@ Experiment 1 Aira Requirements Theory Procedure rece nnaapereos of Current (1) on the potential difference (V) across a A given resistor, Battery, RARERTOAB ay von erp oe ee Ke Connecting wires, Sand Paper. , Voltmeter (0-1.5 V), Rheostat, Key, Hg pak AE the current lowing through a conductor is directly proportional conductor remains const a prnles at its ends provided the physical conditions of the IV or Vu E ie or =constant é < OhaNs = 1 4 V (volt) where Ris constant called resistance of the conductor. Its SI unit is ohm represented by the symbolW. Graph between V and | willbe a straight line. 1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in figure. 2. Conneetthe apparatus using connecting wires. 3. Check that the pointers of the voltmeter and ammeter are coinciding with zero. It not, note the zero error. 4. Note the least count ofammeter and voltmeter. 5. __Insert the key K and adjust the rheostat Rh to pass a small current through the given resistor. Note the ammeter and Voltmeter readings. Increase the current gradually by adjusting the slider of the rheostat and take 6 to 7 sets of readings. Tabulate the observations and find V/I ratio for each set. Also plot a graph 7. between Vand | taking V along X-axis and | alongY-axis. Battery K — Rheostat set a, Range of ammeter 2. Least count of ammeter 3. Zero error of ammeter 4. Range of voltmeter 5. Least count of voltmeter 6. Zeroerrorof voltmeter ESI M-Phvsics X—— ‘Ammeter Readings | Resistance R=VA(wy s. No. [Observed (A)|Corrected(A) |C 1 a | a foal Ww Calculations Mean R= ASR AR ARERR Result * @ Vigraphis a straightline, which verities Ohm's law, (i) From the observation table, resistance of the conductor R =. (ii) From the graph, slope of the line gives the resistance R .W Precautions ==: “|. © “Thaeecnna connecting wires should be rubbed properly with sand Paper. 2, The connections shouldbe tight. 3. The least count and zero error of ammeter and voltmeter should be taken before starting the experiment, 4. Close the key only when the readings are taken, 5. Ammeteris always connectedin Series and voltmeter in Parallel to the resistor. 6. Positive terminals of ammeter and voltmeter should be connected to Positive Pole of the battery, Sources of Error : Thevalue of resistance may vary if i, the connections are loose, 2 the ends of the connecting wires are not rubbed Properly with sand Paper. 3. the magnitude of the Current passing through the Circuitis high. 4. the currentis passed through the circuit fora longtime. HORT ANSWER OF QUESTION OF PRACTICAL SKILLS The Current flowing through a conductor and the Potential difference across its two ends are as per Feadings of the. ammeter and the voltmeter shown below, Determine the resistance of the conductor, The rest position of the needles ina milliammeter. la student uses theca in hie ave...ors when connectedin series. (0-1.5 V), Rheostat, Key, Connecting ‘combination is called as series tion is equal to the sum ofrr vd pcomrea| C2 Feeeemer eadng | ame ees] vl | Restetance Observed f | | Se ie ———t | 1 ae i Py ce W | R= w R, w Calculations Result 2 gees aa sia cee eee of Rc equal wo the calculated value of RS. Thus, the equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of the ee en, Precautions: t ‘The ends of the connecting wires should be rubbed properly with sand paper. 2 Theconnections should be tight. 3. The least count and zero error of ammeter and voltmeter should be taken before starting the experiment. 4. Close the key only when the readings are taken. 5. Ammeteris always connected in series and voltmeter in parallel to the resistor. 6 Positive terminals of ammeter and voltmeter should be connected to positive pole of the battery. Sources of Error: The value of resistance may vary if 1, the connections are loose. z the ends of the connecting wires are not rubbed properly with sand paper. 3. {the magnitude of the current passing through the circuits high. 4, the current is passed through the circuit for a long time.Of two resistors when connected in Voltmeter (0-1.5 V), Rheostat, Key, Connecting if one end of each resistor is connected ‘of each resistor is connected to another of resultant resistance is equal tometer Reading Mean : Voltmeter Reading | Amn ae vA (ahoal ion 4 Conected | Observed Correcte Resistance | 42 Observes ie ee. ale eee R, I R, = % : pees Perf R, es Rand, -— R= vend | in parallel |_2 eal 3 Calculations: Resultant resistance of the resistors in parallel () — ByexperimentR,=.....W. (i) Bycalcutations Result * Within the experimental error, the experimental value of R, is equal to the calculated value of R,. pipcmitions "x: 1/4. Theamdscihesoanesirawimeenitin Tubbed properly with sand paper. 2. Theconnections should be tight. S._ The least count and zero error of ammeter and voltmeter should be taken before starting the experiment, 4. Close the key only when the readings are taken, 5. Ammeteris always connected in series and voltmeter in parallel to the resistor. & Positive terminals of ammeter and voltmeter should be connected to positive Pole of the battery, Sources ofError: The value of resistance may vary if 1. the connections are loose, 2, the ends of the connecting wires are not ‘ubbed properly with sand paper. 3. the magnitude of the current Passing through the circuitis high, 4, Tecurentis passed through the crcuitforalong tine Ans. The rate of flow of charge Current. Its unitis ampere. Q.2, Define one Ampere, is called electric Current. In metals fi a3, Why ls copper good conductor of electricity 2 Ans. Because copper contains a large number of free electrons available ONexperiment 34, To determine the focal length of a concave mirrot distant object. a De Oe ae et can ona concave ier. reteclen nay inthe focal plane of the mirror and form a real, inverted and td image of the object. The distance between the pole of the mirror and the focal plane of the mirror give, the focal length of the mirror. r by obtaining the image oy , Aim Theory <—_f—— 1. Hold the concave mirror in your hand and select a distant tree outside the laboratory. The tree should be easily visible with naked eyes. 2. Place awhite screen at some distance in front of concave mirror. 3. Tune face of concave mirror towards the tree and try to obtain a distinct image oftree on screen by moving either the screen or the mirror backward or forward. 4, Measure the distance between the concave mirror and the screen with a metre scale. This distance is the focal length of the concave mirror. 5. __Repeatitthrice and{find the mean value of focal length. Observations : 1. — Leastcountofmetre scale: cm. 2. Metre Scale Readings: Procedure S. | Position of concave | Position of the feccal length of No. mirror x (cm) screen y (cm) concave mirror $: f=y-x (cm) 1. i 2 a lee, = Calculations: Meanvalueoffocal length of concave mirror te ttt Siesta: ona + The focal length of the given concave mirro [Link]- Physics x aThe distant objecti.e. tree should be clearly visible with naked eyes ecautions 1. 2: Concave mirror should be fixed in vertical plane. 3. While measuring the distance, metre scale should be kept horizontal 4. Aclear and well defined image of the tree should be obtained on the screen 5. Position of mirror or screen should not be disturbed while measuring th distances. yoesoferror: = 1. If concave mirroris not fixed in a vertical plane, its focal length may not be correc i The mid point of concave mirror is not accurately marked. 3. If the laboratory has too much light, a well defined distinct image of distant obje cannot be obtained. Ft ee ee Whatis meant by regular reflection and diffuse reflection ? Regular Reflection :When parallel rays of light fall on a smooth polis inthe first medium ina definite direction. This is regular reflection. Diffuse Reflection: If the reflecting surface is not smooth but contains irregularities, then the reflected rays spread in all possible direction. This is diffuse reflection. Whatare the laws of reflection? (i) Angle of incidence = Angle ofreflection (i) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal ray same plane. Name the two types of sphe! () Convex mirror Define convex mirror and. concave mirror. Convex Mirror : Itis a spherical mirror whose hollow side is silvered and the outer side is reflectin: shed surface, they are sent back at the point of incidence all lie in the rical mirror ? (ii) Concave mirror. se hollow side is reflecting surface and outer side i: surface. is a spherical mirror whos ining the pole and centre of curvature ofa spherical mirror. ind radius of curvature ? ry line joi here of which the mirror is a part. Radius of curvature i part. us of aspherical mirror ? val axis, when a parallel beam of light which is parallel to th ‘enherical mirror.10, 1 12 13, 14 15. 16. 17 18. 19. Aim Requirements Theory Procedure E.S.L.M - Physics X © (b) (©) (o) (a) (a) (b) ©) @) (a) @eseriment 3B centre of curvature of the mirror F when sun rays from a distant object are focused on a sheet of paper, it may start burning the mirror and the screen either away from or towards, the screen depending upon the position of the object A Focal length of the concave mirroris equal to the distance between the mir rorand the screen, -.Focal length of mirror = 33-4 ~22-4=1 10cm nandmare not direction proportional to each other concave mirror erect virtual and enlarged image is formed To determine the focal length of a convex lens by obtaining the image of a distant object. Aconvexlens, a white screen, a half metre scale. Parallel rays from the object at infinity are incident on a convex lens, after refraction meet in the focal plane of the lens. Therefore, highly diminished, real and inverted image of that distant object will be formed at the focal point of convex lens. Focal Hold the convex lens and select a distant tree outside the laboratory. Place a white screen at some distance in front of convex ens. Zi 3. Tumthe face of convex lens towards the tree. Try to obtain a distinct image of tree ‘onscreen by moving either the screen or the lens backward or forward. 4. Measure the distance between the convex lens and the screen with a scale. This distance is the focal length of the convex lens. Repeatit thrice and find the mean value of focal length. 5. 1. Leastcountof metre scale: cm. . Metre Scale Readings: S, Position of concave| Position of the. ene ee ens x (cm) screen y (cm) Soncare ar f=y-x (em)fations Mean value of focal length of convex lens ta Ath 3 esult : The focal length of the given convex lens=..,. “om, ecautions 1 The distant objecti.e. the tree should be clearly visible to naked eyes 2. Convex lens shouldbe fixed in vertical plane, 3. While measuring the distance, metre Scale should be kept horizonta 4 Aclear and well defined image of tree should be Obtained on the screen 5. Position of lens or screen should not be disturbed while measuring the ani urces oferror: 1. !fconvex lens is not fixed in avertical plane, its focal length may not be correct 2. The mid point of convex lensis not accurately marked. 3. 1. Ifthe laboratory has too much light, a well defined distinct image of the tree | notbe obtained. Whatisalens? Name the two types of lenses 7 {tis a transparent medium bounded by two Surfaces, one or both of which may be curved The t 'ypes oflenses are -convex|ens and concave lens. Howcan you distinguish a convex lens froma concave lens ? A convex lens is thicker in the middle where as edges. Define optical centre ofalens 2? The mid point of a lens through which any ray of light passes and does not i known as optical centre of the lens, “i ehpamaas Rardusaa ds Plane-convex ens, whats the radius of curvature ofthe ane surface ? Faclus of curvature ofthe plane surtac isnt. . A bean or igtine principal focus ot aconvex lens? b of incident parallel to the principal axis, converges at point on the ipal T Fointon the principal axis is called as principal focus, — row many principalfociaconvex lens hae ? Two principal foci, one on each side. Define focal length of alens 2 nuns clelance between the optcalcenre and focus ofthe lens, - Whatis the meenthuicce ee@esoeriment 4 light passing t trace the path of a ray of light pass! a ings ‘of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, ‘emergence and interpret the result. AA drawing board, a rectangular glass-slab, white sheets, office pins, pencil, ruth, Requirements of scale, protractor, PO is the incident ray. The angle which the incident ray makes with normal | » Theory . ZPONis the angle of incidence. 2 OO'isthe refracted ray. The angle which the refracted ray makes with the norma ie. ZN'OO'is the angle of refraction. The ray of light which emerges out into the original medium after refraction ie O'Qis known as emergent ray. The angle which the emergent ray makes with the normal ie ZM'O'Q is the angle of emergence. 5. When refraction takes place through glass slab, then (2) Angle ofincidence = Angle of emergence (b) _ Theemergent ray is parallel to the incident ray. (©) With the increase in angle of incidence, the angle of refraction 6. OTisthe lateral displacement. hrough a rectangular glass slab for ditfere,. angle of refraction and angie 3. w Ng cedure : 1, Fixawhie sheet on a drawing board with di a Place the glass slain the mice ofthe sheet 3. Mark the boundary Sees et ofthe las slab as ABCD with a sharp pen Remove he Marka point © 6. Draw ain. wchmaigs 1 888 ab Draw anormalatO as NN. me a” angle of 35° withthe normal NN. Ths angles , Look rg ee ot Ie P,O. Replace the lass ab Tespectivelyare seen,” ® 91888 slab. The images P, and P, of P, andP, M~ Physics X ~ - xe8. _ Place your eye in line with images P,'and P,' and fix two more alpins P, and P, such that P, and P, are in line with P,’ and P,’ 9. _ Remove the glass slab and remove the pins P,,, P., P,, and P, and encirclethern. 10. —_Jointhe marks P, and P, by astraight line and extend it tomeet the boundaryat O° Line O'P is called emergent ray. 11. DrawanormalatO'as MOM. 12, Join and O'by a straight line. This line OO 'is called as the refracted ray. 13. Measure the angle of refraction ZO'ON and the angle of emergence ZM'O'P.. 14. Repeatitforangles of incidence 45° and 55° also. ie B 6, ‘Angle of ‘Angle of ‘Angle of Difference No. | Incidence zi? | Refraction 2° | Emergence 4e* a 35° ye 45° 3. 55” a Within the experimental error, the angle of incidence Zi is equal to the angle of ‘emergence Zein each case. 2. __Incidentray is parallel to the emergentray. 3. With the increase in angle of incidence, the angle of refraction increase. %; The boundaries of the glass slab should be marked with a sharply pointed pencil. 2. Alpins should be fixed vertically and at a distance of 10. cm from each other. 3. ‘The feet of the pins should be in same straightline. 4 ‘The angles of incidence taken should be between 30° to 60°. 5. Immediately after removing the pins, the points should be encircled.®@ Experiment 5 Aim Requirement Theory To trace the path of the rays of light through a glass prism. A drawing board and a glass prism white sheets, office pins, alpins, pencil, rubber, scale and protector, A 2, a: 4. 6. A triangular glass prism has two triangular bases and three rectangular lateral surfaces. ABC represented principal section of an equilateral glass prism of angle A. A ray of light is incident on face AB of the prism along PE at ZPEN, = i, N,N in normal to face AB at E. The incident ray PE Is refracted at E along EF at ZFEN = r; Going from rarer to denser medium itbends towards N,N. The refracted ray EF suffers second refraction at F and emerges along FS at 2N,FS =e; Going from denserto rarer medium, it bends away from N,N. The incident ray PE thus suffers two refraction one at E from air to glass and 6. other at F; going from glass to air. The path of the ray deviates through ZHGS = 2D on passing through the prism. at N,. Fixa white sheet on a drawing board with drawing pins. Place the glass prism in the middle of the sheet. Mark the boundary of the glass prism as ABC with a sharp pencil. Remove the glass prism. Marka point Q, onthe side AB of the glass prism. Draw anormalat' Q,asN.N. Draw a line P,Q, which wakes an angle 35° with the normal N,N, this angle is called the angle incidence. Fix two alpins P, and P, onthe line P,Q,. Replace the glass prism. Look through the side AC of the glass prism place your eye in line with the i images of P, and P, and fix two more alpins P, and P, such that P, and P, are in line with the images of P, and P,. Remove the glass prism and remove the pins P,,P.,P,andP, andencircle them. Join the marks P, and P, by a straight line and extend ito meet P,Q, atQ, and AC atQ, anormal N,Nis emergent ray. /anormal N,N on Q,.. » between incident ray and ‘emergent ray is known as angle of deviation. a = netisult caution oe i jh glass prism. iagram represents the refraction throug} ; ner ae of the glass prism should be marked with a sharply pointed pencil. ba Alpins should be fixed vertically and ata distance of 10cm from each other. Whatis a triangular glass prism. A triangular glass prism has two triangular basses and three rectangular lateral surface. Define angle of deviation. The angle through which a ray of light turns from its original path on Passing through a prism is called angle of deviation. On what factors does the angle of deviation depend? The angle of deviation depends upon the following factors: (i) The angle of incidence. (ii) The refracting angle of the prism. (ii) The material of the prism. (iv) The colour ofthe light used i.e. wavelength of light. Define angle of minimum deviation, pe least value of the angle of deviation is known as the angle of mi nimum deviation. Joes theangle of minimum deviation depend upon the Colour of light used? Yes, itis different for different colours, oo does the graph between iandD indicate? ere is only one Unique value of an le of inci i g! Ofincidence for which the deviation is minimum. What is the relation between incidence if rgence e, angle o! angle of inci a j 1, and angle of eme gence e, angle of A+Dzi+e Whatis the Condition of Minimum -....@esperiment 6 gos of an object formed by a convex lens When placed ay Voeong Aim Requirement Theory | Ray passing through (first) principal focus of convex lens, To draw the ima positions. Pencil, Scale, Rubber, Compass. convex tine forms the image of an objects placed in front of i. Any point on the ob, ; cts, A point source from which an infinite number of rays start, these rays og acts as a : refraction on passing through the lens are known as detailed below. Ray incident on the lens in a direction parallel to the principal axis of convex ions. ¢, ‘ refraction this ray passes through (second) principal focus of the lens located o, the other side of the lens. a ~ Ray passing through optical centre of convex lens passes straight (undeviated) ater refraction through the lens. incident on the lens, becomes Parallel to the principal axis of the lens, after refraction through the lens. The image is formed ata point where any two of the refracted rays actually meet. (forreal image) or appear tomeet. (for virtual image). F 2FB (©) Object at 2F () Object between F and OProcedure ‘Step | Draw a straight line and a small aperture convex lens. Mentior the side of the lens. Os the center of convex lens, (a) Parallel rays from distant point A are incident on the lens. The ray passing through O Qoes undeviated and other rays converge at point A’. Draw A’ B’. It represent which in real, inverted and highly diminished image of the object and formed at second F (b) Repeat the step |. Now object AB held beyond 2F, perpendicular to the principal axis convex lens. Two rays follow the path after recreation (according to theory) and A’ join A’ B’. It represent image which is real inverted diminished and formed b second F and 2F. (c) Repeat the step |. Now object AB held at 2F perpendicular to the principal axis of convex lens. The two rays from the object follow the path after refraction (according to theory) and meet at A’. Join A’ B’. It represent image which is real, inverted and equal i object at second 2F (@) Repeat the step |. The object AB held between 2F and F perpendicular to the pri axis of convex lens. The two rays from the object follow the path after refraction according to theory) and meet A' join A’ B'. It represent image which is real inverted ang large in size between second F and 2F. (e) Repeat the step I. The object AB held at F perpendicular to the principal axis. The ray from A passing through O goes undeviated and the other parallel pay get refracted and pass through second focus and become parallel, these rays would meet at very large distance from the lens, say at infinite therefor real, inverted image is formed at infinity () Repeat the step |. The object AB held between F and O. The ray from A passing through 0 goes undeviated and the other parallel ray get refracted and pass through the second focus. Produce the two refracted rays in the backward direction, they appear to come from the point A’. Draw A’B' Itis virtual erect and magnified image of AB formed beyond Fon the same side of the lens as the objectis. Details of characteristics of image formed by a convex lens. [Link].| Position of | Position of candle | Position of Size of the image lens (cm) | flame relative tothe | the image} . lens (cm) (cm) In (cm) | relative to object t At infinity diminished 2 Beyond 2F diminished 2 At2F equal i Between F and 2F magnified