. It has 9 units
and a game.

At the end of each section, there is a special reading "Read, Practice &
Learn. " The aim is to help students use the dictionary skills in real life
reading. It consists of a short passage with questions related to the skills
referred to in the section; and finally there are some questions to make sure 11
b
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<!:
that you understand the meaning of the passage.
g... We hope that this workbook will help students become an efficient
w
...
Hl dictionary user, in order to make full use of all the kinds of information in
i52
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OELD and, later on, other dictionaries.
o
5c
J: This is the first version of this workbook; therefore, we will try to do
1/1
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C)
z our best to revise possible errors and bring other useful information found
w
C) in a dictionary in the next editions. If you have any comments and/or ques-
z
Vi
::> tions, we would be pleased to receive your comments and questions. Write
to us: our e-mail ismrezairad41@[Link].
We would especially like to thank many people who without their help
or encouragement this work would not have been published: Mr. Christopher
Baker, Middle East Dept of Oxford University Press, for his encouragement
in publishing such work; Mr. Peter A. Taylor, Oxford University Press ELT
Credit Controller for his encouraging comment on our work; Mr and Mrs
Safapou, the head of Zabansara Publishing Co. and representative of Oxford
University Press in Iran for their sincere support; Mr. Abdulreza Vahdati for
his special and useful comments as a reviewer; and Mr. Ahmad Baradari,
deputy of cultural activities of Madreseh Publishing Co. and Mr. Firooz
Nikpoor for their support of being published.
Majid Rezai-Rad

12
~ Introduction to Students

This workbook is designed to help you become a successful student-

whether a high school or a college student. It has been written especially for
students whose mother tongue is not English, but can also be used by students
whose mother tongue is English.
Students who learn English as a second language rarely learn how to
use a monolingual dictionary effectively as a part of their learning process.
Most students are familiar with bilingual dictionaries, finding them helpful
for translation and for quick reference. However, you will soon begin to
realize the need to know more about words than their meaning alone. For
example, how do you pronounce a word? How do words behave
grammatically? How can they be used in sentences both correctly and
appropriately? How are they related to other words with similar meanings?
Monolingual dictionaries offer just these sorts of information, but to use
them fully you need to improve your dictionary reference skills. It might be
easier to say "I've got a good bilingual dictionary and the meanings are
easier to understand there." You may feel this at first and it would be
unrealistic to say that you should never use a good bilingual dictionary.
However, as you become familiar with your dictionary, you will see that it
contains a lot more information than an alphabetical list of words and
meamng.

Rule: Until you keep on using a bilingual dictionary, you will not
improve your foreign language.

A dictionary is one of the most important and frequently used refer-

ences every student and foreign student of English, alike, needs to learn 13
~
~ about. In order to use it effectively, like all references, you must know how
••.
e .
to use It correctly. A short time spent on learning what a dictionary contains
...
W

w
:fi and how it should be used will save you much more time later. Sometimes
51
~ inadequate knowledge on how to use the dictionary will lead you into many
o
eo mistakes in understanding, interpretation, and translation.
~ The Oxford Elementary Learner's Dictionary (OELD) is a member of
1/1
::;
~ the Oxfords family of learners dictionaries. It is a dictionary for learners of
w

~ English, especially learners of English as a second language. Therefore, it

Iii
::::I has been written with the needs of the elementary users very much in mind.
Your OELD can be a great helper and friend to you, especially when there
is no teacher to ask. However, you have to use it often and use it well.
The units and the different exercises in this workbook will show you
how to make the best of your dictionary and even other dictionaries. We
have based our exercises on OELD; because students of elementary and
pre-intermediate levels can use it very easily. If you learn to use OELD
effectively, you won't have much problem in using the other members of
Oxford learner's dictionaries like Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary,
Oxford Wordpower Dictionary, and Oxford Basic English Dictionary. Of
course, through doing the exercises, you can also be able to use other
dictionaries, American or British alike, such as Longman, Webster, Random
House, and other dictionaries. But as a note, always read the introduction
to every dictionary before using it- this is an effective rule in using all
dictionaries.

Rule: Always read the introduction of your dictionary before

-,
using it.

The exercises in this workbook encourage you to use the OELD, and
later on other dictionaries, with pleasure and fun. Its exercises are some-
what a "dictionary tour", which will lovely guide you to look throughout
the different parts of OELD; and this is done not only once but many times,
14 each time from different aspects. Each time you go throughout the dictionary,
you are bound to find new and exciting information, ideas, or words to
fulfill your present or future needs. This workbook is not an English
coursebook, but without doubt, could be an aid to your coursebooks in
different levels of English courses.
The exercises in the workbook are aimed at student of pre-intermedi-
ate level, making the workbook suitable to be used in the high schools and
precollege English courses, at the outset of a university course, or with
students of English courses. The workbook is divided into four sections:
I. What is a Dictionary? In this section, we will learn about different
information found in a dictionaty, finding words quickly through alphabeti-
cal order and using guidewords. This section has 4 units. There are two
information boxes and a game in this section.
2. Types of Headword. In this section, different kinds of headwords have
been described: simple words or base forms, homographs, affixes, abbre-
viations, dummy entries, words that start with capital letter, proper plural
nouns and compound words. It has 10 units and an information box
"Abbreviations, Acronyms and Initials. n

3. Spelling and Pronunciation (Saying and Spelling). This section is about

one of the most difficult areas of the English language: i.e. spelling and
pronunciation. It has 8 units. Because of the difficulty of pronunciation,
this section is full of different exercises. It gives students practice in both
reading and writing phonetics and in word stress. There is an information
box "American and British English" and one game in this section.
4. Meaning. Vocabulary and understanding the me< t(ling for words are
always a problem of the learners of any language. This section deals with
where to find meaning, definition language, different definitions,
understanding and using examples, collocations, and contextual meaning.
It has 9 units and a game.

Almost every unit is full of samples and exercises from OELD related
to the topic of the units. At the end of each section, there is a special reading
"Read, Practice & Learn. "Its aim is to help you use the dictionary skills in 15
 2:;
~ real life reading. It consists of a short passage with questions related to the
~
IE.... skills referred to in the section; and finally there are some questions to make
w
<II
w
sure that you understsnd the meaning of the passage.
~ We hope that this workbook will help you to become an efficient
o
6 dictionary user, so that you make full use of all different kinds of informa-
is
J:
<II
tion in OELD and, later on, other dictionaries. This is the first edition of the
::::;
~ book, so if you have any comments and/or questions, we would be pleased
w
o
z to receive your comments and questions. Write to us: our e-mail is
Vi
:> mrezairad41@[Link].

Majid Rezai-Rad,
Akbar Estarki,
Ehsan lenabi

16
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22
 4.7. Collocations: Words that Go Together

In examples you can find what words go together. The action that words
go together is caIled 'collocation'.
A collocation is a grouping of words which 'naturally' go together through
common usage. You need to know, for example, that you say a heavy smoker,
because heavy (Not big) collocates with smoker. Or you say free of charge
because free of collocates with charge (Not cost, payment, etc).

The example sentences:

Do we talk about weak cheese or
mild cheese?
Do you say a joke or tell a joke?
(it's mild and tell).

mild /marld/ adjective (milder. mildest) joke 1 /d3'dok/ nOU/1

, gentle: not strong or rough: This cheese something that you say or do to make
has a mild taste. people laugh: She told us a joke.
2 not too hot and not loa cold: a mild
winter

If you look up a word in the dictionary, the example sentences show

you which other words are often used with it:.
Preposition and verb patterns: The dictionary also shows you which
preposition to use after a noun, verb or adjective, and which construction to
use after a verb:
marry /'mreri/ verb (marries. marrying,
married /'mrerid/. has married)
take somebody as your husband or wife:
Will you marry me? 0 They married
when they were very young. 0 It is more
usual to say get married.
married adjective
How long have you been married? 0 Ian
is married to Helen. 0 opposite: single or
unmarried •
get married take somebody as your hus-
band or wife: Sue and Mike got married
last year.

This shows that the preposition that goes with married is to. 121
b
w
> laugh /Io:f/ verb (laughs. iaughing.
laughed /Io:ft/l
~ make sounds that show you are happy or
...
w that you think something is funny: His
11\ jokes always make me laugh.
w
~ laugh at somebody or something
~ laugh to show that you think somebody or
o something is funny or silly: The children
6 laughed at the clown. 0 They all laughed
o at me when I said I was friqhtenrd of dogs.
J:
11\
::::;
C> That is, you laugh at people (somebody) or things (something).
Z

[II Exercise
w
C>
z
iii
:>
DMatch a word in A with a word in B. Find the words in B in the diction-
ary and look at the example sentences.

got
a Photograph

gWhat's the opposite of .

1) weak tea? strong tea
2) dark skin? .
3) high wall? .
4) heavy traffic? .
5) helpful advice? .
6) even numbers? .

IJUse the dictionary to complete these sentences with the right preposition.
1. She was pleased with her new watch?
2. She says she's found a solution the problem.
3. It took her a week to recover the accident.
4. The burglar was punished stealing money from the supermarket.
5. She's very proud her new dress.
6. He apologized Hamid breaking the chair.
7. The house is quite close the police station.
122 8. We got Shiraz at ten o'clock.
9. He lived the age of ninety.
10. Hassan and Ali laughed the joke.

Dean you answer these questions? The answers are found in OELD.
1. Which of these things can be described as golden?
hair table crown knife
[Link] of these things can be described as delicate?
a child skin the weather colours fingers
3. Which of these things can be twisted?
paths sheets rope jar lid metal windows
4. What are three things which can be described as sharp? .

5. What are three things which can turn? .

6. What are three things which you can play? .

4.8. Contextual Meaning

Words don't have on definite meaning separately. When they are used
inside a phrase or a sentence they get their real meaning. Examples in
definitions will help you understand the meaning of that word related to
that definition; for example the word 'hot'.

hot /hot/ adjective (hotter, hottest)

1 not cold. A fire is hot: I'm 11Ot. Call you
open the window? 0 It's hot today, isn't
it? 0 hot water •••. picture on page 263
2 Food that is hot has a strong, burning
taste: a hot curry

If we say 'I am very hot, please open the window.' 'hot' means 'not
cold'. But if you are in a restaurant and your friend says 'this soup is very
hot' you know that the food has a strong, burning taste. So the context will
help to understand the exact meaning of a word.
Look up the word horse in your dictionary. What one word does your
own language use to identify this creature? The word horse has a fairly
specific meaning; it can be translated into another language without much 123
~
w
> difficulty or danger of mistake. However, this is true only of words that are
§
... technical or very specialized .
...
w

:il Most words have such a range of meanings that it is impossible to

~
<{
z translate their meaning in isolation.
o
6
o
:I:
III
D Notice the different meanings of the word play in the following sentences.
::::;
C) Using your dictionary to find the specific meaning of play in each sentence.
z
w
C)
z Write the meaning of the line after each sentence. Some definitions are
Vi
:::> found in play' (verb) and others in play? (noun).
1. Will you please play the record?

2. Ali will play the guitar.

3. The girls were playing with dolls.

4. There was a comedy play at the theatre.

5. Does Ali play basketball?

6. Kamalol-molk was played by Mashayekhi.

7. It was a good play in the football team.

tJ Which numbered definition of develop is referred to the following

example sentences?
1. The photographs of our holiday have not been developed.
2. Children develop faster than adults.
3. Symptoms of malaria developed in southern part of our country.

124
 4.9. Learning by Seeing: Illustrated Definitions

Throughout a dictionary you may find different illustrations. If you

don't understand a definition of a word, an illustration may help. In other
words, illustrations are the easiest way to help understand a definition; e.g.
the word shadow.

- shadow

shadow /'J<ed;m/ noun

a dark shape that you see near somebody
or something that is in front of the light

You may not understand the definition (a dark shape that you see near
somebody or something that is infront of the light), but you easily understand
its illustration.
Sometimes an entry may have different illustrations for one word:

handles

F~'"d~
~

handle 1 /'h<endl/ noun

the part of a thing that you hold in your
hand: I turned the handle and opened the
door. 0 Hold that knife by the hand/c.

Some illustrations are not next to the entry, but they are referred to
another page by a special sign, eg ankle which is referred ( 1&) to page 126
where different parts of 'the human body' is shown.

ankle /'<eI)kl/ IlOUIl

the part of your leg where it joins your
foot.." picture on page 126
125
~
w
>
Or in the definitions of circle, diagonal or pyramid you are referred to
M...... page 161 where different 'shapes and sizes' are shown .
w

HI circle /'s3:kl/ noun

ii2
a round shape: There are 360 degrees in a
~ [Link].? picture on page 16 J
o
5
s
J: pyramid /'plf;}mld/ noun
III
::::; a shape with a flat bottom and three or
C) four sides that come to a point at the top:
z
w the pyramids of Egypt W picture on page
C) 161
z
iii
:::>
diagonal /darreqonl,' adjective
If you draw a diagonal line from one cor-
ner of a square to another. you make two
triangles. W picture on page 161

Ob
circle pyramid
.>
I
------'

diagonal line
I

Verbs are better understood if illustrated. For example, the verbs borrow
and lend are shown under borrow.

borrow Of lend?

She is lending lIe is borrowing

her son some some money
money. from his mother.
borrow /'bm;m/ verb (borrows. bor-
rowing. borrowed /'bnf;}ud/)
take and use something that you will give
back after a short time: r borrowed sOll1e
books from the library. 0 He borrowed
£ 10 from his father.

Some adjectives are also illustrated for better understanding; eg full

126 which is also compared with empty.
 0- .,,-
-~---~
full empty
full /ful/ adjective (fuller. fullest)
1 with a lot of people or things in it. so that
there is no more space: My glass is full.
o The bus was full so we waited for the
next one. 0 These socks are full of holes.
2 complete; with nothing missing: Please
tell me the full story.
3 as much. big. etc as possible: The train
was travelling atfull speed.

Some entries, esp. of nouns, name different parts of a thing; eg when

you look up the word computer, you will also see different parts of a com-
puter such as keyboard, mouse, floppy disk, etc. If you look up the word
keyboard you are referred to see its picture.

computer

computer /bm'pju:t;:>(r)/ noun

a machine that stores information and
finds answers very quickly
computer program /karn'[Link]
praoqrzern/ noun
information that tells a computer whattodo
computer programmer /[Link]
'praoqnernatr),' noun
a person who writes computer programs
computing noun (no plural)
using computers to do work: She is study-
ing computing at college.

keyboard /'ki:b::>:d/ noun

1 all the keys on a piano. computer or
typewriter. for example 1& picture at
computer
2 a musical instrument like a small elec-
trical piano: a keyboard player
~
~ Sometimes an entry may show an illustration of different kinds of
~ something; e.g. container .
...
w

10 container /bn'teIn;:J(r)/ noun

52 a thing that you can put other things in.
«
z Boxes. bottles. bags and jars are all
o containers.
5o
:I:
III
::;
C) containers
z
w

can

~tube

As the famous proverb says 'one picture is worth ten thousand words'
or 'one picture speaks louder than ten thousand words'.

~ Just for fun: Oops! What a Mistake"

When a dictionary is written, the writers have to be very careful not

to mix the definitions, or something like this will happen:

Cake A small piece of metal that shoots out of a gun

Dentist A big long animal with sharp teeth that lives in rivers in
some hot countries
Bulldozer Stairs that move and carry people up and down

* Adapted from: Philip Pullman. Using The Oxford Junior Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford
128 University Press, 1979,p.22.
 Ankle A fruit that looks like a big orange, but is yellow
Escalator A person whose job is to look after your teeth
BuUet A big heavy machine that moves earth and makes land
flat
Crocodile Sweet food that you make from flour, eggs, sugar and
butter and bake in the oven
Grapefruit The room or space under the roof of a house
Attic The part of your leg where it joins your foot

Use your dictionary to help sort these words with their definitions.

Divide the class into two groups; work in two groups or in pairs. Just like
the example above, every group makes up some words on a piece of paper.
They then give it to the other group, and ask them to match the correct word
with the correct definitions. The group, which matches the words with its
correct definitions faster, wins.

129
~ &ead, PracticeEr Learn4.
~
tn Read the passage and say which of the definitions of play and turn is used.

C)
z
iii
::::l

Friday was a hard day. Ali and Hassan had a football match at
8 O'clock in the morning. And they had toplay] in their school's
theater in the afternoon.
They really played? well in the football team. But at last
they lost the game.
Tired and unhappy for losing the game, they changed their
dress. Ali took out his keys and tried to open his car but the key
did not turn". At last he opened the door. They drove away at
Vtzli-Asr crossroads and turned" left.
When they arrived at school, all the audience was ready to
see the theater.
The policeman was played? by Ali and the burglar was
played" by Hassan. Our teacher played? the piano. The play 8
was played? very well; all the people there really laughed.
130
A. Write the definition in the space provided.
1. .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .

8 .
9 .

B. Questions from the Reading

1. Who played as a policeman? .

2. Where was the theater played? .

3. What did Ali and Hassan play in the morning? .

4. What did Ali and Hassan have to play in the afternoon? .

5. Who played the piano? .

6. Did they win the football match? .

131
b
w
~
ti
•...
w
•...
w

:0 Section 1: What is a Dictionary

ii
ct
z Y+ e~!J(eadin!l
o
5is X!J Words Y?euiew: 1. efficient 2. saves 3. information 4. list
:I: 5. reference books 6. correctly [Link] 8. efficiently 9. spent
III
:::::;
C>
Z
10. meaning 11. information 12. correct
w
~ 7ranslaHon:
~ 0~)U:,1 .0 ~\)5 ~.j..u\)5' .~ . f ~ 'j .1)5' .)'jA . r ~ J.,k ~ . y ~.,
'0
w.) j ..j~ . w.) j ~Y:"~ .r" ., ~ f '":-'~ .A l.... . V ~~.0 J-"",, •..:........,...; . r
X!J Words !Jl(a![Link]:r 1. G 2. F 3. H 4. I 5. C 6. A
7. B 8. J
1..:J

1: 1. ape 2. cat 3. doctor 4. film 5. housewife 6. it [Link] 8. me 9. name

10. one 11. please 12. surname 13. this 14. van 15. where 16. yes
2: 1. man 2. map 3. me 4. meal 5. mice 6. milk 7. mob 8. moment 9. Mr
10. Mrs 11. Ms 12. much 13. my 14. mystery
3: I. machine 2. mad 3. made 4. magic 5. magnet 6. magnify 7. maid 8.
mail 9. make 10. male 11. manager 12. many 13. map 14. mask 15. mass
16. mate 17. material 18. matter 19. mature 20. may
4: [Link] 2. parade 3. paradise 4. paragraph 5. parallel 6. paralysed
7. parcel 8. pardon 9. parent 10. parish II. park 12. parking 13. parliament
14. parrot 15. parsley 16. participate 17. participle 18. particularly 19.
partner 20. party
5: 3. cage 8. can 9. cane 12. cape 13. car 15. cardboard 18. caretaker 20.
cash 23. catch
6: I. Call my name. 2. See the whale. 3. Find her toy. 4. Give him some
toast. 5. Don't go home now. 6. Giraffe is tall. 7. He lent me the wagon. 8.
Let me play with you. 9. Feed my nice rabbit pet.
1.4
1: stamp/ steak 3. moss/ much 4. sharp/ shoe 5. tangerine/ technology 5.
132 haven't! hear 7. issue/ job 8. herb/ hippopotamus 9. steal/ stock 10.
nickname/ note 11. beneath! bird 12. hourly/ hygiene 13. flash/ fly 14.
recall/ refreshments 15. scarf scream

Y?ead",'}Jraclice de Bearn I:

A: I. kid! know 2. there/ thread 3. flying/ forbid 4. absorb/ action 5. hearing/

her 6. tip/ tooth 7. ridge/ rock 8. by/ can 9. also/ anniversary 10. sip/ skull
B: I. accident 2. ankle 3. calf 4. foot 5. heel 6. knee 7. right 8. ski 9.
thigh 10. toes
C: I. So that the doctor could see/ examine it. 2. Bill 3. One, the big toe 4.
The big toe 5. After a few days. 6. A skier 7. No, he didn't.

Section 2 : Types of headword

!Yre~:7?eadiny
X!lWords Y?euiew: 1. referred 2. similar 3. separate 4. separately 5. form

6. look up 7. contain 8. form 9. common 10. main 11. lists

'7ranslalion:

~\f·f Lr.-}"r+- ,~\ ,o~.r ~(l.S~)J~".Y W.,.? "*"~~.,

,(~~)~ ,~L.,..w~ .r i.Y-"f ,Jr-u '~\J ,J.,\;.;.. .0 W.,.? t~J ,w.,j
<\j~\~ J.,k~ ,~jI \~ ,<\j~\~ ,\~\~ ,\~.f.. \~ ,<\j~\~ ,\~.v (~)..wl..
·w.,j .,~\ 'w"J} "~J ~ ,w.,j ~J" ,.r>L.'
X!lWords YJ(alchin!F 1. j 2. h 3. a 4. i 5. b 6. c 7. e 8. g
2.1
[Link] 2. pronunciation 3. part of speech 4. definition 5. sentence
example 6. expression 7. compound word
2.2
[Link] 2. tire-alarm 3. fire brigade 4. fire-engine 5. fire-escape 6. fire extinguisher
7. fire-fighter 8. fireman 9. fireplace 10. fire station 11. firework
2.3
1: I. big 2. report 3. kill 4. injure 5. brave 6. try 7. bury 8. family 9.
worry 10. vigorous
2: [Link] 2. hopeful 3. ministry 4. environment 5. gamble
133
 2.4

1:1. verb 2. noun 3. verb 4. noun 5. verb 6. noun 7. verb 8. noun 9. verb
10. noun 11. adjective 12. adverb 13. verb 14. adjective 15. noun 16.
adjective 17. noun 18. noun 19. verb 20. noun 21. adjective 22. noun 23.
verb
2: 3. v2 4. n' 5. Vi
2.5
1:2. micro/biolog/ist 3. un/comfort/able 4. un/employ/ment 5. irnlprison/
ment 6. in/accurate/ly 7. inter/nation/al
2: [Link], binoculars 2. biography, biology 3. thermo-meter, parking-
meter,centimeter 4. creator, dictator, inspector 5. microchip, microcomputer,
microphone, microscope 6. employment, measurement, amusement 7.
container, worker, employer 8. employee, referee
2.6

1: 3. Celsius, centigrade 4. compact disc 5. company 6. for example 7.

pound 8. headquarters 9. identification 10. kilometers
2: 1. am (ante meridiem), d. pm (post meridiem) 2. AD (Anno Domini:
in the year of Our Lord), e. BC (before Christ) 3. BBC (British
Broadcasting Corporation), h. NBC (National Broadcasting Company)
4. IRI (Islamic Republic of Iran), b. UK (United Kingdom) 5.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Or-
ganization), a. UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) 6. ie (id
est: that is), g. eg (exempli gratia: for example) 7. mg (milligram), c.
oz (ounce) 8. Rd (road), i. St (street) 9. Mr (Mister), f. Mrs (Mistress)
3: [Link] (street), Rd (Road), Ave (Avenue) 2. CIA (Central Intelligence
Agency), MI5 (Military Intelligence Department No.5), KGB (Komitet
Gossudarstvennoi Bezopasnoti: Soviet State Security Committee) 3. in
(inch), ft (foot), yd (yard) 4. ft (foot), yd (yard), m (meter) 5. NHS (National
Health System), MHA (Mental Health Association), WHO (World Health
Organization) 6. AD (Anno Domini: in the year of Our Lord), BC (before
Christ), AH (after Hejrat) 7. oz (ounce), lb (pound), cc (cubic centimeter)
134 8. BA (Bachelor of Arts), MS (Master of Science), PhD (Doctor of
Philosophy) 9. ml (milliliter), pt (pint), gal (gallon) 10. UN (United Nations),
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization), UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)
4: 1. MIS 2. UN 3. OPEC 4. FBI 5. CIA 6. HQ [Link] 8. VIP 9. SOS 10.
UFO 11. AIDS 12. VIP
5: 1. NASA 2. OPEC 3. NATO 4. UNESCO 5. FBI 6. USA 7. KGB 8.
NATO
2.7
1:2. foot 3. a. fly! b. fly? 4. find 5. a. Plural of cry? b. form of cry! 6. form
of lay? 7. undergo 8. write 9. a. plural of spy! b. form of spy? l Oi lie?
2: 1. half/ half 2. mouse 3. spy 4. city 5. knife
2.<5
2. a round green vegetable like a very small cabbage
3. a person who follows the religion of Buddhism, started in India by Buddha
4. a Sunday in March or April, and the days around it, when Christians
think about Christ coming back to life
5. a person who follows the religion of Islam
6. a way of measuring temperature. Water freezes at 32 Fahrenheit and boils
at 212 Fahrenheit
7. a public toilet for women
8 . .31 Oclober; some people believe that at Hollowe'en, witches and ghosts
appear
9. the Friday before Easter when Christians remember the death of Christ
10. a word that you use when speaking to or about a royal person
2.9
1: [Link] has 3 meanings. Look up in the dictionary.
2. Short trousers that end above your knees
3. Two pieces of special glass (called lenses) in a frame that people wear
over their eyes to help them see better
4. the things that you own
5. a word that you use before the name of a girl or women who is not
married 135
b
~ 6. a way of doing something; a way of going somewhere
Bw 7. money that you get for working
It
w
III
w
8. a piece of furniture that you can keep things in
~ 9. big glasses that you wear so that water, dust, wind, etc cannot get in your
o
B eyes. Swimmers, skiers and motor cyclists often wear goggles
o
:I:
III
to. things that you buy or sell; thing that a train or lorry carries
::::l
~ 2: customs, clothes, goods, headquarters, glasses, outdoors
w

C) 2.10
z
in
:> 1: toothbrush, toothpaste, toothache
2: 2. bus-stop 3. homework 4. paper money 5. birthplace 6. bedtime 7.
frying-pan 8. fireman
3: 1. a piece of land or a building where you can put your car for a time
2. a boat that goes to help people who are in danger at sea
3. a tall building by or in the sea, with a strong light to show ships that there
are rocks
4. a piece of paper that shows that you are allowed to drive car, etc
5. a very big piece of ice in the sea
6. a wide road where cars, lorries and coaches can travel a long way fast
7. a place where people (a judge or jury) decide if somebody has done
something wrong, and what the punishment will be
8. money that parents give to a child each week to buy things
9. not new; used by another person before
10. a tool for turning screws

!J?ead,?raclice &3 Bearn 2

A. 1. be 2. drive 3. lose 4. take 5. be 6. cry 7. bring 8. knife 9. blow to.

half 11. eat
B. I.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.T 7.F
C. 1. Maryam's 2. Maryam 3. in two halves 4. on the table 5. the passage
doesn't say 6. one of my babies

136
Sedion 3. Spelling and Pronunciation (Saying and Spelling!
?re-:J(eachny
Xey Words Y(euieaJ: l. directly 2. consists 3. represents 4. former 5.
consists
7ranslalion:
~ ")J1.'I" 0),1 •..s...:,)~<f'; .1)..,.... .(.$)""; . r 0~r! ((.$~) J..L.....:. ·jl0...l...Z~·'

0~y.((.$~) ~ ·0~y.((.$~) ~ ~ . V Jr-'-" '(.$~~ . r- 0~.t •...J~I.J)'J.:..I.C ~ •.:..k. .J,b . f

Xey Words 'Jl(alchiny: I. h 2. d 3. b 4. e 5. c 6. g 7. f

.3.2

t.i.r 2.g 3.d34.j 5.1)6.J 7,1 8.i: 9.1\ 10·U [Link] 12·ed
2: Lcojfee, cough, J?hysics, half 2. bigger, ghost 3. jump, edge, soldier,
a~, gradual 4. some, does, blood 5. wood, wQlf, could
6. their, bear, bare, hair, prayer
3: look up the answers in the dictionary
4: 2. live (v.) 3. me 4. day 5. bad 6. stop 7. cut 8. true 9. boy 10. look
11. house 12. time 13. vision 14. lead 15. form 16. name 17. then 18.
thing 19. young 20. same 21. dice
5: l.1s/: peace, science nr. please, was, cousin .I J I washing, information,
sure 2.13/te1evision, usual, pleasure 3.18 I: both, wighout, think 10 I:they,

weather 4.1tJIchocolate, which I d3 I: edge, gradual, jet 5.1i:leat, feel, heat,

leave II I: it, fill, hit, live (v.) 6.1(£ I: hat, cap, battle/a:1 hot, cop, bottle
6: [Link] 2. made 3. body 4. cells 5. many 6. round 7. eye 8. small
7: [Link] 2. truth 3. now 4. cough
8: look up the answers in the dictionary
9: li:1 meaning, steal, speak, please, peace, read, sea, breathe, beach, leave,
dream, lead (v.)
lei ready, already, bread, breath, deaf, headache, health, weather, jealous,
measure, lead (n.) ......•..-~.. . .-<, ••• ~ " •• -~ •• -

/er/steak, break, great

10: find the phonetics symbols in the dictionary;
lel/break, favorite, famous, bathing, bath, April, fatal, patient, change, dan-
ger, say, nation, native, holiday, save, great, persuade 137
 lei pear, weather, again, secretary, says, meant, sweat, breath,jealous, heavy,
help, weapon
I <eI guarantee, language, national, family, bat, apple, carry, slang, examine,
fan, answer (AE), habit, thank, understand
10:/ heart, guard, example, cigar, chance, advantage, banana, half, laugh, calm, far

11: Idul dough, shoulder, soul, though, boulder, doughnut, although

1/\1 cousin, rough, enough, couple, double, country, trouble, tough/au Iloud,

about, sound, out, cloud, proud, amount, south, found, around, house
12: A man walking in the park found a monkey. He took it to a policeman
and asked him what he should do.
'Take it to the zoo' the policeman told him.
The next day the policeman saw the man still with the monkey. 'I thought I
told you to take that monkey to the zoo' said the policeman.
'I did,' said the man, 'And today I'm taking it to the beach.'
13: Look up the answers in the dictionary.
14: [Link] 2. apple 3. baby 4. basket 5. bean 6. bell 7. bench 8. blind 9.
boot 10. bus 11. cage 12. cat 13. chain 14. cherry 15. crab 16. desk 17.
egg 18. file 19. full 20. loop
J.j

1: Look up the answers in the dictionary

2: Look up the answers in the dictionary.
3: silent: far to, better, mother, father, our, theatre; sounded: far away, were
opposed, favour of, her offer of, winter of, picture of, star of
3.4

Look up the answers in the dictionary.

3.5
l.d 2.s 3.d 4. s 5. s
3.6

[Link] 2. crossword 3. gypsy 4. hitch 5. Muslim 6. aeroplane 7. hose-

pipe 8. kilogramme, kilo 9. memorandum 10. hair-dryer
3.7

138 2. AE: millimetre 3. BE: traveler 4. BE: color 5. AE: anaesthetic 6. AE:
letter-box, pillar-box, postbox 7. BE: installment
8. BE: kilogram 9. BE: skillful 10. AE: aeroplane II. BE: armor
12. AE: axe 13. AE: fiat 14. AE:autumn
j.g

[Link] 2. ashes/ ash 3.- 4. calves 5. cello 6. bases 7. daughters-in-law

8. detectives 9.- 10. chains
Y?ead, '7-}aclice & Bearn.J

A. 1. stopped (no mistakes) 2. green 3. waiting (no mistakes) 4. hit 5.

surprised (no mistakes) 6. trouble 7. accident 8. kindly 9. tell (no mistakes)
10. here (no mistakes)
B. 1. on the street 2. the lights were red 3. smiled kindly 4. went to the
door of the police car 5. a policeman

Section 4 : Meaning
'Yre~:J(ead;n!l
Xy Words Y?euiellJ: 1. explained 2. sufficient 3. checked 4. Check
5. memory 6. definite 7. memory
7ranslalion:

,~\j 'r:-~.f 4j·r 0J.? ~j~ '0Jj 0~\ '0Jj -s,.,)).r ~~j~.\
4i~j ~.A ~l> .v [r ,~j.r 0J\J [r '0Jb ~j.O ~,~
o~ ,~lS" . \
Xy Words YJ(alchin:;: 1.f 2. a 3. k 4. b 5. c 6. j 7. e 8. i 9. g

4.1
Look up the phonetic symbols in the dictionary. 2. a person who goes into a
building to steal things
3. a thing that you can put other things in; boxes, bags and jars are all
containers.
4. if a person is drunk, he/she has drank too much alcohol.
5. a storm with very strong winds
6. a chair on wheels for a small child
7. a piece of material that you wear around your neck or head
8. a sign beside a road, that shows the way to a place and how far it is 139
~
w
>
9. a small electric light that you can carry
10. a very big animal that lives in the sea and looks like a fish
...
~
w
4.2
:fi
51
<l
Z
1: 2. a machine that answers the telephone for you and keeps messages so
o
6 that you can listen to it later. 3. a small dish for cigarette ash and the ends of
o
:I: cigarettes 4. red painful skin that you get when you have been in the hot
III
~
C)
z sun for too long 5. bags and suitcases that you take with you when you
w
C) travel 6. things that you put over head and ears for listening to a radio,
z
iii
:J cassette player, etc.
2: I. chest 2. head 3. mouth 4. foot 5. cheek 6. nail
7. palm 8. neck 9. calf 10. hand
4.3
1:I. (I); night's colour 2. (3); not with skin 3. (2); without milk 4. (I); a
loud cry 5. (2); using the telephone 6. (3); a short visit
7. (I); a sport teacher 8. (2); an animal teacher 9. (3); a soft shoe
2: I.a. a big and important town b. (no plural) the part of London with a lot
of banks and offices
2. a. (plural cabinets) a piece offurniture that you can keep things in b. the
Cabinet (no plural) a group of the most important people in the govern-
ment
3. a. where the sun comes up in the morning b. the East (no plural) the
countries of Asia, for example China and Japan
4. a. a polite way of saying 'women' b. Lady a women with a special title
5. a. a being that people believe made the world and controls everything
b. God (no plural) the one great being that Christians, Jews and Muslims
believe made the world and controls everything
4.5
1: I. (2) 2. (3) 3. (I) 4. (2)
2: 1. meet 2. met 3. meet 4. meet 5. met
4.6

I. A. part where you must not smoke 2. to a place in the same country 3.
140 used by doctors 4. a card that you send at Christmas or on a birthday, for
example 5.' that goes very fast 6. it uses a lot of petrol 7. how fast are you
allowed to go? 8. a tyre without enough air inside 9. not allowed 10. all the
rooms are full 11. they have agreed to buy things from and sell things to
each other 12. a small thing that you put in your ear so you can hear better
4.7

1:take a photograph, do a favour, got a cold

2: 2. fair skin 3. low wall 4. light traffic 5. unhelpful advice 6. odd numbers
3: 2. to 3. from 4. for 5. of 6. to, for 7. to 8. to 9. to 10. at
4: [Link], crown 2. a child skin, colours, fingers 3. paths, sheets, jar lid,
metal 4. needle, knife, drink, pain, mind, eyesight, words 5. wheels, key,
weather, hair 6. toys, tennis, chess, piano, violin, tape
4.S

1:1. put a record, tape, or compact disc in a machine and listen to it. 2.
make music with a musical instrument 3. have fun; do something to enjoy
yourself 4. a story that you watch in the theatre or on television, or listen to
on the radio 5. take part in a game 6. be someone in a play in the theatre or
on television or radio 7. games; what children do for fun
2: 1. (3) 2. (1) 3. (2)

:Read, YJracHce 63 Bearn 4:

A. I. be someone in a play in the theatre or on television or radio

2. be someone in a play in the theatre or on television or radio
3. move round something, or something round
4. move in a different direction
5. be someone in a play in the theatre or on television or radio
6. be someone in a play in the theatre [Link] television or radio
7. make music with a musical instrument
8. a story that you watch in the theatre or on television, or listen to on the
radio
9. be some one in a play in the theatre or on television or radio
B. l. Ali 2. at school 3. a football match 4. a play 5. Ali and Hassan's
teacher 6. No, they didn't 141
b
w
> :7Jib/i0!lraphy:
Clarey, M. Elizabeth and Dixson, Robert J. Pronunciation Exercises in
...
~
w

lfi English. 2nd ed., New York: A Reagents Publication, 1963.

ii2
~ Coman, Marcia J. and Heavers. How To Improve Your Study Skills
o
6 Lincolnwood, Illinois: VGM Career Horizons, 1990.
s
J: Cowie, A. P. (Editor-in-Chief). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
1/1
::::;
C) of Current English. 4th ed. Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1989.
z
w
C)
Z
Decker, Donald M. Mastering the International Phonetic Alphabet. New
Vi
:::> York: A Reagents Publication, [no date].
Lacey, Colin et al. Increase Your Vocabulary. Oxford: Oxford Univer-
sity Press, 1990.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. 2nd ed., Essex:
Longman Group UK Limited, 1987.
McAlpin, Janet. Longman dictionary skills handbook. Essex: Longman
Group UK Limited, 1988.
Oxford University Press. Making the most of dictionaries in the class-
room: A Guide for Teachers of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
[no date].
Smith, Mike and Smith, Glenda. A study Skills Handbook. 2nd ed., .
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
Swan, Micheal. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1980.
Thomas B. [Link] Vocabulary & Idiom. London: Longman Group
Limited, 1995.
Yorkey, Richard C. Study Skills for Students of English as a Second
Language. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973.

142
~ Subject Index

abbreviations, acronyms and initials 56-62 illustrated definitions 125-129

acronyms 58-59 initials 59
affixes 54-56 left guide word 40
alphabetical order 34-37 LGW see left guide word
American English 91 meaning 107-131
American and British spelling 100-104 monolingual dictionaries 13
base forms 50-51 nationalities 65
bilingual dictionaries 13 OELD see Oxford Elementary
British English 91 Learner's Dictionary
capital letter 98 phonetic alphabet 78-91
collocations 121-123 phonetic symbols 78-91
compound words 48, 67-71 plural of uncommon nouns 104-105
consonants 81-82 prefix 54-56
contextual meaning 123-124 primary stress 96
curtailed words 57-58 RGW see right guide word
definitions 114-116: right guide word 40
different definitions 114-116 roots 50-51
brackets in definitions 116-117 sample sentences 118-120
definition language 112-114 secondary stress 96-97
dictionaries 13 simple words 50-51
dictionary, different parts 32-33 special plural nouns 66-67
dictionary trip 10 spelling 98-105
dummy entries 63-65 spelling and pronunciation 75-106
entry 32,46-8,49 suffix 54-56
finding meaning 110-112 stress 96-98
finding words quickly 37-39 study skills 8
geographical names 65 syllable division 96
George Bernard Shaw 77-78 words in definitions with a separate
guide words 38-39 headword 117-118
headword 32,46-71,117-118 word-by-word correspondence 7
headword order 49 words that start with capital letters
homographs 51-54 65-66
homonyms 94-95 vowel and diphthongs 80
hyphen 98

143
b
w
>
§
......
[PJ Vocabulary Index
w N ole: The words which are found in exercises are shown by (E), for example uneasily(E) 55 ;
:fi those found in sample entries are shown by (S), for example MP(S) 57; those sample entries
Q1
~ having illustration are shown by (I), for example push(l) 47; those found in key words are
o
~
u
shown by (K), for example correctly(K) 30; and those found in the units are shown like ice 49.
o
:I:
11'I
::i a.m. (E) 60 ankle 128 backpack(S) 112
C)
Z A+E 58 announce(E) 62 backstroke(S) 112
w
C) A>B 58 answer(E) 87 backward(S) 112
z accept(E) 95 answerphone(E) 113 backwards(E) 100
Iii
::)
accident(E) 40 antiterrorism(E) 56 bacteria(S) 110
accident 106 apartment(E) 104 bad(E) 83
actor(S) 112 ape(E) 34 baggage(E) 105,113
actor 80 appear 80 .bags(I) 128
actress(S) 112 apple(E) 87,90 balcony(E) 90
AD(E) 60 Arboviruses 58 bald(I) 117
ad 57 arch(I) 110 ball 80
adapt(E) 95 archaeologist(S) 110 balloon 82
adopt(E) 95 archaeology(S) 110 banana(E) 87,90
advantage(E) 87 area(E) 120 bank(E) 83
advice(S) 95 ARM 59 bare 80
advise(S) 95 armour(E) 93,104 BARR 58
aerial(E) 111 army(E) 105 base, n(S) 120
aerosol 80 arrow(E) 90 BASIC 59
aesthetic 80 as long as (S) 52 basis(E) 105
affect(E) 95 ash(E) 105 basket(E) 90
again(E) 86,87 ashtray(E) 113 bat(E) 87
age 81 AT 59 Bat 58
agreement(E) 120 ate(E) 64 BAT 59
AH(E) 61 athletics(E) 105 bath(E) 87
aid(E) 120 ATT 58 bathing(E) 87
air(E) 95 attic 129 battle(E) 84
aisle(E) 95 autumn 81 battle 82
aisle 80 avalanche(E) 51 BBC(E) 60
aluminium 101 Ave(E) 60 BC(E) 60
aluminum 101 aware(E) 93 bean(E) 90
AM 59 ax(E) 104 bear(E) 54
amoeba 80 BA(E) 60 bear 80
AN 59 baby(E) 90 bedroom 103
analyse 101 back(E) 54 bedtime(E) 70
analyze 101 back to front(I) 112 beer 80
anesthetic(E) 103 back, n(S) 112 behavior(S) 100
ankle(E) 40 backbone(S) 112 behaviour(S) 100
ankle(S) 125 background(S) 112 behind sornebody's
144
 back(S) 112 built 80 catalogue 81,101 ~
0
belongings(E) 67 bulldozer 128 catastrophe(E) 51 ~
bench(E) 90 bullet 129 catch(E) 36 ~
:3
bi-(E) 56 burglar(E) 111 cc(E) 60 :>
cD
bilingual(K) 108 burn 80 CD 56,58
«
u
0
bill, n(S) 114 bury(E) 51 ceiling(E) 90 >
bio-(E) 56 bury 80 celebrities(E) 61
biography(E) 45 bus(E) 90 cell (E) 95
bird(E) 90 bus-stop(E) 70 cello(E) 105
birthplace(E) 70 but(E) 83 cello 81
biscuit(E) 90 butter 81 cells(E) 85
biscuit 81 buy(E) 95 center 101
bite(E) 54 buy 80 centre 101
bitter(E) 54 by(E) 95 CFC 58
black(E) 115 C(E) 60 chain(E) 90,105
blank(E) 83 C&S 58 chair(E) 86,93
blast(E) 54 cabinet(S) 114 chance(E) 87
bleed(E) 83 cabinet(E) 115 change(E) 87
blew(E) 72 Cabinet, the(S) 114 check, n(S) 114
blind(E) 54,90 Cabinet, the (E) 115 check, v(K) 108
blood 80 cabinets(E) 67 cheek(I,E) 113
blue 80 cage(E) 36,90 cheque(S) 115
board 80 cake 128 cheque 81,101
body(E) 85 calf(E) 40 cherry(E) 90
bomb 81 calf(S) 53 chest(I,E) 113
book(E) 54,83,85 calf(E) 105 chevron 81
book case(E) 90 calf(I,E) 113 chocolate(E) 84
booked(E) 120 calf 80 Christian name(S) 65
booteE) 90 call (E) 36,87,115 Christianity(S) 65
borrow(I) 126 calm 80,81 Christians(S) 65
both(E) 84 canceling 101 Christmas(S) 65
bother 80 cancer(E) 93 CIA 57
bottle(E) 84,90 cane(E) 36 cigar(E) 87
bounce(E) 90 cans(I) 128 circle(I) 126
boxes(I) 128 cap (E) 84 city(E) 115
Boxing Day(E) 66 cape/E) 36 city 81
boyCE) 83 car(E) 36,93 City, the (E) 115
bravely(E) 51 car park(E) 70 clerk(S) 100
bread 80 caravan(S) 117 clothe(E) 95
break(E) 86,87 cardboard(E) 36 clothes(E) 95
break a record(S) 96 caretaker(E) 36 Co 58
breath(E) 87 carry(E) 87 coarse(E) 95
bridge(E) 90 cartons(I) 128 coat(E) 90
brother(E) 93 cash(E) 36 coffee 81
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consumption(E) 120 definite(K) 108 ECG 58
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container(l) 128 delicate(E) 123 edge 81
context(K) 108 dentist 128 -ee (E) 56
cook(E) 85 description(E) 31 effect(E) 95
cool 81 desert(E) 95 efficiency(K) 30
cooperation(E) 61 desk(E) 90 efficient(K) 30
cop(E) 84 dessert(E) 95 efficiently(K) 30
correct(K) 30 dessert 81 eg(E) 60
correctly(K) 30 detective(E) 105 egg (E) 90
cough(E) 85 detour(E) 93 elevator 101
cough 80,81 develop(S) 96 emergency workers(E) 51
course(E) 95 develop(E) 124 empty(I) 127
cousin(E) 84 diagonal line(l) 126 encyciopedia(E) 31
crab(E) 90 dialog 101 enough(E) 85
cries/E) 64 dialogue 101 enter(E) 93
crime(E) 61 dice(E) 83 epidemic(E) 61
criminal(E) 54 directly(K) 76 -er(E) 56
crisp(E) 90 discriminate(S) 119 escalator 128
CRO 57 discrimination(S) 119 espionage(E) 61
crocodile 129 disk drive(I) 127 Europe 82
crossword puzzle(E) 100 diver(E) 93 even numbers(E) 122
crush(E) 83 divorce, neE) 97 exam 57
cry(S) 63 divorce, v(E) 97 examine(E) 87
CSO 58 DO 59 example(E) 87
cupboard 81 doctor(S) 64 example 81
curl y hair(I) 117 doubt 81 example sentence 33
custom(S) 66 Dr(S) 64 except(E) 95
customer(S) 66 draw 80 excuse, neE) 97
customs(S) 66 DRib 58 excuse, v(E) 97
cut(E) 83,85 driving-licence(E) 71 expert(E) 62
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fall (E) 104 fishing(E) 82 giraffe(E) 36
family(E) 87 flag(I) 116 Girl Guide(S) 117
famous(E) 87 flat(E) 39 glacier(E) 93
fan(E) 87,90 flat tyre(E) 120 glasses(E) 67
farCE) 87 flew 80 glove(E) 90
fareS) 93 flies (E) 64 gnaw 81
fat(E) 82 floor(E) 93 goal(S) 99
fatal(E) 87 floor 80 god (E) 116
favorite(E) 87 floppy disk(I) 127 God, the (E) 116
FBI 58 flu 57 goggles(E) 67
fear(E) 93 fly(E) 90 golden(E) 123
feed(E) 37 foot(E) 40,85 Good Friday(E) 66
feel(E) 84,85 foot(I,E) 113 goods(E)' 67
feet(E) 64 forrS) 111 gradual(E) 84
fell (E) 85 forbidden(E) 120 gradual 81
fern 80 form(E) 83 grammar(S) 93
field 80 form, v(K) 45 grammar(E) 93
fierce 80 former(K) 76 grammar note 33
fi1e(E) 90 fortnight(I) 94 grammar school(S) 93
fill(E) 84,85 found(E) 64 grapefruit 129
film-stars(E) 61 fountain(I) 104 graze(S) 53
finger(S) 48 fountain-pent S) 104 great(E) 87
fingernail(S) 48 free of charge 121 green 106
fire(E) 49,93 friend(E) 83 greeting card(E) 120
fire brigade( E) 49 friend 55 group 80
fire brigade(S) 69 friendly 55 grow 80
fire extinguisher(E) 49 fringe(I) 117 guarantee(E) 87
fire extinguisher(S) 69 FROM 59 guard(E) 87
fire station(E) 49 frying-pan(E) 70 guess 81
fire station(S) 69 ft 58 guide(S) 117
fire, yeS) 69 full(E) 90 Guide(S) 117
fire-alarm(E) 49 full(I) 127 guide 80
fire-alarm(S) 69 fully booked(E) 120 guidebook(S) 117
fire-engine(E) 49 fun(E) 85 gypsy(S) 117
fire-engine(S) 69 fur(E) 93 habit(E) 87
fire-escape(E) 49 gal (E) 61 hair(E) 93,95
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fire- fighter(E) 49 garage 81 hair, n(S) 117
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hate(E) 85 honour 101 IQ(E) 61
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head(I,E) 113 hooray(S) 99 IRI(E) 60
head for(S) 69 hoping(E) 95 island 80
headache(S) 69 hopping(E) 95 isle(E) 95
heading(S) 69 hose(E) 100 it(E) 84
headlamp(S) 99 hot(E) 84 jail(E) 86
headlight(S) 69,99 hot(S) 123 jail, n(S) 99
headline(S) 69 hour(E) 93 jail, yeS) 99
headmaster(S) 69 house(E) 83 jar(E) 93
headmistresst'S) 69 housewife(E) 34 jars(I) 128
headphone(I) 69 HQ(E) 61 jealous(E) 87
headquarters(S) 69 HQ 58 jet(E) 84
health(E) 86 hurrah(S) 99 jewellery 102
hear(E) 95 hurray(S) 99 jewelry 102
hearing aid(E) 120 hurricane(E) 111 job(E) 34,39,83
heart(E) 86 i.e. 58 joket S) 121
heart 80 ice 49 journal 80
heart attack(E) 45 ice hockey 49 joystick(I) 127
heart disease(E) 44 iceberg(E) 71 judgement 81
heat(E) 84,85 ice-cube 49 jump(E) 82
heavy(E) 87 ice-skating 49 keep your finger
heavy 121 ICU see intensive care unit crossed(S) 48
heavy traffic(E) 122 ID(E) 60 key 80
heel(E) 40 illustration 33 keyboard(I) 127
height 80 imprisonment(E) 56 KGB 58
help(E) 87 In(E) 60 kill(E) 51,83
helpful advice(E) 122 in-(E) 55 kilogram(E) 100
here(E) 95 inaccurately(E) 56 kilogramme(E) 103
here 106 incomplete(E) 55 kindly 106
hiccough(S) 99 INF 58 km(E) 60
hiccup(S) 99 information(K) 30 knee(E) 40
high petrol information(E) 84 knife(I) 104
consumption(E) 120 information(S) 96 knives(E) 72
high wall (E) 122 injure(E) 51 knives(I) 104
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know(E) 83,85,95 look up(K) 44 middle-aged(S) 97
know 81 loop(E) 90 midnight(S) 97
lab(E) 93 loose(E) 95 midway(S) 97
ladder 81 lose(E) 95 mild(S) 121
Ladies(E) 66 lost(E) 72 militaryaliiance(E) 62
lady(E) 116 lounge(E) 61 militaryexercises(E) 62
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laid(E) 64,85 m(E) 60 Miss(E) 67
laugh(E) 87 MandA 58 mission 81
laugh(S) 122 MI6 58 ml(E) 61
laugh 80 made(E) 85 mm 58
lawcourt(E) 71 mailbox(E) 103 mnemonic 81
lawyer 80 main, adj(K) 44 Moslem(E) 100
lay(E) 64 manager(E) 30 motorway(E) 71
Ib(E) 60,91 many(E) 85 mourning(S) 33
lead(E) 83,85 MAP 59 mouse(S,I) 33
leave(E) 84 marge 57 mouse(I) 63,127
led(E) 85 married, adj(S) 121 mouse(E) 83
LEG 58 marry(S) 121 moustache(S,I) 33
lendtl) 126 marry 82 mouth(S) 33
lent(E) 37 mask(E) 90 mouth(I,E) 113
leopard 80 mask, n(I) 110 mouthful(S) 33
letter(S) 96 match 81 move 80
licence 101 me(E) 83 move, n(S) 33
license 101 meal(E) 86 move, yeS) 33
lid(E) 85 meaning(K) 30 movement(S) 33
lifebelt(E) 70 means(E) 67 movie(S) 33
lift 101 meant(E) 87 mow(S) 33
light traffic(E) 122 measure(E) 54 MP(S) 33,57
lighthouse(E) 70 medical instrument(E) 120 Mph(S) 33,57
limit(E) 120 meet(E) 118 Mr(S) 33,57
LlQ 58 memo(E) 100 Mrs(S) 33,57
list(K) 30 memory(K) 108 Ms(S) 33,57
list(E) 83 memory(S) 114 Mt(S) 33,57
list, v.(K) 44 -ment(E) 56 much, adj(S) 33
listen 81 -meter(E) 56 murderer(E) 31
live(E) 83,84 meter 101 museums(E) 31
live, adj(S) 53 metre 101 Muslim(E) 66
live, yeS) 53 Mg(E) 60 nail(I,E) 113
lock 81 MHA(E) 60 name(E) 34,83
long after(S) 52 MIS 58 NASA(E) 62
long ago(S) 52 mice(S) 63 nation(E) 83,87
long, adj(S) 52 micro-(E) 56 nation 80
long, adv(S) _ 52 microbiologist(E) 56 national(E) 87
long, n(S) 52 Middle Ages, the(S) 97 native(E) 87
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net(E) 90 phonetic symbol 33 pray 80
next(E) 83 phrase example 33 prayer 80
NHS(E) 60 physics 81 present, neE) 97
nice(E) 37,83 pick up(E) 61 present, v(E) 97
notS) 78 pie 80 presidents(E) 61
none (E) 95 pintS) 37 pretence 102
non-smoking area(E) 120 plaid 80 pretense 102
nose(E) 85 plain(E) 37 previous(E) 62
now(E) 85 plait(E) 37 prey 80
nut(E) 90 plane(E) 100,104 price(E) 62
obesity(E) 44 plane 57 primary education(E) 62
ocean 81 planet(E) 61 prime ministers(E) 61
odd numbers(E) 122 plaque 81 printer(I) 127
off the hook(S) 119 play, neE) 124 program 102
offence 102 play, n 130 programme 102
offense 102 play, v(E) 124 progress, neE) 97
one (E) 34 play, v 130 progress, v(E) 97
onion 82 please(E) 34,84 projector(S) 46
OPEC(E) 61 pleasure(E) 84 pronunciation 33
-or(E) 56 plough 80,102 psychology 81
oz(E) 60 plow 102 pt(E) 61
p.m. (E) 60 pneumonia 81 pt 56
packet 103 PO Box(E) 93 pull (I) 92
packets(I) 128 pocket money(E) 71 push(I) 47
pain(E) 86 poison 80 pushchair(E) 111
pain 80 police(S) 48 put(S) 47
pajamas 102 police constab1e(S) 48 put away(S) 47
palm(I,E) 113 police force(S) 48 put down(S) 47
paper money(E) 70 police officer(S) 48 put ont S) 47
paradigm 81 police station(S) 48 put out(S) 47
park(E) 39,54 policeman(S) 48 put somebody off(S) 47
part of speech 33 policewomen(S) 48 put somebody through(S)
pass(E) 54 poor 80 47
150
put somebody up(S) 47 rouge 81 shoplifter(S) 96
put something off(S) 47 round(E) 85 shoplifting(S) 96
put up with somebody/ rubber 81 short(E) 67
something(S) 47 rude 80 shorts(E) 67
pyjamas 102 saccharin 81 shuttle(E) 62
pyramid(I) 126 sachet 80 sight(E) 95
queen 82 sacks(E) 86 sign post(E) 112
question 81 said(E) 86 similar, adj(K) 44
quiet(E) 95 sakes(E) 86 sink 81
rabbit(E) 37 same(E) 83 sit(E) 86
Radar 58 sat(E) 86 site(E) 86,95
radio(E) 30,61 savage 80 six(E) 86
raid(E) 85 save(K) 30 ski(E) 40
raise(E) 95 save(E) 83,87 skilful(E) 103
raised number 52 scarf(E) 112 slang(E) 87
rays(E) 95 scene 80,81 small(E) 85
Rd 58 school(E) 39 smoker 121
read(E) 85 school 81 snow(E) 51
reason, n(K) 76 science(E) 84 so long as(S) 52
reasoning(K) 76 screen(I) 127 soap. 80
recipe(E) 39 screwdriver(E) 71 soccer 81
record, n(S) 96 sea (E) 95 socks(E) 86
record-player(S) 96 seat(E) 86 soldier 81
red(E) 85 second-hand(E) 71 soon(E) 85
red 103 secretary(E) 87 SOS(E) 61,93
refer(K) 44 secretly(E) 61 soul 80
reference book(K) 30 security organization(E) 61 special 81
regular(K) 76 see (E) 95 speciality 102
reign 80 seeks(E) 86 specialty 102
religious discrimination(S) sell (E) 95 speech(E) 45
119 separate(K) 44 speed(E) 54,120
report, v(E) 51 separately(K) 44-45 speed limit(E) 120
report, neE) 51 set(E) 86 spend(K) 30
represent(K) 76 sew 80 spies(E) 64
rescue(E) 61 sex(E) 86 spout 80
rhythm 82 shadow(I) 125 St(E) 60
rid(E) 85 shah 80 St 58
ride(E) 85 shape(E) 85 state security(E) 62
rider 103 she(E) 39 station(E) 39
right(E) 40 sheep(E) 82,85 station 81
right 80 ship(E) 82,85 steak 80
ring(E) 90 shoe 80 step(E) 118
robbery (E) 45 shop(S) 96 stop(E) 83
role(E) 95 shop 103 stop 106
roll (E) 95 shop assistant(S) 96,100 straight hair(l) 117
root(E) 83 shopkeeper(S) 96 stuff(E) 85
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tall(E) 36 TY(E) 93 water(E) 54
teacher(E) 39 twisted(E) 123 wavy hair(l) 117
team 80 tyre(E) 120 WC(E) 93
television(E) 84 tyre 102 weak(S) 94
tell 106 UFO(E) 61,93 weapon(E) 87
tell a joke(l) 121 UK(E) 60 weather(E) 84,87
tension 81 UN(E) 61 weekrS) 94
terrorist(E) 31 UN 58 weekday(l)
theater(E) 103 uncomfortable(E) 56 weir 80
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thief(S) 64 countries(E) 62 where(E) 34
thigh(E) 40 underwent(E) 64 which(E) 84
thigh(S) 64 undo(E) 55 WHO 57
thing(E) 83 undone(E) 55 whole(E) -95
think(E) 84 undoubtedly(E) 55 whole 81
tick, n(S) 114 undress(E) 55 winter(E) 62
time(E) 83 uneasily(E) 55 without(E) 84
tins(l) 128 uneasy(E) 55 wolf 80
tire 102 unemployment(E) 56 women 80
toast(E) 36 UNESCO(E) 60 wood 80
toe 80 UNESCO 58 worry(E) 51
toes(E) 40 unfriendliness 55 write 82
tomato 103 unfriendly 55 writer 103
tongue 81 unhelpful advice(E) 122 wrote(E) 64
took(E) 72 use 82 xylophone 81
toothache(E) 70 usual(E) 84 yd(E) 60
toothbrush(E) 70 YeS) 92 year(E) 86
toothpaste(E) 70 vacation(E) 31 yeast(E) 86
torch(E) 112 vanCE) 34 yet (E) 82
tough(E) 85 vein 80 young(E) 83
tour 80 vicious 81 zoo 58

152