JESUS IS LORD COLLEGES FOUNDATION, INC

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Voice Resonance Through The Lens: Exploring the Role of Photojournalism in

Advocating Social Justice for Photojournalists in Bulacan

A Research Presented to

the Faculty of Senior High School Department

Jesus Is Lord Colleges Foundation, Inc.

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Academic Track

Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS)

Alejandro, Kim Joaquin T. Gamboa, Reizel M.

Arcadio, Alyssa Mariotte E. Ligacion, Althea V.

Cura, Ienalanelle Hope C. Mangampo, Santino O.

Delos Reyes, John Nelvin Rivera, Raevhen Claire N.

Esteban, Leidy Anne Mercy S. Roberto, Thoby Brian R.

Villanueva, Julian Josh C

12 - HUMSS - C

Jesus Is Lord Colleges Foundation, Inc.

December 2024

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ABSTRACT

This study, “Voice Resonance Through the Lens: Exploring the Role of Photojournalism

in Advocating Social Justice for Photojournalists in Bulacan,” examines how photojournalism

raises awareness and advocates for social justice. Using a phenomenological qualitative

approach, the research provides perspectives on the insights and experiences of six

photojournalists—students in journalism programs, members of school publications, and

professional practitioners. The study explores how photojournalists use technical elements like

lighting, framing, angles, composition, and symbolism to tell impactful stories that amplify

marginalized voices and highlight social injustices. The study also highlights the transformative

potential of photography as both an artistic and advocacy tool. By integrating journalistic truth

and advocacy with aesthetic expression, photojournalism transcends language barriers and

cultural differences, making complex social, political, and cultural issues accessible and relatable

to a diverse audience. Although their efforts are often hindered by issues such as limited

resources, institutional bias, and personal safety risks, photojournalists remain committed to their

craft, driven by the belief that their work can inspire change. Recommendations include

developing structured programs to enhance skills and ethical practices in photojournalism,

fostering appreciation for its societal impact, and encouraging future research on the ethical

considerations of photojournalism and its evolving role in digital media. By emphasizing the

power of visual storytelling, this research seeks to inspire a deeper understanding of and

commitment to photojournalism as a catalyst for social change for Photojournalists in Bulacan.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With profound gratitude, we extend our heartfelt appreciation to all those who have

contributed to the completion of this research study. Foremost, we express our deepest thanks to

our research advisers, Ms. Divine Cebu and Ms. Queenie Fernandez, for their invaluable

guidance, unwavering patience, and constructive feedback throughout this journey. We also

recognize the Research and Technology Department (Senior High School) of Jesus Is Lord

Colleges Foundation, Inc. for providing the resources and platform necessary for this endeavor.

Our sincere appreciation goes to our respondents, whose willingness to share their

experiences and insights has been integral to the depth and significance of this study. We are

especially grateful to Reizel Gamboa and Julian Josh Villanueva for their exemplary leadership,

perseverance, and dedication that steered our group throughout this research process. To all the

members of our group, thank you for your collaborative efforts, resilience, and shared passion for

achieving our goals.

We are deeply thankful to our dearest teachers—Ms. Camille Principe, Mr. Genesis

Artais, and Ms. Rosemarie Ellema—for their continuous encouragement, boundless support, and

belief in our potential. To our parents, we owe our gratitude for their unwavering love, moral

support, and sacrifices, which have always been our source of strength.

Above all, we give glory and thanks to the Almighty God, whose wisdom, grace, and

blessings have guided us every step of the way, making this accomplishment possible.

- Researchers

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

List of Tables 7

List of Figures 8

List of Appendices 8

CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 6

Significance of the Study 8

Theoretical Framework. 10

Conceptual Framework 12

Statement of the Problem 13

Hypothesis of the Study 13

Definition of Terms 14

Scope and Delimitation 17

CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Photojournalism

The Art of Photography in Photojournalism 20

Advocating Social Justice 23

26

CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

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Methods and Technique Used 29

Respondents of the Study 30

Instrument of the Study 31

Data Gathering Procedure 32

Data Processing and Data Generation 33

CHAPTER 4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The Roles of Photography in the Advocacy 36

of Photojournalists

The message of Photojournalists behind the

66
Subjects and Frames

The Utilization of Photography as a Tool of

Photojournalists 94

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of the Findings 109

Conclusions 111

Recommendations 112

References 114

Appendices 120

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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Photojournalism is a form of visual reporting that uses photographs to tell stories, convey

information, and document significant events. It is the practice of reporting primarily through

still and moving images, allowing photojournalists to capture important moments and share them

with the public (Newton, 2019). Photojournalists often aim to witness and record the events of

the day while also using their work to highlight social issues, foster public discussion, and

influence societal views (Greenwood, 2019).

As Okpoko and Chaka (2023) point out, photojournalism is a unique form of creative

expression that emphasizes composition, color, and texture to communicate messages that

resonate emotionally with viewers. Ivanova (2022) further underscores that photojournalism is

not merely about capturing surface appearances; it involves carefully constructed images

designed to evoke strong emotional responses. These aesthetic principles enable photojournalists

to create impactful images that transcend simple documentation and spark meaningful dialogue.

Photography attempts to capture, not just an image, but also a view of the tangible world, it

serves as a tool through which messages are conveyed and visual interpretations are presented to

its viewers (Damon, 2013). Once photography is harnessed and utilized for the purpose of

advocating for social justice and shedding light on growing issues, it emerges as the strongest

and most powerful advocacy tool capable of delivering influential messages to a wide audience

(Alvarez, 2016)

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Social issues continue to pervade our modern society. Regrettably, there persists a notable

portion of individuals who harbor apprehensions about speaking up or advocating for themselves

regarding social issues. Even when one recognize something as inherently unjust, the fear of

facing backlash often stifles our urge to speak out. Brahams and Turner (2024) aptly capture this

dilemma, highlighting how despite our awareness of the need to speak up, the looming specter of

potential repercussions often leads us to choose silence instead. In a society where fear stifles

voices, photojournalists transcend conventional boundaries with their craft. Henreckson (2018)

supports this claim as he outlines the core mission of the journalism program which is to amplify

the voices of those who are voiceless and to hold those in positions of power accountable for

their actions, which could also be applied to photography as a tool for journalists.

Franklin (2016), in his book "The Documentary Impulse," underscores the significant

role photography plays in shaping democracy and advocacy. Palm (2019) also argues that

photographers, by bearing witness to people's stories and societal insights, are motivated to delve

deeper into the struggles faced by individuals affected by various issues. This connection of the

photographer to its subject matters and advocacies compels them to share these experiences with

the world, amplifying awareness and fostering understanding.

The study, "Voice Resonance Through The Lens: Exploring the Role of Photojournalism

in Advocating Social Justice for Photojournalists in Bulacan," focuses on understanding how

photojournalists in Bulacan use their craft as a tool for social justice advocacy. The research will

explore how these photojournalists capture and share images that raise awareness about critical

issues. By analyzing their experiences and techniques, this study seeks to understand the power

of photojournalism in influencing public opinion and fostering social change, particularly in the

context of Bulacan's photojournalists.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study entitled “Voice Resonance Through The Lens: Exploring the Role of

Photojournalism in Advocating Social Justice for Photojournalists in Bulacan” aims to promote

valuable knowledge on how photojournalism is being used to advocate social justice. This study

elaborates on the influence of advocating through photojournalism, its contribution to the

academic field, and its benefits in the social sciences.

Students. The study is useful in particular for photojournalists in a Journalism program

to effectively be judicious in advocating social justice. Additionally, students can make use of

this study to effectively utilize photography as a tool for advocating social justice and to discover

the power they possess in their craft. This could also inspire more students to engage in

photography as a tool and expound on their influence.

Academic Institutions. Academic institutions can benefit from this study by promoting

innovative thinking among their students. By integrating the findings into their curricula,

institutions can inspire students to see photography as more than just an art form but as a catalyst

for social awareness and change. The study can help create programs or initiatives that

encourage students to voice their perspectives and advocate for justice through visual

storytelling.

Educators. This study is also a new path for educators by integrating valuable

knowledge into their teaching curriculum to cultivate their students as socially aware and

responsible advocates. Teachers or professors can set a new standard for their students about

photography as something beyond just a visual form but also as a catalyst for inspiring human

empathy and advocating social justice.

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Media Publications. The study benefits media publications. It provides an overview of

how photography impacts and resonates with the public, thus expanding the influence of visual

forms on the masses to amplify voices and prompt action.

School Publications. This study is beneficial for School publications, as it provides a

platform for students to share their craft, thus igniting public awareness even in school settings,

inspiring change, empathy, and action from their fellow students, and honing their ability as both

a photojournalist and an advocate to produce relevant content.

Marginalized and Minority Groups. For marginalized and minority groups, this study

highlights the potential of photojournalism to give them a voice and advocate for their rights. By

showing how powerful images can communicate injustices and prompt action, the study

contributes to efforts that ensure these groups are seen, heard, and supported in their fight for

social justice.

Future Researchers. The future researchers can delve into the ethical dilemmas faced by

photojournalists, including issues of consent, representation, and the balance between objectivity

and advocacy in the days or years to come. With the rise of digital media and social networks,

researchers can explore how photojournalism is disseminated, consumed, and engaged with

online, and its implications for social justice.

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study is essentially conceived by Pictorial Turn Theory which was established by

W. J. T. Mitchell in 1992, arguing that in the humanities, there was a renewed interest in and

prevalence of photography in what had been understood as an age of simulation, or an

increasingly extensive and diverse visual culture. However, in what is often characterized as a

society of the "spectacle," we still do not know exactly what photography is, what its relation to

communication is, how it operates on observers and the world, how their past is to be

understood, and what is to be done with or about them.

The first to be devoted to the "pictorial turn," theorists from across the humanities and

social sciences, representing the disciplines of art, history, philosophy, geography, media studies,

visual studies, and anthropology, are brought together with journalists and practicing artists to

consider, among other things, the relation between photography, the power of landscape, the

nature of political images, the status of images in the natural sciences, the "life" of images, and

the pictorial uncanny. With these topics in mind, picture theory and iconology exceed in scope

the objects of visual culture conventionally understood.

The pictorial turn theory, proposed by W. J. T. Mitchell, suggests that our culture has

shifted its focus from a primarily linguistic understanding of the world to one that is increasingly

dominated by photography. Mitchell argues that photography has gained prominence in

contemporary society, shaping our perceptions, understandings, and even politics. He emphasizes

the importance of visual representation in various aspects of life, including art, media, and

technology, and explores how photos function as a form of communication and meaning-making.

Mitchell's theory encourages a deeper examination of the role and power of photography in

shaping our understanding of reality.

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This study will contextualize this theory by exploring how photojournalists use and

leverage photography’s growing prominence in modern society, dominating usual written forms

of advocacy. The Pictorial turn theory emphasizes its vital function of communicating with its

audience due to photos’ ability to bring life and advocate for the subject of its images.

Additionally, this study will highlight the relation of photography with the photojournalists’ goal

of advocating for their causes. This approach would involve interdisciplinary methods,

incorporating fields such as art, media studies, psychology, sociology, and politics to explore the

multifaceted relationship between photography and human experience.

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1. Variables of the Study

Figure 1 shows the interrelation of the variables. The study aims to focus on the

exploration of "Voice Resonance Through The Lens: Exploring the Role of Photojournalism in

Advocating Social Justice for Photojournalists in Bulacan" and it will highlight the influence of

photojournalism as a powerful tool to amplify advocacy in social justice by visually

documenting issues, capturing human experiences, and bringing attention to marginalized

communities.

The conceptual framework of this study positions photojournalism as a powerful tool for

advocating social justice, focusing on its relevance and technicalities. Photojournalism is

uniquely relevant because of its ability to visually capture and communicate universal truths,

transcending language barriers to inspire empathy and action. It documents injustices, amplifies

marginalized voices, and holds institutions accountable while the technicalities of

photojournalism involve artistic and aesthetic considerations. Techniques such as framing,

lighting, and composition heighten the emotional and narrative impact of photographs. By

integrating and combining its relevance and technical precision, this framework highlights

photojournalism's dual role as an art form and advocacy tool, demonstrating its potential to

inspire meaningful societal change.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study explores photojournalists’ role in advocating for social justice. The objective

of this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the roles that photojournalists play in advocating for social justice?

2. How do photojournalists choose their subjects and frames to convey messages of social

justice effectively?

2.1 Relevance

2.2 Technicalities (Angle, lighting, colors, composition, etc.)

3. How can photojournalism be utilized as a powerful tool for advocating social justice?

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

The use of photojournalism as a medium for documenting and disseminating photographs

of social injustices will lead to increased (1) public awareness, (2) empathy, and (3) engagement

with social justice issues, ultimately contributing to greater advocacy efforts and systemic

change. The researchers gathered selected individuals around Bulacan for the study: "Voice

Resonance Through The Lens: Exploring the Role of Photojournalism in Advocating Social

Justice for Photojournalists in Bulacan"

H0: This hypothesis suggests that any observed differences or influences in advocating

for social justice issues through photojournalism are due to random chance and do not reflect a

genuine relationship between the two variables.

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H1: This hypothesis suggests that photojournalistic photographs possess the power to

evoke emotional responses, raise awareness about social injustices, and mobilize individuals and

communities to take action toward addressing these issues.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

For a better understanding of the study, the following terms are operationally defined:

Advocating. It is defined in this study as the act of supporting, defending, and fighting

for the voices of those who are voiceless. It is the act of shedding light on social issues that

involves promoting the value and significance of photography as a powerful form of exposure, It

is a matter of empowerment for a cause; a social movement.

Angles. It refer to the perspective from which a photo is taken. Different angles—such as

high, low, or eye-level—affect how the subject is perceived, altering its power, vulnerability, or

neutrality

Awareness. The act of informing and heightening individuals' consciousness regarding

social injustice. This entails expanding knowledge, drawing attention to social issues, and

fostering a broader comprehension of the subject matter. In the context of this research, the goal

of raising awareness is to enhance people's understanding and involvement in social justice

issues by leveraging the visual influence of photojournalism.

Camera. It is the general term describing the broad forms or means by which

photographs are taken. Mirrorless cameras, DSLRs, compact cameras, action cameras, and many

other types are not specified in this study but rather, generalized by usage of the general term

‘camera’.

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Composition. It is the arrangement of visual elements within the frame. It includes

principles like balance, symmetry, and the rule of thirds, which help create an aesthetically

pleasing image that communicates the photographer’s message

Framing. Framing is the way subjects are positioned within the photo's boundaries. It

guides the viewer's attention, either isolating the subject or showing its context within the

environment. Effective framing helps create a visual narrative

Iconology. It refers to the use and study of images and symbols within photographs to

convey deeper meanings, cultural narratives, or ideological messages. It explores how visual

elements in photographs function, capturing and amplifying themes such as social issues,

identity, and emotional resonance, much like traditional religious or historical icons.

Journalism. It is the practice of gathering, verifying, and presenting information to

inform the public. Rooted in truth and objectivity, it often serves as a tool for advocacy,

highlighting issues, and empowering informed decision-making.

Lighting. It refers to how light is used to illuminate the subject of a photograph,

influencing mood, focus, and texture. It can highlight important details or create shadows, thus

impacting the story told through the image. Different lighting types, such as natural, artificial, or

harsh light, each create distinct effects

Medium. It refers to the method or means something is done or communicated. It serves

as a conduit for expressing emotions, experiences, and perspectives, fostering resonance and

connection with audiences to advocate for social change and awareness

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Photography. It is the art of capturing visual moments that convey emotions, ideas, or

narratives. It combines aesthetic elements like composition, lighting, and framing to create

images that resonate deeply with viewers and deliver a message.

Photojournalism. It blends the visual artistry of photography with the truth-driven

principles of journalism. It uses compelling imagery to document events, advocate for social

change, and inform audiences through powerful storytelling.

Social Justice. It is defined in this study as the concept of promoting fairness, equality,

and the protection of rights in society. It is a matter of shedding light on systemic issues,

inequality, and basic rights violations, ultimately aiming to inspire positive change and empower

marginalized communities.

Symbolism. It involves using visual elements like objects to represent abstract ideas or

themes. These symbols add depth to a photograph, allowing for a more interpretive engagement

with the image

Tool. It refers to the strategic application of photojournalistic techniques, such as

capturing influential images, framing narratives, and leveraging storytelling skills.

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SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The exploration titled “Voice Resonance Through The Lens: Exploring the Role of

Photojournalism in Advocating Social Justice for Photojournalists in Bulacan” investigates how

photography serves as a tool for advocating social justice, focusing on photojournalists in

Bulacan.

This study examines the perspectives on photojournalism's role in shaping public

opinion, evoking empathy, bringing light to otherwise overlooked issues, and influencing policy

changes on social justice issues. It emphasizes the technical, visual, and symbolic elements that

create impactful photographs and explores the approaches of photojournalists in amplifying

social issues. Photojournalists often demonstrate a courageous and passionate commitment to

advocating for justice within society. This commitment is especially evident in modern times,

where advocacy efforts can be readily shared and amplified through digital platforms, thus

inspiring action and raising awareness about pressing social issues. Moreover, the influence of

such advocacy can be witnessed across various mediums including newspapers, magazines,

reports, blogs, and notably, student publications, which are particularly relevant to our target

population.

The respondents will include active photojournalists involved in journalism programs,

school publications, or the media industry in Bulacan. These individuals should have experience

utilizing photography for advocacy and an understanding of its influence. By focusing

exclusively on this group, the researchers aim to ensure the authenticity of their experiences as

photojournalists. These individuals exhibit a commendable dedication to shedding light on social

issues, often participating in courses, jobs, or activities related to conveying information as well

as showcase social justice advocacy, through visual means. Therefore, the researchers exclude

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journalists who primarily use written forms of communication for advocacy, as our study

specifically centers on the role of photography. This ensures that the study remains centered on

photography as a visual advocacy tool. The age, gender, and duration of experience as a

photojournalist or the program’s academic year is not a determining factor for participation;

rather, our focus is on selecting respondents who effectively utilize photography as a tool for

advocacy. The researchers narrowed their respondents to better determine suitable respondents,

ensure the study's credibility, and observe efficiency in the response-gathering process.

The scope includes analyzing the positive impacts of photojournalism, such as its

contribution to cultural awareness and advocacy efforts. It focuses on photojournalists’

experiences, their techniques, and their impact on public awareness without delving into specific

social justice advocacies or ethical controversies in the field.

This study will not delve into specific advocacies but rather refer to them as general

expressions of support or stances on particular causes or movements by photojournalists.

Moreover, the method of capturing the photograph, whether through digital or traditional means

from cameras, is not a focal point of this study. Additionally, the researchers will not address the

negative aspects of photojournalism, wherein photography as an advocacy tool may be misused

to inspire hate, discrimination, violence, or bullying toward individuals or groups. Mentions of

ethics may be found, however, this study will not assert it as a focal point and it is not the

researchers’ objective to explore the ethical considerations of it, the researchers will not entertain

ideas of bias and the forging and manipulation of photography and information to misinform the

public. This study will only explore the positive impacts of Photojournalism to society. Indeed,

by not addressing the negative aspects of photojournalism, this study may present a somewhat

one-sided viewpoint, focusing primarily on its potential for positive influence on society. It is

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important to acknowledge that photojournalism, like any form of advocacy, can have both

beneficial and detrimental effects, and future research may explore these further.

In conclusion, this study does not cover written journalism, other forms of media such as

video or audio, or non-advocacy photography like commercial or purely aesthetic works. It also

avoids discussing ethical considerations, personal biases, legal aspects like copyright, and the

negative uses of photojournalism, such as misinformation or discriminatory content. Instead, the

research highlights only the positive potential of photojournalism, acknowledging its limitations

while leaving broader discussions for future studies. By narrowing the focus, the study ensures a

detailed and efficient exploration of its objectives.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter focuses on information and related literature and studies used to help

proponents to find some important information that is associated as relevant to the study being

proposed. This chapter is divided into four main points namely: Photojournalism, The Art of

Photography in Photojournalism, and Advocating Social Justice. Photography, a universal

language transcending barriers, has long served as a potent instrument for advocating social

justice. Through the lens, narratives of oppression, resilience, and transformation are captured,

compelling viewers to confront societal inequities. In this chapter, we delve into the multifaceted

role of photography as a catalyst for change, exploring its power to document injustice, amplify

marginalized voices, and ignite collective action in pursuit of a more just and equitable world.

PHOTOJOURNALISM

Photojournalism, defined as visual reporting, serves as a powerful tool for documenting,

interpreting, and influencing societal issues (Newton, 2019). Rooted in its documentary nature,

photojournalism captures moments of reality, serving as both evidence of events and a medium

for storytelling. Early definitions emphasized the "recording of reality," focusing on the factual

and objective portrayal of events through photographs (Newton, 2019).

One key factor in photojournalism is its capacity to provide "visual symbols of injustice,"

which are used to mobilize social movements and communicate their causes effectively (Olesen,

2015). Photographs become central to the "visual representational control" of protests,

influencing how events are remembered and perceived by the public (Memou, 2015). These

images not only document the occurrence of protests but also play a crucial role in shaping

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public narratives and cultural memory. As Rigney and Smits (2023) highlight, photographs

encapsulate moments of defiance, unity, and victory, preserving them for future recollection and

contributing to the "cultural transmission" of hope and resistance.

The visual power of photojournalism lies in its ability to "freeze time" and capture both

unsettling and hopeful moments. For instance, images of traumatic events, such as repression or

death, provide concrete evidence of injustice, while also capturing moments of solidarity and

victory that inspire long-term cultural memory. These images carry a subjunctive "voice,"

allowing them to evoke possibilities and emotional connections beyond their immediate context

(Rigney, 2020). Smits (2021) further elaborates on the transformative role of such imagery in

driving social movements, emphasizing that photography, when wielded by skilled

photojournalists, has the power to amplify these moments and make them resonate with a

broader audience.

Veneti (2017) said that the aesthetic dimension of photojournalism enhances its impact.

Professional photojournalists frequently merge documentary and artistic techniques, creating

"hybridized strategies" that deepen the emotional and visual resonance of their work. Techniques

such as black-and-white film, attention to lighting, and bold framing are employed to produce

images that are not only informative but also visually compelling (Veneti, 2017). These aesthetic

choices elevate photographs from mere documentation to powerful tools for mobilizing public

consciousness and fostering social change. Photography is a vital technology of democratic

citizenship, capable of cultivating civic spectatorship and fostering understanding of modern life.

(Gries, 2019).

Photojournalism also shapes professional standards and public perceptions through

institutional practices. For example, the World Press Photo awards play a significant role in

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defining the visual memory of activism. These awards establish aesthetic and stylistic

benchmarks, influencing how protest imagery is produced and valued (Solaroli, in Rigney &

Smits, 2023). However, this institutionalization sometimes risks reducing protest imagery to

"mere aesthetics," overshadowing its documentary and advocacy functions.

The dual role of photojournalism as both a tool for documentation and an artistic

expression underscores its complexity. Photojournalists, described as "transparent windows on

the world," balance objectivity with creative interpretation to reveal unseen facets of events and

foster deeper audience engagement (Hrib, 2024). This duality allows photojournalism to serve as

an "instrument for activism," evoking emotions and driving awareness about pressing societal

issues such as war, climate change, and social injustice. Although the photographs do not directly

resolve a social issue, it still provides or creates a social impact. (Iulia, 2024)

Finally, the social impact of photojournalism extends beyond its visual appeal. As Hrib

(2024) notes, photojournalism meets the public's need for credible and immediate information

about global events, offering an "exceptional authenticity" that fosters trust and engagement. The

emotional reactions provoked by compelling images leave lasting impressions, inspiring

advocacy and prompting action (Dahmen et al., 2019). In this way, photojournalism not only

documents reality but also shapes it, leveraging its artistic and documentary power to effect

social change.

Through its evolution, photojournalism has remained a vital force for social justice,

intertwining artistry, advocacy, and factual reporting. Its unique ability to capture the essence of

events and evoke emotional responses underscores its enduring relevance in shaping cultural

memory and public awareness.

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THE ART OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN PHOTOJOURNALISM

Photography, as both an art form and a journalistic tool, serves as a powerful medium for

storytelling and expression. Its visual elements—composition, lighting, angles, and

framing—blend technical precision with artistic creativity, capturing moments that inform and

resonate deeply with audiences. According to Okpoko and Chaka (2023), photojournalism and

fine-art photography share common ground in their reliance on visual storytelling to convey

socio-political and cultural narratives. While photojournalism focuses on portraying events with

representational fidelity, it often incorporates artistic elements that elevate its emotional and

aesthetic appeal, drawing viewers into the narrative. Photography’s role as an expressive art form

has long been recognized, as Payne (2018) asserts that the medium's capacity for artistic

expression depends on the intent and execution of the photographer. This aligns with Cooks’

(2020) description of Louis Figuier’s observation that photography is akin to painting and

engraving in its ability to evoke feeling, rather than being limited by technical processes.

Photography exemplifies this artistic intent by prioritizing creative expression, often

focusing on imaginative and emotional truths. Okpoko and Chaka (2023) describe it as a form

that “aims to express a creative idea, message, or emotion unique to the artist,” standing out for

its emphasis on composition, color, and texture. Ivanova (2022) similarly emphasizes that

photography is carefully constructed, going beyond surface appearances to create images that

evoke powerful emotional connections. This is achieved through meticulous planning and the

application of aesthetic principles, which allows photographers to craft works that communicate

deeply with their audiences (Gallery, 2021). Moreover, Prati (2014) suggests that photography

relies on fusing content with style to establish strong emotional connections, while Thomas and

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Mackenzie (2020) argue that photography should be treated with the same respect as traditional

art forms like painting and sculpture.

The visual elements of photography—angles, lighting, composition, and framing—are

critical tools for conveying messages and influencing viewer perceptions. As Veneti (2017)

explains, angles shape the narrative and emotional resonance of an image. For instance,

high-angle shots of protest crowds convey the magnitude and collective power of events while

providing vital visual context. These images also emphasize unity and solidarity among

participants, reinforcing the broader narrative of resistance. Banners and posters, often captured

within these frames, not only document the demands of the protesters but also, when skillfully

composed, transform into compelling visual narratives. Similarly, lighting is essential in creating

mood and directing viewer focus. Zhang (2015) highlights how low-key lighting can evoke

mystery and tension, while soft, diffused light conveys tranquility and serenity. These techniques

allow photographers to emphasize specific elements within their compositions, shaping the depth

and emotional tone of their images.

Composition further enhances a photograph's storytelling potential by arranging elements

within the frame to guide the viewer’s attention. Techniques such as symmetry and balance

create harmony and order, while asymmetry introduces tension and dynamism (Zhang, 2015).

These principles are evident in photojournalistic coverage of protests and social movements,

where carefully composed images convey the emotions and complexities of the events. The

Pulitzer Prize-winning coverage of the Ferguson unrest by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch

exemplifies this, as the photographs combined artistic techniques and journalistic integrity to

portray grief, anger, and resilience (Pulitzer, 2016). This approach aligns with Sontag’s (2015)

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assertion that photography possesses an inherent ability to find beauty even in moments of

tragedy, demonstrating that "pathos is beauty."

Photojournalism merges technical precision with artistic creativity, enabling images to

transcend mere documentation. Veneti (2017) observes that modern photojournalists seek

captivating images that embody the narrative of protests and social movements. This involves

hybridized strategies that blend traditional journalistic practices with artistic techniques, shifting

the focus from crowds to individuals. Close-ups and portraits capture emotions such as sorrow,

solidarity, and frustration, creating deeper, more intimate connections with viewers. Symbolism

and visual metaphors further enhance the communicative power of photojournalistic images,

with frames and composition used to create layered meanings (Veneti, 2017). Rigney and Smith

(2023) illustrate this in Benedicto’s photograph of a funeral procession during Brazil’s

dictatorship, where the image’s formal choices—such as framing the marchers in an inverted

"V"—conveyed unity, motion, and defiance. Similarly, Olesen (2015) highlights how banners

inscribed with slogans serve as visual symbols of injustice, rallying support for social justice

causes.

The interplay of technical elements and artistry in photography not only captures

moments but also elicits emotional and cognitive responses. Research by Iyer et al. (2014) and

Powell et al. (2015) demonstrates that emotionally charged images can mobilize political action

by evoking empathy and moral engagement. Chouliaraki (2018) expands on this by proposing

that emotional responses to news visuals serve as a form of “moral education,” fostering a deeper

connection between audiences and the issues at hand. Visual storytelling lies at the core of

photojournalism, where images encapsulate broader truths that transcend verbal descriptions.

Ilan (2018) notes that this process involves both technical and narrative considerations, while

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Zhang (2015) adds that elements like figure-ground relationships, rhythm, and closure enhance

the viewer’s engagement, transforming the photograph into a symbol-rich medium.

Despite the distinctions between photography and photojournalism, their synergy lies in

their shared capacity to provoke reflection and inspire action. Okpoko and Chaka (2023) argue

that photojournalism uses its broad platform to amplify the impact of photography, creating

awareness yet also inspiring deeper reflection. As Dhanda (2021) notes, both disciplines

challenge societal norms and promote change, while Ballenger (2014) highlights their shared

ability to record, document, and uncover injustices. Through their integration of technical

expertise of journalistic values and goal to uncover the truth and provide information of

journalism and aesthetic sensibility of photography, the forms of photojournalism serve as

powerful tools for storytelling, advocacy, and artistic expression, shaping public perception and

advancing social justice.

ADVOCATING SOCIAL JUSTICE

Advocacy, is defined by Merriam-Webster (2020) as "the act or process of supporting a

cause or proposal.". Advocacy is a targeted mindset that ensures there is a sociocultural

consciousness for understanding how marginalized people (of color and or from social status)

suffer disadvantages and how photojournalists can seek strategies to reverse the harm of

negligence from the national government by believing in their skills and using them as a tool

(Brand, 2014). Cohen, et al. (2001) define advocacy as "the pursuit of influencing outcomes -

including government decisions that directly affect people's lives".

According to Wilkins (2022), accountability refers to the importance of informed and

engaged decision-making, building on critical approaches to research and on dialogic approaches

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to listening and learning, and understanding the value of voice. Advocacy in this framework

references a comprehensive and critical approach to inquiry. According to Grey & Gayles

(2022), findings support the idea that participation in advocacy and allyship is a continuously

evolving and messy process of becoming aware, educating oneself, exploring beliefs, feeling

connected, experiencing affirmation, and navigating viewpoints, all of which underscore the core

category of doing the right thing. As stated in this study, advocating is referred to as engaged

decision-making and understanding the value of the voices of the people. Advocacy is also a

critical approach to inquiry. Advocacy is an action that speaks in favor of, supports or defends

others on their behalf.

Furthermore, advocacy is the calling we have to act on behalf of others where we are in

a position to amplify or influence their cause. While social justice refers to a framework based on

equity that should be enacted within society,. According to the work of Atkins and Duckworth

(2019), social justice is both explicit and implicit and is based on morality, fairness, tolerance,

understanding, and equity. Dover (2013) establishes teaching for social justice that is based on

political movements (democratic education, social justice education, critical pedagogy, culturally

responsive education) as well as focused on recognizing areas of inequality and issues of

oppression. Indeed, everything is political. Where we see others struggling to affect meaningful

change, we can hear them and open doors for their message (Miller, 2019). According to

Madamba (2024), social justice refers to a fair and equitable division of resources, opportunities,

and privileges in society.

Social justice transcends discussions of abstract social justice concepts and goals

by focusing on how these concepts can be used as guides for socially just practice at the

interpersonal, organizational, community, and societal levels. In addition to emphasizing the

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importance of social justice work through compelling examples, case studies, and exercises

(Reisch & Garvin, 2016), advocating for social justice serves multiple purposes within the

community, particularly because it influences insight and stimulates people to make adjustments

and modifications to their perspectives so as to make issues fair. Furthermore, advocating social

justice educates individuals about equal benefits to each and every social privilege, which helps

people recognize what is right.

According to Corr (2015), whatever advocacy you take on, keep in mind that it's

not actually what you do when advocating for change that's most important; it's who you are and

who you choose to be. For example, you may choose to be an "inspiring leader" or a "make it

happen person." Whatever you choose, step into this way of being right from the start, and the

rest will follow. A review of the current research literature demonstrates that teaching for social

justice has been accepted by the research community as best practice for students, especially

diverse students from traditionally marginalized populations and communities. As previously

mentioned in the study, advocating can function as an effective instrument in a variety of ways,

so long as you're determined to make an effective change and are capable of holding yourself

accountable. Furthermore, social justice advocacy is a vital component of society as a whole,

given that it may broaden the perspectives of individuals, inspire action, and raise knowledge of

their rights.

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CHAPTER 3

Methodology of the Study

Methods and Techniques Used

This research study employs a phenomenological-qualitative design to explore the role of

photojournalists in advocating social justice in Bulacan. The phenomenological approach is

particularly suited for this study because it allows for a deep understanding of personal

experiences, attitudes, and behaviors that are difficult to quantify. It enables participants to

express their thoughts, feelings, and experiences related to social justice advocacy through

photography, providing insights into their motivations and the impact of their work.

Phenomenological research, as explained by Ho & Limpaecher (2022), focuses on

understanding the essence of a phenomenon by examining the lived experiences of individuals.

In this case, it centers on the photojournalists' firsthand experiences in using photography as a

tool for social justice. The method prioritizes the subjective experiences of photojournalists,

exploring their emotional and cognitive responses to capturing significant moments in social

justice movements.

Through in-person engagement and in-depth interviews, researchers will observe and

understand the context in which these photographs are taken, focusing on the socio-cultural,

political, and historical factors that influence photojournalists' work. This approach allows for a

deeper comprehension of how photography serves as a medium for social justice advocacy,

revealing the ways in which it shapes public awareness, drives societal change, and contributes

to social movements.

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By using phenomenology, the study seeks to uncover the nuanced role of photojournalists

and how their photography can transform public understanding of social justice issues. It will

also explore the personal, emotional, and creative processes involved in creating impactful

images that advocate for change. This approach enables researchers to gain a comprehensive

understanding of how photojournalists view their role in driving social justice through the lens,

capturing both the technical aspects of their work and the personal, transformative motivations

behind it.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents for this study will consist of six individuals with varying backgrounds

and experiences in photojournalism. Specifically, two of the respondents will be students

currently enrolled in Journalism programs, two will be members of school publications who use

photography in their advocacy work, and two will be professional photojournalists actively

working in the media industry.

The researchers are not focused on the amount of years of experience of the respondents

but rather on their knowledge and understanding of using photography as a tool for advocating

social justice. The study seeks individuals who have practical experience or academic exposure

to photojournalism, whether in formal education or professional practice. The key requirement is

that the respondents possess a clear understanding of the role photography plays in conveying

social justice messages, especially in the context of their personal experiences and perspectives.

To gather a comprehensive and relevant range of perspectives, the researchers will use

purposive sampling. This sampling method involves intentionally selecting respondents who

meet specific criteria relevant to the study's objectives. By carefully choosing participants who

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are either students, school publication members, or professional practitioners in the field of

photojournalism, the researchers ensure that all respondents have significant knowledge and

experience in using photography to advocate for social justice. This method enables the

researchers to target individuals who are best suited to provide valuable insights into the role of

photojournalism in promoting social change.

By focusing on knowledge and insight rather than years of experience, the researchers aim

to capture the most relevant and informed perspectives on the power of photography to drive

social change. Purposive sampling ensures that the study gathers detailed and meaningful

viewpoints from those who actively engage in photojournalism, providing a well-rounded

understanding of its role as a tool for advocating social justice.

Instrument of the Study

A series of formulated open-ended, semi-structured questions included in the interviews

will be used to collect all the data for our study. Interviews, with open-ended and semi-structured

questions at its very core, are effective research methods across various fields. The interview

includes seven semi-structured questions respectively— where the researchers will ask the

respondents through in-person, one-on-one interview, and the results will be interpreted by the

researchers. Employing in-depth interviews, this study aims to uncover nuanced perspectives,

behaviors, and social dynamics surrounding the phenomenon under investigation. The study will

engage purposive sampling to select participants who possess rich and diverse experiences

relevant to the research questions. In the said interviews, the researchers will seek answers from

the respondents with the presence of confidentiality.

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Data Gathering Procedure

This portion delineates the procedure by which researchers collected their data. The

following procedures are as follows:

1. In order to proceed with the actual gathering of data, the researchers submit their

instrument of the study, which is interviews, to their instructor for approval.

2. The researchers begin planning the seven interview questions, which include

open-ended questions to encourage respondents to share their insights. Additionally, this is where

the criteria and standards for a respondent are determined. The questionnaires formulated were

duly certified and validated by our research adviser for the sake of accuracy, making sure that the

interview questionnaires are precisely aligned with the study’s Statement of the Problem and

objectives.

3. The researchers will request permission from the university administrators to involve

their students. In addition, the university's publication teams or organizations will be involved

and kept informed. This ensures that the institution and organization are fully aware of their

student's involvement in this study.

4. After receiving official permission from academic institutions and organizations, the

researchers sought out respondents that fulfill the study’s criteria.

5. The researchers will transcribe the answers of the respondents from verbal to written

text for further and consequent analysis.

6. Once transcribed and inputted, the researchers will identify findings and then code.

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7. After interpreting and synthesizing the data, the researchers will organize relevant data

that supports and provides basis for the study. Findings that diverge from the study’s focus will

not be categorized as relevant data. This is to ensure the quality and credibility of the study.

8. The organized relevant data and findings will be supported, aligned, and connected to

existing related pieces of literature.

9. The researchers will seek feedback and approval from their instructor to ensure that the

interpretations are grounded in data and reflect the perspectives of the participants accurately

Data Processing and Data Generation

In this study, the researchers will use coding as the method for processing and analyzing

the collected data. Coding is a technique where the data is systematically organized by assigning

labels or categories to specific themes, patterns, or trends that emerge. This method helps

identify key points within the data, making it easier to draw meaningful conclusions.

The researchers chose coding as the method of data analysis for this study because it

allows the handling of large amounts of qualitative data from interviews and open-ended

responses in a structured and meaningful way. The participants, including students, school

publication members, and professional photojournalists, will provide in-depth, detailed answers

about their experiences and perspectives on photojournalism as a tool for social justice. This type

of data can be overwhelming to process without an organized approach.

Coding helps condense these large volumes of text into manageable categories or labels,

simplifying the process of identifying patterns, themes, and connections within the data. By

labeling segments of the data with specific codes, the researchers can highlight key ideas related

to the role of photojournalism in advocating social justice. This makes it easier to identify

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recurring themes across different interviews, which is critical when examining the nuanced

experiences of the participants.

Additionally, coding provides a systematic way to organize data by grouping similar

ideas or experiences together, which improves the reliability and transparency of the analysis.

This method also aligns with the phenomenological approach of the study, which focuses on

understanding the lived experiences of photojournalists. It enables us to examine not just the

content of the interviews but the meaning and context of participants’ responses. By breaking

down complex qualitative data into smaller, categorized chunks, we ensure that important

insights are not lost and are easier to interpret.

Through coding, the researchers can extract themes that reveal how photojournalists

perceive their role in advocating for social justice, their motivations, challenges, and how their

work contributes to raising awareness. This approach helps the researchers draw conclusions that

are grounded in the data, while making the analysis process more efficient and structured.

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Chapter 4

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

In this chapter, the researchers conducted and collected data through in-depth online

interviews with six respondents that has a background in photojournalism, thus, fulfilling the

criteria stated in the scope and delimitation accordingly—to obtain the results, analysis, and

interpretation of this qualitative study.

The data gathered from the interviews were analyzed using qualitative coding and were

divided into three major sections: the roles of photography in social justice advocacy, the

decision-making process of photojournalists in choosing subjects and frames, and the effective

utilization of photography as a powerful tool for social justice advocacy.

The first part delves into the various roles photography plays in advocating for social

justice. It includes insights on how photography has been historically and presently used as a

medium to raise awareness and create change.

The second part focuses on how photojournalists choose their subjects and frames to

communicate the messages of social justice effectively. It examines the creative and ethical

decisions made during the process of capturing images that tell compelling stories and advocate

for change.

The third part explores the potential of photography as a tool for social justice advocacy.

It considers how photography can influence public perception, drive action, and raise awareness

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on critical social issues. Through this, the chapter aims to provide an in-depth understanding of

the role of photography in promoting justice and equality.

Part I

THE ROLES OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE ADVOCACY OF

PHOTOJOURNALISTS

This part shows the overall outcome and result of the interview guide questions given to

the participants namely: journalism students, members of a student publication, and professional

practicioners, through an online exclusive interview all across in Bulacan.

Table 1.1

Question Text Code Theory

1. Do you P1 According to P1 and

think “Well, the answer is yes. P5 photojournalism
Photojourna Bakit? Ang tao basically Photography significantly
lism is naman kasi, if you have provides visual contribute to social
fulfilling its heard of the ano saying na evidence justice movements by
role as a "to see is to believe" providing visual
medium for Maniniwala naman siguro evidence, evoking
supporting kayo dun sa kasabihan na emotional responses
social yun diba? Do you get my and offering factual
justice? point? And, syempre ang stories. According to
Why or why tao 'di naman maniniwala P2 Effective impact
not? yan kung walang resibo. As depends on
we call it sa panahon thoughtful usage,
ngayon 'walang resibo' kasi visibility,
yung mga tao kasi, they interpretation and
need proof before believing context. According to
anything. Well, kahit naman P5 and P6 Ethical
sa panahon ni Jesus Christ and objective
dati, "wala namang ano, photojournalism fuels
wala namang pruweba, critical engagement,
sinong may patunay o sino advocacy and

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ang makakapag patunay o empowerment,

testigo?" Or something like raising awareness,
that. Well, sa panahon sparking dialogue and
ngayon kasi we have the inspiring collective
aid of technology, the aid of action and policy
photography itself and change, while
malaking ano yun, amplifying
malaking bagay yon as we marginalized voices.
fight for social justice. Yung
pag hanap natin sa
katarungang panlipunan
para ipaglaban natin yung
mga karapatang pang tao
alone. So, though as a
student personally, im still
learning like all of you.
Kung ano yung maiibibigay
natin, kung ano yung
maipapasa natin sa ibang
tao na maiintindihan nila
na ano yung role na ma e
educate natin ang tao,
especially dito alone dito sa
pilipinas na kung saan
mailap yung justice system
natin. Alam naman natin
na, mailap yung justice
system dahil yung
mayaman hindi
napaparusahan, yung
mahirap laging napapatay.
The good example of it is
the war on drugs ng
previous Duterte
administration, if you're
pretty familiar with it no.
So, you know you previous
war on drugs na yan ang
daming napatay na
mahihirap. Lahat sinabi
nanlaban, everyday hear it
from the news 'pinatay,
nanlaban, tulak ng droga'
ganon. Syempre yung tenga
mo araw araw maaano na
lang, maririndi ka sa tenga

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mo eh. We alone our

testified for this, araw araw
na patayang nangyayari
and the power of
photography itself na
ginagawa ng mga
photojourn or yung mga
journo ngayon, mga digital
journalist. Napaka laking
bagay non kasi na
dodocument nika yung mga
kuha sa likod ng istorya
yung pag tangis ng mga
magulang na nawalan ng
mga anak, mga napatay sa
war on drugs na yon.
Nakukuha ng mga
journalist yon, and
nabibigyan ng mas malalim
na kahulugan kung paano
siya maibanahagi sa masa
na yung malagim na
kwento ng war on drugs na
yan, laging may parte na
laging napapatay o laging
napaparusahan. So, i
believe the power of
photography plays a very
vital role sa society, dahil
mas nababahagi natin yung
kwento natin sa journalism.
Yung power of photography
talaga na when it comes to
play in the social issue
talaga in general, pero ako
more on sports talaga.
Photography is a must,
photojounalism talaga
makakasama namin. Pero
ayon, it plays a vital role
sa..it dictates mga kwento
natin, mas nabibigyan ng
kulay. If you get what i
mean, mas nabibigyan ng
kulay. Mas nabibigyan ng
illustration, at least para

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alam ng tao. "Hey what's

going on here?What's
going on sa gantong lugar?
ilan na ba yung namatay?"
Na ano, for example. "Ilan
yung nasunugan?" Diba?
You see a lot of mobile
journalists katulad na lang
if you're familiar with Ms.
Jackie Manabat sa
ABS-CBN na nasa BulSu
nito lang. Si Ms. Jackie,
she's doing content creation
sa TikTok, pero she's
maintaining pa rin yung
years of experiences as a
journalist, a broadcast
journalist sa ABS-CBN.
Nadadala pa rin niya
hanggang ngayon and
nagagamit niya yung
pagiging photojournalist
niya ngayon, sa tulong na
rin ng mga kasama niya sa
industry alone. So, i
believe, the summit of the
answer is yes, malaki ang
nagagawa ng photography
or photojounalism sa pag
harap natin sa pag laban
natin for social justice.”

P2
“Like what I've said earlier,
photography has indeed
played a significant role in
supporting social justice, Image impact
but its impact depends on depends on
how it is used. Powerful visibility
images can capture analysis
moments of injustice,
human suffering, and
resilience in marginalized
communities. Waiting,
emotional, and intellectual
responses that written

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words may not be achieved.

However, the effect of
photography on social
justice and focusing also
depends on its visibility and
interpretation. If
photographs are ignored,
manipulated, or removed
from context, their potential
to enact change is limited.
Therefore, while
photography can be an
influential role for social
justice, its role is not
automatic but requires its
platform, context, and
platform. Ibig sabihin ko
kasi akala sabi ko sa reha.
ethical standards, may mga
bagay na kailangan ng
mentorship or ng
gatekeeping."

P3 Photojournalism
“Malaking part yung fuels social
photography or justice with
photojournalism sa pag factual stories,
advocate ng social justice not just creative
first ay dahil sa differences pics.
ng photography and
photojournalist at makikita
mo yung first context ng
nasa side ng kinicktivity
kase more on creative shoot
and creative storytelling ng
binibagay ng photography
and well photojournalism
were basic on fact so my
mentor told me nung nasa
(diko po naiintindihan yung
sinabe nya na kung nasaan
sya non) pako
photojournalist is just not
photojournalist
photojournalism is
photography with science

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so science kase
photojournalism to
emphasis specific don sa
photo na binibigay mo so
yun medyo pero itry to para
rin Hindi na sobrang tagal
nung discussion sorry
medyo going back well
comes social justice kase
it's facts so kung ang
ipaglalaban natin as yun
yung part ng media Hindi
naman natin pwede yung
truth so yung sa
photojournalism kahit ano
mo naman sya kuhanan
kahit anong teknik mo sya
na I caption kahit anong
color man sa facts yung
tipikal mo iba parin kase
kahit anong anggulo man
yan basta yung story mo ay
sa katotohanan
katotohanan parin yung
lalabas dyan. So yun
ngayon nakukuha ko yung
tanong na bakit kinurso ko
yung photojournalism
communication. simple
lang yung sagot gusto ko
mag kwento so with photos
mas na eexpress ko yung
sarili ko at mas naka
express yung nasa
photojournalism kase photo
pa lang may istorya na so
partner with good caption
eh ang daming information
na kaagad pwedeng maging
kinalabasan sa media”

P4
“Photography kasi is kahit
ano lang picture-an mo
kahit static lang siya basta
maganda—aesthetically

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pleasing yung magiging Photojournalism

output mo sa photography. deliver factual
Sa photojournalism, yes stories
kailangan ng aesthetically
pleasing but sa
photojournalism may
context like hindi mo na
kailangan ipaliwanag pa sa
audience mo kung ano yung
nangyayari. Ang general
rule kasi sa
photojournalism, ang
subject mo or yung
pipitikan mo is action hindi
lang static na nakatayo
lang siya, hindi pwedeng
bulaklak lang siya, dapat
gumagalaw yung subject
mo. We call it action photo
sa photojournalism,
kunyare rally ba—
kailangan yung photo mo
hindi lang yung equipment,
like kunyare diba may mga
paputok? Hindi lang dapat
yung paputok yung
pipicturean mo—dapat
yung action na nag rarally
talaga sila, yun yung dapat
na isasaalang alang mo
kapag pipitik ka.
Photojournalism ang
patutunguhan ng output
mo.”

P5
“Oo naman, photography
is fulfilling its role, lalo na Ethical
sa social justice. Sa bawat photojournalism
kuha, may story na empowers social
puwedeng magmulat ng justice
mata ng mga tao sa mga movements.
isyung hindi nila
napapansin. Kapag
nakikita nila yung larawan,
parang nararamdaman din

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nila yung hirap o sitwasyon

ng mga nasa larawan. Isa
rin itong paraan para
ma-educate ang mga tao,
kasi minsan mas malakas
ang impact ng visuals
kaysa sa salita.Pero
syempre, depende rin sa
paggamit ng photographer.
Kung gagamitin ito para
i-manipulate o i-bend ang
katotohanan, nawawala
yung essence ng advocacy.
Kaya dapat, as
photojournalists,
responsibilidad natin na
maging totoo at ethical sa
bawat kuha. Sa ganung
paraan, photography
becomes a powerful tool for
change.”

P6 Objective
"Sa tingin ko, oo, malaki photojournalism
ang role ng photography sa fosters critical
pagsusulong ng social engagement and
justice. Kapag may mga advocacy
isyu tulad ng kahirapan,
karahasan, o kawalan ng
katarungan, ang mga
litrato ay nagiging tulay
para makita ng mas
maraming tao ang realidad
na nangyayari. Sabi nga
nila, 'a picture is worth a
thousand words,' kaya
minsan, isang kuha lang,
kaya na nitong magmulat
ng mata ng publiko at
magdulot ng aksyon. Pero
syempre, may challenge
din, lalo na kung paano ito
tatanggapin ng
audience—kailangan may
tamang context at hindi
lang sensationalized.

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Bilang photojournalist,
responsibility natin na
maging honest at objective
sa bawat kuha natin.
Kapag nagagawa natin
'yun, mas nagiging epektibo
ang photography sa
paglalabas ng katotohanan
at pagsusulong ng
pagbabago. So, oo,
photography is fulfilling its
role, pero dapat conscious
tayo sa paano ito ginagamit
at ine-execute."

Table 1.1 discusses the respondents' perspectives on whether photography is fulfilling its

role as a medium for supporting social justice. The respondents shared their insights and

opinions on how photography has been utilized to raise awareness, document injustices, and

inspire change in society. The table above shows that, while many acknowledge the power of

photography in highlighting social issues, some respondents believe that it is not always

effectively used or is overshadowed by sensationalism. Overall, the responses indicate a belief

that photography has the potential to support social justice, but its effectiveness depends on its

ethical use and the intention behind its portrayal of issues (Cooke, 2023).

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Table 1.2

Question Text Code Theory

2. How do P1 According to P1
you see the “Sabi ko nga kanina, may Photojournalism
role of the pagkakaiba yung Photojournalists advocates for social
photograph photographer lang sa capture pivotal justice by capturing
er in photojournalism, may moment pivotal moments,
balancing malaking pagkakaiba conveying deeper
art with nuon, actually i’ve read messages and telling
activism this new article from the impactful stories,
when republic sa marcelo, there balancing artistic
engaging is about your age din, sa vision with ethical
with social marcelo rin, eto naman sa responsibility,
justice sports, kasi yung mga dignity, consent, and
topics? nakikita namin sa page accuracy. According
nila nasan yung gan’tong to P2 and P3 This
pictures naming powerful medium
magt-tropa and then wag amplifies
na kayong mag post kung marginalized voices,
champion ship- may mga fosters empathy and
ganon sa sports, social change, and
personally i’m into sports, raises awareness on
e-sports writing talaga, critical issues,
pero yun nga may mga making it a vital tool
notion nga kase pag for advocacy and
sinabing photojhournalist social justice.
ka na “ah kuhan mo kami
tas i-post mo kami sa
page” ganon ang
misconception don is yung
trabaho ng
photojournalist is hindi
naman nila sakop yun na
ipakita yung mukha mo
dun eh. Kasi sa kwento ng
journalist you are

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capturing moments na
dapat malaman ng tao in
the heat of the action,
kung ano mas nagaganap,
kailangan makuha mo
yun, mga angles din at the
same time na
maikukuwento sa tao na
naibabahagi mo ganito
ang nangyari, let’s say sa
isang rally may
pangayayari na
nakipagkaibigan yung
mga pulis-masyado ng
dumadami yung number
of ralihista, may mga
point na
makikipagsapakan na or
nagkakainitan, that’s an
angle na pwede mong
kunan, may ganitong
pangyayari na and ikaw
kukuhaan mo from a
distance na, na masasabi
mong nagkakainitan na,
example sa mendiola, as
we all know na hotspot
talaga ng mga rahilista
talaga, na araw-araw na
maririnig mo sa balita, na
may rally for ganitong US
and PH na agreement sa
US army ganon, talagang
in the heat of the action
dapat andun ka though
shempre uunahin mo
muna kaligtasan mo, pero
ayun you have to be
selective talaga sa angles
na kukuhain mo or i t-take
mo kaya ang role of
photojournalist you have
to send message sa tao.
And ayun yung isang
difference ng
photojournalist sa

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photographer, you are

sending a message,
deeper message. “

P2
The role of photographer
and photographic Photojournalists
journalism, especially must prioritizing
when engaging with dignity, consent
social justice topics, is and accuracy
complex. They must
balance their artistic
vision with the ethical
responsibility of
documenting truth. While
art allows for emotional
expression and aesthetic
engagement, activism
demands clarity,
accountability, and
respect for the subjects
being photographed.
Photographers must
consider whether their
work applies to the voices
of those affected by social
justice or merely exploits
their suffering or its
artistic gain. Balancing
these two elements
requires sensitivity,
awareness, and a
commitment to ensuring
that the photographs
contribute to the positive
social change rather than
just being artistic merit.
So, yun yung sinasabi ko
kanina na ethical
considerations. May mga
yung mga na
pinipicturean ng isang
photographer is kailangan
din natin consider yung
kanilang permission kung
pwede ba silang i-feature

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or hindi. Kasi nga meron

din yung tinatawag na
privacy app.”

P3
“It well comes to art and
activity sobrang ano kase Photography is a
sa expression mo ng sarili vital tool for
mo creativity sa art and advocacy and
minsan taliwas as a social justice.
person maganda Siya na
pag nag co-connect yung
dalawa pag ka yung
content mo with photo
journalism sa pagsiklab
sa dami ng makakabasa at
mga litratong dahil sa
role kase ng
photojournalism
photographer ay
mapreserve yung moment
so lalo na ngayon sobrang
sa social media ay like
nas nakakapag inspire
nakakapag mulat Nung
yun kase sobrang ano
available na sya anywhere
so ngayon kung nagagalit
sya ng maayos pag hawak
ng photojournalist
maayos yung kuha it well
comes to art dito sa kanila
eh malaking bagay yung
epekto na ibinibigay nila
sa lipunan kase
nararamdaman ng
makikita ng photos ng
caption nila na parang
andon sila sa event na yon
o andon sila sa moment
na yon so yun sobrang
laking parating ng
photojournalist sa pag
preserve ng katulad nito

Yes kase especially at mas

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expensive kase yung isang

photojournalist pag gusto
nya yung kinukuhaban
nya meron akong may
isang scenario ako around
2019 ata ito merong rally
sa malolos para sa mga
jeepney driver so meron
don isang photographer
na kasama namin overing
event photographer sya
Hindi photojournalist
masabe Kona
photographer sya kase
she ask several jeepney
driver tinatanong nya
kung sino yung gusto ng
pagbabago doon sa
Sistema tapos
pinictureran Siya ng
photographer na yon
parang a little while after
nakita ko yung caption
nya it's different Doon sa
moment nya Nung kinuha
nya sa different ng reason
nya don sa sinabe ng
season nya don sa jeepney
driver son sa nakita ng
power ng sa photography
and photojournalist na
kaya nila magbago ng
istorya so Doon palang
makikita mo yung
principle ng tao kase kung
kaya nila mag manipulate
ng photo just to get
allowed justo to get more
engagement na sobrang
liit Nung context at may
reflect sa kanila so Ayun
nga sinabe nila mag
distinguish sa panahon
nila kung ano pa yung
totoo sa Hindi kaya
papasok naman yung

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critical thinking at yung

mga tao which something
parang I workup pa yung
mga ganon reaction”

P4
“Gaya ng sabi ko kanina,
in technicality kasi hindi
naman dapat porket puro Photojournalists
kunyare tumatakbo siya balance art and
pipicturean mo na activism
“photojournalism,”
kailangan pa rin ng
aesthetic aspect pa rin
dun sa photo mo
at the same time may
nilalaman. So how do we
balance that part, for me
dalawa, yung una is
ethics, kasi sa
photojournalism may rule
na “you have to keep your
subject humane,” kunyare
karumaldumal yung scene
na kailangan mong
i-photograph as a
photojournalist you have
to keep them humane.
Kunyare may patay,
parang massacre ganon. if
you’re going to take a
photo kumbaga ka titirhan
mo siya ng dignidad na
hindi mo ipapakita sa
lahat na “ito yung
nangyari sa akin” pero at
the same time na
ipapakita mong nangyare
to pero hindi mo ipapakita
yung lahat kasi yun na
lang yung natitira nilang
dignidad. Hindi lang yun
yung only ethics part ng
photojournalism, yung
una ethics. Second is to
balance yung aesthetic

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part and social justice

part nasa skills mo kasi
yun as a photojournalist,
kapag kasi pag nag
photojournalist ka hindi
naman una pa lang
sobrang galing mo na,
you have to build your
own signature and your
credibility. You have to
practice although it
sounds so cliche pero you
really have to build your
own. Although yes, kapag
mas matino kang
photojournalist hindi lang
dapat sa sinabi kong
tungkulin mong i-catch
yung context nung
nangyayari yung dapat
mong atupagin, dapat
isaalang-alang mo rin
yung technicalities— kung
maayos ba yung photo,
hindi ba siya blurry—
basically kung ano yung
mga
isinasangalang-alang mo
pag nasa photojournalism
ka naman. Kasi dito you
have to be aesthetically
pleasing at the same time
you have to capture the
whole picture. So parang
lahat ng technicalities ng
photography kailangan
mo ring master, instead na
yung context lang or yung
action photos lang ang
inaatupag mo, kailangan
both sides.”

P5
"Sa tingin ko, malaking
responsibilidad ang
pagiging photographer Ethical

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lalo na kung ang focus mo photojournalism

ay social justice. drives social
Kailangan mong change
maghanap ng tamang
balance sa pagpapakita
ng artistic side ng litrato
habang tinitiyak na totoo
at tapat ka sa isyu. Para
sa akin, hindi lang dapat
maganda ang kuha mo,
kundi dapat may kurot sa
puso ng tao—yung tipong
mapapaisip sila o kikilos
sila para sa pagbabago.
Ang challenge dito, dapat
hindi mo ginagamit ang
art para gawing
sensationalized ang issue,
kasi mawawala ang
essence ng truth.
Mahalaga rin na may
respeto ka sa mga subject
mo—mga tao, lugar, o
sitwasyon na kinukunan
mo. Sa pamamagitan ng
mga litrato, ikaw yung
boses ng mga walang
boses, kaya dapat maingat
ka at makatao sa bawat
kuha mo. Sa dulo, ang
trabaho ng photographer
ay hindi lang
mag-document, kundi
magbigay-liwanag at
magdala ng pag-asa para
sa mas makatarungang
lipunan."

P6
"Alam mo, mahalaga
talaga ‘yung papel ng
photographer sa ganitong Visual storytelling
usapin. Kumbaga, may advocates social
responsibility kami na justice
gawing visually
compelling ang isang

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larawan, pero dapat hindi

mawawala ‘yung essence
ng katotohanan. Art pa
rin siya, oo, pero dapat
may integrity—‘yung
hindi mo pine-present na
perfect ang lahat, kundi
ipapakita mo ang
realidad. Ang ganda ng
kuha mo, pero dapat may
kurot din sa puso ng
makakakita. Sa social
justice, kailangan din
naming maging sensitive.
Hindi lang ito tungkol sa
galing mo sa camera;
tungkol ito sa story ng
mga tao na nasa harap ng
lente mo. At the end of the
day, ang goal namin ay
hindi lang makakuha ng
magandang shot kundi
makapagbigay ng
awareness at inspirasyon
para sa pagbabago."

Table 1.2 discusses the photographer's role in balancing art with activism when engaging

with social justice topics. The responses highlight how photographers use their craft to amplify

social justice issues while maintaining an artistic perspective. Many shared that through their

work, they aim to invoke emotion and awareness, creating a bridge between aesthetic expression

and advocacy. The table demonstrates that photographers see their role not just as image-makers

but as activists, carefully choosing subjects, compositions, and narratives that challenge societal

norms and provoke action. Their insights reveal how powerful imagery can serve both artistic

and political purposes, fostering awareness and promoting change (Bogre, 2024).

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Table 1.3

Question Text Code Theory

3. In a P1 According to P2,
generation “Wow, like i’ve said Photojournalism
where napaka effective ng- plays a vital role in
technology is the role of media advocating social
essential for practitioners Media practitioners justice, exposing
daily usage, napakalaki ng role amplify social truths and promoting
can nyan when it comes impact. change through
photojournalis to telling a stories, impactful storytelling
m effectively advocating for and ethical
advocate for stories, advocating documentation. By
social justice message for people. leveraging
in mainstream Lalo ngayon the technology,
media? power of technology photojournalists
alone, makukuha mo effectively amplify
talaga their influence,
na-mac–compliment shaping public
mo talaga lalo na sa opinion and driving
main stream. Yun nga social transformation.
sabi ko nga kagaya ni However, According
miss jackie manabat to P4 the increasing
of ABS-CBN news, use of AI-generated
she is content creator images poses a
in tiktok at the same credibility challenge.
time nahahalo nya To maintain trust,
yung pagk-kwento firsthand
nya ng journalism documentation and
through mobile strategic social media
journalism, what we engagement are
call the mojo, kasi the crucial, ensuring
power to tell people photojournalism
talaga is madali continues to inspire
ngayon if we utilize meaningful change.
the aid of technology
na meron tayo

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compared sa iba na
nauna satin noh,
believe me or not i
am currently touch
din sa mga nauna
sakin noh, for
example samin sa
sports, i do really
podcast sa sport noh,
i do interview a lot of
people, and if you are
familiar with din
kinito, kinito henson,
magumar jhon and
most recently eto sila
ATTR.charlie almost
one month ago.
Medyo ayun hirap
sila, yun nakikita ko
pagkakapareho nila
na when i ask them
paano po kayo nag
a-adapt sa bagong
technology ngayon as
a sportcaster and
pare-pareha sagot
nila, challengging
ang sagot nila, sa
pag transition ng
traditional into
today’s technology,
aaralin mo na
naman, pero the
concept when it
applies to
photojournalism into
social justice is the
same din eh, and the
use of technology in
the aid of
photojournalist in the
fight of social justice
is aaralin mo talaga
if you are not not into
it, yes challenging
talaga pag aralan. Sa

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mga prof din nga

sabi-sabi learning
doesn’t end talaga.
And talagang it’s a
matter of patibayan
nalang talaga and the
knowledge of the
napakaswerte ng mga
gen-z, talagang it’s a
matter of knowledge
and survival in the
technology. And yes
technology is a
mahalaga talaga
when it comes to
aiding
photojournalist in the
fight of journalist.”

P2
“For me, it is yes.
Photography can be
fairly effective in
advocating for social Photography sparks
justice, mga specially social justice reform
engaged and
motivated by the
GND or media, with
platforms like social
media, news outlets,
and even viral
campaigns.
Photographs can
reach a vast audience
almost instantly. This
enables images to
influence public
opinions, spark the
PCM and hold power
structures
accountable.
However, its
effectiveness is
contingent on the
ethical use of images
and the context in

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which they are

presented. When
photography is used
thoughtfully in
mainstream media, to
mobilize community,
to express their
intentions, which is
social, and religious.
Sa madaling salita,
sa generation
ngayon, masiging ang
may tutulong ng
photojournalism, na
pagkakalampag ng
pag-iingay para sa
mga makapaginuong
yung mga tinatawag
nating part of the life
sector sa Pilipinas.”

P3
“So it was the next
question yes sobrang
laki ng room ng Photojournalism
photography to start fuels social justice
advocate lalo na sa advocacy
social justice sobrang
ready kana mag
post,mag
comment,mag share
sa social media
further time na
minsan yung
advocacy na Hindi
mo hinihingi na
nahaluan ng
permission so kaya
naman effective yung
contents mo yung
photo mo sobrang
laki ng challenge
para sa lahat ng
photographers ng
nag eexpress ng
katotohanan so true

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answer kung effective

ba Yes sobrang
effective kase katulad
ng mga issues
pwedeng may mga
Balita na Hindi na
picture-an na Hindi
nagawan ng balita
Hindi na
documentary Hindi
na video paniniwala
yung mga bahay
specially kung
nanonood Kyo ng
documentary is mga
ganon so kung Hindi
pupuntahan ng mga
photojournalist yung
ganong issues kung
Hindi nila sisirin
yung Mundo na nasa
ilalim ng laylayan
walang nakakakita sa
kanila kase lalo na
ngayon na maraming
pwedeng ipalit don sa
social issues katulad
ng mga usual na ano
yung nakikita sa
politiko ng mga
issues na dedma lang
sila papalipasin ng
ilang araw then
ipopost sa mga funny
something na
nakalimutan na ng
mga tao si kung
ilalagay ko sya sa
photography may
times kase na Hindi
mo na na picture-an o
na documentary na
maniwala sa kanila si
sobrang laki ng role
ng photojournalist
para una para

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makapag preserve ng
issues makapag bigay
ng resibo sa mga tao
sa hanngang
makapag advocate ng
social justice kase
sobrang laki ng space
for us na
photojournalist
ngayon lalo na
katulad before na
pupulidish lang ng
gawa namin na pioist
lang yung mga
content namin sa mga
school publication
ngayon kase Nung
sarili mo kahit wala
kang walang
organization so Ayun.
They realty oo mas
madali ngayon kase
ngayon madami ng
ba rereach ng content
mo ngayon mag po
post ka lang and then
ilang araw after viral
na so Hindi mo
talaga na feferedict
so ngayon mas
madali Siya kase
kahit na mag post
kalanag and all
madaming adlike
before na mat target
audience ka lang eh
so katulad ng
photojournalist
although
nakakarating sya sa
labas Hindi ganon
kalaki yung reach
pag ka tipikal na
publication ilove
culture traditional na
sobrang kailangan ng

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mga journalist right

how na sumabay din
din sa media lalo na
mas malaki yung
room na oag
advocate kagaya ng
sa social justice”

P4
“Yes, gaya nga ng
sabi ko kanina, it AI images threaten
serves as an evidence photojournalism
na nangyayare yung credibility
ganitong social
issues sa lipunan
natin, kasi diba
meron ng AI
generated photos na
ginagamit na ng
ibang news media,
hindi ko naman
nilalahat iba
lang—gumagamit na
sila ng AI generated
photos na nag
accompany ng article
which supposedly
humanly captured or
dapat nandun ka as a
photojournalists to
capture yung
pangyayaring yun
hindi lang dapat you
tell the technology to
generate the picture
of that. Kaya for me
kaya nawawala yung
tiwala ng masa sa
photojournalist or
jinujustify nung mga
gumagamit ng AI,
yung pag kawala ng
tiwala ng mga masa,
gaya nga ng mga
close minded na hindi
maniwala sa mga

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photojournalist kasi
hindi naman tayo
credible kasi nga
gumagamit sila ng AI
na hindi naman dapat
talaga isasangalang
alang yun sa
technology dahil ikaw
dapat yung nandun,
ikaw yung nakakita.
Although, siguro
aware ang ang
technology about sa
mga happenings pero
ikaw yung nandun,
ikaw yung nakakita
ng whole picture kasi
ang ng technology is
kung ano lang yung
iinput sa kaniya pano
kung yung ininput is
mali? You have to
refute that, or kahit
sinong journalists na
nandun. And as a
photojournalist your
action photo na
nakapitik kung anong
nangyari talaga, yun
yung mag seserve as
evidence—considerin
g na halos lahat nasa
social media na, even
yung mga matatanda
at close minded nasa
social media na use
that mainstream
platform to spread
the word like “ito
yung nangyayare sa
lipunan natin ngayon,
ito yung ebidensya,
ako yung nakasaksi
nito.And sadly, yes.
Siguro na rin lahat na
tayo may phone,

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syempre may internet

may social sila, yung
dissemination ng
media online or ng
news is much more
effective although
hindi ko naman
sinasabing 100%
effective kasi adiyan
pa rin yung fake news
and opinions ng iba.
Compared sa print,
nagiging mas option
na yung online kasi
pag print bibili ka
pa—dagdag gastos
yun. Sadly, ganon
yung nagiging
mentality ng Filipino,
kasi syempre sa hirap
ng buhay bibili ka pa
ba ng printed na
diyaryo? magkano na
diyaryo 40-50 pesos?
Bibili ka pa ba ng
printed na ganon eh
pwede mo namang
makita sa online
pwede ko naman
i-google, pero hindi
mo masasabi kung
accurate ba yung
nasa online. People
opt for the free option
which is online, sadly,
oo mas effective nga
ang dissemination ng
news sa online.””

P5
“Sa panahon ngayon,
sobrang laking tulong
ng technology sa Photojournalism
photojournalism para visually narrates
makapag-advocate ng social issues
social justice. Ang

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mga litrato kasi, lalo

na ‘yung kuha sa
tamang moment at
may malalim na
mensahe, mabilis
kumalat online. Halos
lahat ng tao may
access sa social
media, kaya mas
mabilis naipapakita
ang realidad ng mga
isyung panlipunan.
Pero syempre,
importante na ‘yung
kuha mo ay may
context at maayos
ang storytelling, kasi
baka ma-misinterpret
o maging fake news
pa. Ang photography,
parang universal
language—kahit
walang caption,
naiintindihan ng mga
tao ‘yung ibig sabihin
lalo na kung
makaka-relate sila.
Kapag nailabas sa
mainstream media o
nag-viral online,
nagkakaroon ng
awareness ang mga
tao, at minsan,
nagiging daan pa
‘yan para kumilos
sila. Kaya oo,
sobrang effective
talaga ang
photography sa
advocacy, lalo na
kung ginagamit mo
nang tama at may
layunin ka na
makapagbigay ng
pagbabago sa
lipunan.“

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P6
"Oo naman, malaking
tulong ang Photojournalism
photography sa exposes truth,
advocacy for social deliver change
justice, lalo na
ngayon na ang
technology at social
media ay part na ng
daily life ng mga tao.
Sa isang larawan pa
lang, puwede nang
mag-kwento ng
realidad—mga isyung
hindi napapansin o
tinatago ng lipunan.
Kumbaga, visual
impact agad, at
madali itong
ma-share online,
kaya mabilis
makakarating sa mas
maraming tao. Ang
challenge lang,
kailangan authentic
at may integrity ang
photos. Dapat hindi
ito ginagamit sa
maling paraan tulad
ng fake news o
pag-manipulate ng
narrative. Pero kung
gagamitin nang tama,
photography has the
power to open eyes,
spark conversations,
and push people to
take action. Sa
mainstream media,
lalo na, may
malaking role ang
mga photojournalist
na ipakita ang
katotohanan sa likod
ng bawat shot. Kaya
para sa akin, kahit

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digital age na,

relevant pa rin ang
photography sa
social justice."

Table 1.3 explores the effectiveness of photography as a tool for advocating social justice

in mainstream media, particularly in a generation where technology plays a crucial role in daily

life. The respondents were asked whether photography can effectively serve as a medium for

social justice advocacy, given the growing dependence on digital platforms and technology. The

table illustrates that photography continues to be a powerful tool for raising awareness, with

respondents acknowledging that images, when strategically shared on social media and news

outlets, can spark conversations and promote change. This aligns with the the study conducted by

Ojediran (2024) which emphasized how visual storytelling creates an emotional connection,

encouraging action and raising consciousness on social justice issues. The results suggest that

despite the dominance of digital technology, photography remains a significant and impactful

means of advocacy in today's media landscape.

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Part II

THE MESSAGE OF PHOTOJOURNALISTS BEHIND

THE SUBJECTS AND FRAMES

Table 2.1

Question Text Code Theory

4. What inspires P1 According to P6,

or drives you “Malalim, okay. Photojoutnalism
to speak about What drives me to Amplifying plays a pivotal role in
a social issue? stand up or to fight marginalized voices promoting social
for social justice or through storytelling justice by amplifying
unang una the fight marginalized voices,
for social justice it’s a challenging
long and arduous oppressive narratives
battle, Napaka and inspiring critical
habang laban. thinking. P4 says by
Araw-araw makikinig capturing injustices
ka ng balita at and advocating for
makakarinig ka ng change,
mga brutal words na photojournalism
“ginahasa, pinatay,, catalyzes discourse,
ninakawan, or raises awareness and
pinakulong” yung contributes to a more
mga words like that equitable society.
na everyday This powerful
maririnig mo sa medium sparks
news. I have to admit action, fosters

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na minsan “wala na empathy and

bang medyo empowers
magaan-gaan communities,
manlang? Kasi ako ultimately driving
tao lang din naman social transformation
ako,” sumasakit din
yung ulo ko, but as
the student for the
media we have to
face the reality na
may ganong
nangyayari na
ibabalita namin sa
tao na may ganon.
We have to admit na
that’s our reality in
the media na
ikukwento namin sa
tao mga tao na may
ganon talagang
nangyayari. Pero at
the same time diyan
papasok yung choice
of words mo sa
pagkukwento mo.
What more drives me
to stand up for the
mind of social justice
is yung inequality,
yung agwat ng
mahirap at mayaman
kasi alam naman
natin na sobrang
messed up ng justice
system natin, messed
up na nga yan bakit
ka pa dadagdag?
Ikwento natin sa
taong bayan na there
is hope, meron pa
ring pag asa though
sabi ko nga mahaba
ang laban. Kaya
pansin niyo pag
sinabi mong dalhin
mo sa korte ayaw nila

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ng napakahabang
process ng justice
system dito sa
Pilipinas kasi it takes
years bago mabigyan
ng hustisya yung
isang bagay na
nangyari. We as
student media
practitioners ayun
yung nag d-drive sa
amin, na maging
boses kami ng mga
hindi
nakakapagsalita,
kumbaga titindig
kami sa kung ano
yung pinaglalaban ng
pangkaraniwang
Pilipino. Yung alam
natin na mga
simpleng magsasaka,
mamamayan na
maitawid lang yung
pang araw-araw na
pamumuhay sila yung
pinaglalaban natin
dahil alam naman
natin na hindi
affordable ang justice
system sa atin. Kung
sa pang karaniwang
Pilipino yun
makakain na sila and
that’s where we step
in na maikwento
namin sa mga
Pilipino kung ano
yung nangyayari.
Ayun talaga ang role
ng photojournalism,
binibigyan namin ng
boses yung mga wala
talagang kakayahan.
That’s the concept of
it sabi nga ni

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Quiano(?) “if you

love something you
have to be” kasi
paano mo mamahalin
ang isang sektor ng
isang tao kung hindi
mo sila mahal? if you
don’t care for them if
you don’t give your
compassion for them
ano ipaglalaban mo?
Pero syempre, in the
field of
photojournalism,
aalisin muna natin
yung emotion and
ilalagay muna natin
yung sarili natin sa
pagiging neutral, we
have to work on it.
But for me, what
really drives me is to
stand up for the
people.”

P2
“For me, my
inspiration to speak Advocating for
about social issues change, empowering
comes from equality
witnessing injustice,
inequality, or the
suffering of
marginalized groups.
This experience
creates a sense of
urgency to raise
awareness and
advocate for change,
whether through
personal experience
or observing the
struggles of others.
The desire to make
difference and
contribute to a more

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just society motivates

me to stick out. But
journalism as a
medium has the
power to influence
public permission
and steer action
further strengthening
this drive. Sa mga
nakikita,
nararanasan at sa
mga naobserbahan
natin sa panlipunang
problema ng
Pilipinas,
nagkakaroon tayo ng
urgency to speak up
for these people who
cannot speak for
themselves.”

P3
“So ayun for the
record, bilang isang
kakampink nakita
namin yung power Photojournalism
namin as campus Inspires Critical
journalists at that Thinking & Social
time. Dun sa impact Change.
na kayang gawin ng
isang journalist—
photojournalist
specifically, kasi last
election kasi sobrang
nakita ko yung power
ng journalism, nakita
ko yung opportunity
for our generation to
the next generations
kung makapag inspire
tayo as journalist ng
ibang mga future
journalist ay sobrang
laking bagay nun. For
me, personaly, tulad
ng sinabi ko kanina—

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gusto ko mag
kwento—not just to
kwento, not just to
express myself or
document or cover an
event— kaya ako nag
kukwento kasi gusto
kong maka inspire pa
ng mga tao na
maging critical and at
the same time na
kahit hindi gawin
yung ginagawa
naming mga
photojournalists is to
be aware sila sa
social issues. Kasi
hindi lang kami yung
naapektuhan ng
social issues na
kino-cover namin,
bagkus kahit yung
mga hindi naniniwala
sa amin ay biktima at
posibleng maging
biktima ng mga
issues na katulad nito.
We’re talking about
social issues, kaya
namin pinag lalaban
tong freedom namin
as journalists to
express ourselves sa
mainstream media
man yan or sa kahit
anong type ng media
ang goal naman natin
ay makapag bigay ng
katotohanan sa ibang
tao, regardless kung
ano yung mga
pinaniniwalaan nila.

So, basically ang

inspiration bukod sa
makaag express pa ng

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katotohanan is
makapag inspire pa
ng mga journalist na
mag tutuloy ng pag
babahagi ng
katotohanan sa mga
susunod pa na
henerasyon. Nakikita
namin yung power
for improvements sa
issues natin sa bansa,
socially sa media.
Ang mission ko or
ang drive ko is
makapagpakita ng
pag babago sa paraan
na kaya ko.”

P4
“Sakin, yung nakikita
ko talaga yung Oppression of the
oppression sa mga poor inspires action
walang power and advocacy
sabihin na natin yung
mahihirap, kasi wala
naman silang
kapangyarihan na
malaki para
iinfluence yung sarili
nilang buhay para
mapa-unlad nang
ganong kadali. Kung
makikita mo yung
hirap ng mga taong
nasa laylayan na
sinasabi natin or the
country in general
kasi lahat naman tayo
nag
hihirap—matutulak
ka talagangang may
gawinor tumulong sa
abot ng makakaya
mo. In our case
sumusulat lang
naman kami or

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pumipitik kasi ayun

pa lang naman yung
kaya namin,
studyante pa lang
kami. Dati ignorante
ako sa politics, yung
mga ginawa ng mga
gobyerno tapos nag
simula na yung pag
vovoice out ko ng
mga concerns ko
nung una sa facebook
tapos sumali na ako
ng campus paper,
tapos binabatikos ko
na yung ginagawa ng
gobyerno, hindi
naman lahat yung
mga wala lang silang
pake.”

P5
“Para sa akin,
inspiration ko talaga Capturing justice
‘yung mga tao at mga through
kwento nila. Kapag photography
nakakakita ako ng
mga sitwasyon na
hindi nabibigyang
pansin, lalo na kung
may injustice o
pang-aabuso, parang
responsibilidad ko na
i-capture ‘yun at
ipakita sa iba. Kasi
sa photography, hindi
lang siya tungkol sa
ganda ng kuha; dapat
may mensahe rin na
dala. ‘Yung tipong
makita ng tao,
maramdaman nila, at
maisip nilang
kailangan ng aksyon.
Bilang
photojournalist, alam

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kong may
kapangyarihan ‘yung
lente ko na
magkwento nang mas
malakas kaysa sa
salita. Kaya kahit
minsan mahirap o
delikado, worth it
siya kung may
magbabago. Sa totoo
lang, sapat na sa akin
na malaman na may
na-inspire akong tao
o naiparating ko ang
realidad ng buhay ng
iba."

P6
“Sa totoo lang, ang
inspirasyon ko ay
‘yung mismong Photojournalism
realidad na nakikita serves as a catalyst
ko sa paligid. Kapag for social justice
may nakikita akong discourse
sitwasyon na parang
hindi tama—like
injustice o
oppression—parang
responsibilidad ko na
bilang
photojournalist na
ilabas ‘yung
katotohanan. Alam ko
kasi na ang mga
litrato, may
kapangyarihan silang
magkwento nang
hindi kailangan ng
salita. Kaya minsan,
iniisip ko, kung hindi
ko gagawin, sino?
Bukod pa doon, gusto
kong makatulong sa
pagbukas ng mata ng
mga tao, lalo na
‘yung mga walang

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ideya sa mga
nangyayari. Para
bang gusto kong
sabihin sa kanila, ‘O,
tingnan niyo ‘to, ito
‘yung realidad.’
Kapag nakita ko rin
‘yung epekto ng mga
litrato ko, ‘yung
tipong may na-inspire
na tumulong o may
nagkaroon ng aksyon,
doon ako lalong
na-mo-motivate. Kasi
alam kong may silbi
ang ginagawa ko. Sa
huli, gusto ko lang na
maging boses para sa
mga hindi
napapakinggan.”

Table 2.1 discusses the motivations and inspirations behind photojournalists' choices of

subjects and frames in conveying messages of social justice. The interviewees shared their

personal insights into what drives them to focus on social issues, emphasizing the importance of

raising awareness, advocating for change, and highlighting the voices of marginalized

communities. The responses reveal that photojournalists are deeply moved by a sense of

responsibility to inform the public about societal challenges, including inequality, human rights

violations, and environmental concerns. The table highlights that their work is driven by a

passion for justice and a desire to create an emotional impact that sparks action and empathy

among their audience, also affirmed by a study conducted by Brown (2020).

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Table 2.2

Question Text Code Theory

5. Does the use P1 According to P1,

of frame on “Para mapadali, let’s Photojournalism Photojournalism
the designed use an example of requires thoughtful demands a reflexive
subject affect rally, dun tayo composition practice integrating
how it would umikot, pag rally may compositional
spread mga taong nag expertise,
awareness of rarally, may barkada sociocultural
social issue? ng police na nag sensitivity and ethical
how come? sisilbi for the safety awareness. P3, on the
mga tao. The thing is, other hand, maintains
kapag kukuha ka ng that effective
angles na makikita storytelling leverages
mong approriate, photographic
nailalagay mo sa framing, composition,
kuwento mo, you symbolism and visual
have to be cues to guide viewer
considerate, “okay ba interpretation.
tong angle na to?” Additionally, P5 said
“baka mabato ako?” strategic framing
Also you have to amplifies emotional
consider rin kung resonance and
appropriate rin ba na message impact
ilabas yung kuha mo through thoughtful
sa social media? angles, colors and
Syempre, titignan mo symbolism, while
rin sa mga kuha mo balancing artistic
kapag natapos na expression with
yung duty mo and the sociocultural
thing is kapag nilabas sensitivity and factual

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yan at kapag pinag accuracy.

aralan mo ng mabuti
yan yung angles kasi
napaka halaga,
sabihin na nating
may pagka teknikal
siya. Pero sa mata ng
masa, pag mali yung
nailabas na angle or
hindi appropriate
makukwestyonin ang
news world bakit
nilabas yan,
magiging liable ang
news world. For
example ang kuha ng
angle mo may
binabatuta nang
rallihista yung police
pwedeng one angle
yun. Yung role ng
photojournalists
talaga ay di
natatapos sa pag pitik
pitik lang. As I’ve
always said, it will
come down kung ano
talagang kahulugan
ng litrato na yun
papunta sa masa. Isa
pa, pwedeng angle
rin sa rally yung size
ng tao, sabihin natin
na there are 5,000
people sa point of
view mo, pwedeng
another story. Minsan
nga kung invited ka
sa pressconference
kukunan mo ng litrato
yung mga speakers.
Medyo teknikal nga
siya, I believe ayun
yung nag sysymbolize
sa kung ano yung
talagang trabaho na

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maikukwento namin
kung ano yung
nangyayari talaga “

P2
“To answer the first
question, Yes, the use Images influence
of frame can have a perception, shape
profound impact on narrative
how social issues
were received and
spread. The way the
photojournalist
chooses to compose
their image whether
it's to the subject's
position, their slide,
color, or background
can guide the
viewer's
interpretation of the
issue. For instance,
framing an image to
highlight the
emotional intensity of
a protest or the
hardship of an
individual can create
a stronger emotional
connection.
Prompting action,
symbolism, and visual
cues in the frame can
also evoke a deeper
understanding of the
issue, making it
easier for viewers to
relate or to empathize
with the subject.
Thus, framing is a
powerful tool in
conveying the gravity
of, what do you call
this, social issues.”

P3

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“sobrang medyo
technical natong Thoughtful framing
topic ano sobrang amplifies social
technical naman na impact
side na topic ito,
especially sa topic
nyo na social issue or
shots na framing
technique sa ayun
going back medyo
technical siya heated
fix kase we capture a
photo kase dito sa
social issue na topic
na to ang una nya
from below kung
mapapansin nyo po
may mga photo
journaist na nakuha
nyo po na nakaluhod
and the framing the
camera of words
midle ng isang
subject and meaning
non sa photo
journalism ay para
mapakita yung power
nila para maipakita
na yung authority ba
so kung mapapansin
nyo sa mga photo ng
kung usually naka
tingala yung photos
nila its for them to for
photo journalist na
maipakita yung
power nila going
back naman sa
opposite tinatawag
natin ay word are few
to the great
something sa photo
journalism ito di
naman siya nag
aapply palage may
cases kase na pakita

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natin yung dami mga

tao napapansin nyo
sa mga rallies ni
pbbm at leni that time
ay puno from top fews
or verms i few yung
mga shots its for us
para maipakita
namen kung gaano
karami in there are
tulad sa question nyo
para sa social issues
sa mga shot tulad non
ay napakalaking
bagay namilo ng
isang photo para ma
express yung ah para
ma express yung
context ng isang
bagay so and yes
nakaka apekto tung
framing yung ano
tung technique sa
expression ng isang
bagay ibanamana sa
photography kase sa
photography kunware
sa picture ka ng
tower pwede mong
gamitin yung verms i
few para maipakita
mo yung dami ng
umattend ng event
nayun nag i eye level
tayo ng photo para
mapakita naten para
mapakita naten yung
and candidate photo
ng mga subject natin
so defined sya
photography kase sa
photo journalism may
meaning yung
creativity mo unlike
sa photo journalism
ng mag express ng

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creativity kase sa
photography walang
medyo libirated yung
sa photo photography
kase kahit any shot
na fefeel mo when its
come to photography
sobrang subjective
parin nv meaning nya
sa taong makakakita
unlike sa photo
journalism na were
trying be objective
kase if you capturing
a event a scenaries
kase if you were
around 2019-2018
yung issues ng EJK ni
Kian Delos Santos di
ako makapag schare
screen eh maraming
photo and ni kian
delos santos nag
circulate online dahil
na express kase nag
express sya ng
emotion dun san
emotion na magbigay
ng photos kahit
anong framing mo
sya kahit anong
teachnique mo na
sayo pinicturan kahit
human shot eye level,
worm eye man sya ay
makikita mo yung
emotion kase
makikita mo na sya
sa photo journalism
kase ito ay based sa
kwento dahil ito ay
based sa katotohanan
so ayun para din
cleared pasensya na
medyo ano para rin
cleared sa inyo ying

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context ay sinabi ko
para iimagine nyo so
yun.”

P4
““Oo, kasi kunyare
pumitik ka, mostly Visual storytelling
kasi dapat ng ipipitik with emotional
mo yung talagang depth
subject talaga ng
ibang nangyayare.
Kunyare rally yung
ipipicture mo is hindi
yung mga by standers
or hindi yung mga
people na just
happens to be there.
Yung ipo-photograph
mo yung mga nandun
na lumalaban or nag
po-protest talaga.
Siguro it comes down
the technicalities kasi
may rules din diyan,
parang “certain
angles, presume
certain emotions”
kunyare close up, you
want to invoke
emotion, pero kapag
kunyare yung shot na
hanggang bewang
“you want to invoke
actions”so parang
angles really does
presume certain
things. Angles,
certain colors tsaka
yung framing kunyare
may parang
horizontal bars tapos
sa other side non may
nag rarally tapos sa
other side non dun ka
mag pipicture kasama
yung iron

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bars—parang it
depict something na
parang symbolism
ba.In
photojournalism, the
focus should be on
capturing the subject
involved in the event,
such as protestors,
rather than
bystanders. Technical
aspects like angles,
colors, and framing
influence the
emotions and
message conveyed,
with certain angles
evoking emotion or
action, and symbols,
like bars in the frame,
adding deeper
meaning.”

P5 Strategic framing
“"Oo naman, amplifies the
malaking bagay 'yung affective power of
framing sa isang photojournalism
larawan, lalo na kung
tungkol ito sa social
issues. Sa
pamamagitan ng
tamang frame,
puwede mong
i-highlight 'yung
pinaka-importante sa
larawan—parang
ini-direct mo 'yung
mata ng audience
kung saan dapat sila
tumingin.
Halimbawa, kung
gusto mong ipakita
'yung kalagayan ng
isang bata sa
evacuation center,
ang framing pwedeng

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tumulong para
maipakita 'yung
emosyon niya habang
napapalibutan ng
context ng sitwasyon
niya. Kapag malinaw
'yung mensahe ng
litrato dahil sa
maayos na frame,
mas malaki ang
chance na makuha
nito 'yung damdamin
ng tao at
maengganyo silang
magbigay-pansin sa
isyu. Kaya ang
framing, hindi lang
siya tungkol sa art o
aesthetics, kundi
tungkol sa impact at
connection ng litrato
sa mga makakakita
nito. Para sa akin,
'yun ang totoong
power ng
photojournalism—na
kakabuo ng kwento
mula sa isang frame
lang."

P6
“Oo, malaking epekto
talaga ng framing sa Strategic framing
kung paano amplifies message
nakakaabot ang isang resonance and
isyu sa mga tao. Kasi, emotional
kapag maayos ang engagement
pagkaka-frame ng
subject, mas madali
nilang maiintindihan
kung ano yung isyu
na itinatampok mo.
Halimbawa, kung ang
layunin mo ay ipakita
ang kahirapan, mas
effective kung ang

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subject mo ay may
kasamang detalye na
nagpapakita ng hirap
ng buhay, tulad ng
facial expression,
angkop na lighting, at
ang setting. Nasa
frame kung paano mo
isusulong yung
mensahe at kung
paano ang audience
ay makikilala yung
problema sa isang
bagong pananaw.
Kapag mali ang
framing, baka
mawalan ng
koneksyon yung
viewer sa issue, o
masyado itong
maging general at
hindi impactful. Kaya
importante talaga
ang pag-consider ng
mga elements sa
isang photo, kasi yun
ang unang
nagkokonekta sa
audience sa mga
isyung kinikilala
natin sa lipunan.
Framing is not just
about aesthetics, it’s a
tool to tell a
compelling story.”

Table 2.2 explores how the use of framing in photojournalism influences the

effectiveness of spreading awareness about social issues. The responses from interviewees

indicate that the framing of a subject plays a crucial role in drawing attention to social justice

issues. A well-chosen frame can emphasize the emotional impact, urgency, or importance of the

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issue, making the message more compelling and easier for the audience to engage with

(Nachtwey, 2024). By focusing on specific elements within the scene, the frame can direct the

viewer’s attention to the most critical aspects of the story, heightening awareness and sparking

conversations about the issue at hand. Therefore, framing significantly affects how effectively a

photojournalist conveys a message related to social justice, as it shapes the viewer's perception

and emotional response to the subject.

Table 2.3

Question Text Code Theory

6. How will P1 According to P2

you ensure ““Sabi ko nga bubusisiin Contextualized Effective
that the natin yung mga pictures images forge photojournalism
subject at natin for the certain powerful combines thoughtful
hand or coverage or feed kung narratives visual storytelling,
frames saan tayo naka assign, ethical considerations
convey an for me sa sports and narrative
implied binubusisi rin talaga construction to drive
message namin kung paano yung social impact. This
about social mga angle na kinuha ng involves careful
justice? mga photojournalists, image selection,
dahil hindi naman natin deliberate
pwedeng ilabas yung composition, accurate
hindi related and captioning and
inappropriate for public balanced objectivity.
conception. Para And P1 said by
makapag hatid ng kwento providing
sa tao Medyo lalagyan contextualized,
mo rin talaga ng kung emotionally resonant
ano nangyari dito stories,
papasok yung concept ng photojournalism
news writing. Lalagyan informs and engages
mo rin talaga ng konting audiences,
explanation para encourages critical
malaman ng tao. In terms thinking and inspires
of traditional social change.
photojournalism in the
daily use itself talagang
kailangan mong bigyan

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ng kahulugan or little
explanation, bibigyan mo
ng explanation para
luminaw lalo yung storya
mo.”

P2
““ To ensure that the Effective advocacy
photo can convey the relies on crafted
intended message about narratives and
social justice, it's crucial intentional
to carefully consider the composition
narrative that the image
is telling. This involves
deliberate choices in the
subject matter,
composition, and
symbolism used in the
frame. The photograph
should not only depict a
situation but also suggest
a larger social or
political context. For
example, including
elements like facial
expressions, body
language, or
environmental details can
evoke a sense of urgency
or empathy, prompting
the viewer to reflect on
the broader issue. It is
also essential to engage
with the subject in a
respectful and ethical
responsible manner,
ensuring their dignity is
preserved and that their
story is told
authentically”

P3
“Dun naman sa side na
to ng photojournalism,
move tayo dun sa subject
at hand or yung frames, Captioned photos

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dito papasok yung convey intended

napakalaking role ng messages
captions for us accurately
photojournalists, sobrang
laking bagay na
nagagamit namin yung
captions. Yung caption ay
literal na description ng
photos, sa hotojournalism
meron diyan to write a
specific caption. Ang
bottom line naman nito
hine-help nito yung
photos na ma-validate
yung claim mo dun sa
photo, kasi without
captions yung images
pwedeng ma taken out of
context—matransform
siya dun sa something na
hindi mo naman
intention. Katulad ng
example ko kanina, nag
picture siya ng mga taong
naka taas yung kamay,
tapos yung caption niya is
“ito yung taong mga
naniniwala sa ganto,”
hindi naman yun yung
sinabi niyang reason, so
nagamit yung photos
para personal na gain.
Dito naman sa part na to
kasi framing ng
techniques mo ay
mawawalan ng bisa lahat
ng techniques, ng
framings na gagamitin
mo kung hindi ito
nasusuportahan ng
caption. Tulad nga ng
sabi ko kanina dun sa
natetaken out of context
yung photos mo dahil
yung mga tao could be
subjective sa mga take

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nila. So ikaw bilang

photojournalist kaya ka
nag ca-caption para
mailahad mo agad yung
objective mo pag ka nag
pupublish ka ng mga
ganitong photos. Kasi
pag nag caption ka ‘di
sila mate-taken out of
context, madadala mo
agad sila dun sa gusto
mong iparating. And,
also, may details kasi,
dun pa lang
nae-emphasize na. So
kailangan objective pa
rin tayo sa pag dadala ng
mensahe so para ma-sure
mo rin kailangan mo rin
lagyan ng caption.”

P4
“Ang una mo kasing
gagawin, kunyare kapag Photojournalism
nandun ka na sa scene, demands
hahanapin mo kung ano persistent capture,
yung main subject. Kasi discerning edits
ang mostly subject mo and ethical
diyan is masa or kung integrity
wala mang promenenteng
tao na nag sasalita
kunyare sa harap, ang
next mong target is yung
masa, kasi ang target mo
ay masa, kahit ano ka
pang journalist pwera na
lang kung corrupt kang
journalist. masa ang
audience mo. So, you
need to capture kung
anong epekto ng
sitwasyon sa masa. So, in
terms of getting those
perfect picture there is no
certainty kasi hindi mo
naman sila pwede

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pakiusapan na "wait lang

pose ka muna, p
picturean kita" hindi
naman pwedeng ganon.
Kaya, if you're going
to–kasi specially na
action photo yung ano
mo, hindi pwedeng naka
steady lang, hindi mo din
sila pwedeng pakiusapan
din. You have to just,
identify the main subject
ng issue kung sinong
pinaka naapektuhan
which is yung masa or
kung meron man yung
nag sasalita din or kung
sino mang promenenteng
taong sangkot sa issue.
Then just click, you have
to–there is no certainty
kasi so you just have to
click and click. You have
to try your best na kunan
siya in every angle tapos
from time to time din, you
have to check your photos
kasi mahirap na kapag
tapos na yung issue or
yung nangyayari tsaka
mo lang i c check, wala
palang magandang photo
tapos kailangan mo lang i
check from time to time
na merong maayos na
photo kasi depende rin
yun sa article na
masusulat ng kasama
mong writer, sa field.
kunwari syempre hindi
mo naman, hindi mo
naman mabibigay sa'yo
yung article beforehand
so hindi mo alam yung
nilalaman ng article so
you have to just click and

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click sa kung anong

tingin mo magiging useful
sa isusulat na article ng
iyong writer na kasama.
So, most likely ang best
bet mo pag di mo alam is
yung emotion ng masa
kung anong pinaparating
nila kailangan mong ma
capture yon, every angle
possible tsaka
technicalities na rin
syempre. Sa technicalities
naman yung mga sinabi
kong ethics kailangan
mong ma familiarize
yourself kung ano yung
mga ethics na kailangan
mo isaalang alang
habang pumipitik
syempre hindi mo naman
kailangan habang
pumipitik ka mag babasa
ka ng libro, mag babasa
ka ng manual, or like
babalikan mo yung mga
notes mo na mga pwede o
hindi pwede kailangan
mong–basically practice
lang dito eh in terms of
technicalities. Yun lang.”

P5
““Para sa akin,
importante na malinaw Capturing truth,
ang mensahe na nais inspiring change
kong iparating sa bawat
kuha. I make sure na ang
composition ng bawat
frame ay may kasamang
mga elemento na
nagpapakita ng epekto ng
isyung tinatalakay, kaya't
kailangan ko talagang
mag-focus sa mga
detalye—mula sa facial

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expressions ng tao
hanggang sa mga maliliit
na bagay sa paligid na
makakapagbigay ng
konteksto. Halimbawa,
kapag kinukunan ko ng
larawan ang mga
komunidad na apektado
ng mga isyu sa kalikasan,
gusto kong makita sa mga
larawan ang hirap at
resiliency ng mga tao,
pati na rin ang kawalan
ng suporta mula sa
gobyerno. I also try to
capture moments na raw,
hindi scripted, kasi yun
ang pinakamalakas na
mensahe—kung paano
sila talaga. Pinipili ko rin
ang tamang timing ng
kuha, kasi minsan, ang
tamang oras ng
pag-picture ng isang tao
o sitwasyon ay nagdadala
ng mas malalim na
mensahe. Hindi lang
basta pictures ang goal
ko, kundi yung impact na
madarama ng mga
makakakita na
magpapaisip at
magpapakilos"

P6
““Para sa akin, ang
pinakamahalaga ay ang Exposing reality,
pagkakaroon ng malinaw igniting
na layunin bago ko itutok meaningful change
ang kamera. Kapag may
mga isyu ukol sa social
justice, unang-una,
sinusuri ko kung paano
ko ipapakita ang kwento
ng mga tao sa likod ng
isyung iyon—hindi lang

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basta mga litrato, kundi

mga litrato na may
kasamang emosyon at
kwento. Minsan, ang mga
maliliit na detalye sa
isang frame, tulad ng
ekspresyon ng mukha o
ang galaw ng katawan,
ay may malalim na
mensahe na hindi
kailangan ipaliwanag pa.
I make sure na ang bawat
shot ay may
context—kung paano ito
makakatulong para
magbigay liwanag sa
isyu, at magpapakita ng
pananaw ng mga tao na
madalas ay hindi
naririnig. Sinasalamin ko
din ang tamang balanse
ng subjectivity at
objectivity sa mga litrato
ko, kasi gusto kong
ipakita ang totoo, pero
may respeto sa dignidad
ng bawat isa. Laging
importante na alam ko
kung anong epekto ang
pwedeng idulot ng bawat
frame, hindi lang sa mga
viewers kundi pati na rin
sa mga tao sa picture.”

Table 2.3 discusses how photojournalists select subjects and frames to effectively convey

messages of social justice, highlighting their insights and experiences. The table above illustrates

that photojournalists use a careful selection of subjects, focusing on marginalized communities,

inequality, and injustices, to ensure that their work emphasizes social justice issues. A study

conducted by Varma (2016) justifies that by framing their images with context and depth, they

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aim to evoke empathy and spark social awareness, drawing attention to the struggles of these

communities and highlighting the need for change. The photojournalists' approach is rooted in

their commitment to using visual storytelling as a tool for advocacy and social reform.

Part III

THE UTILIZATION OF PHOTOGRAPHY AS A TOOL OF

PHOTOJOURNALISTS

Table 3.1

Question Text Code Theory

7. How can you P1 As stated by P1 and

leverage the “Wow, definitely let’s Photojournalism's P6 Photojournalism's
powerful go back to what i said power lies in efficacy lies in its
visual earlier, “the see is to documenting truth, documentary
communicatio believe” just like i sparking critical potential, fostering
n of said in jesus and conversation critical discourse and
photography, israelites era, i swear social justice
as opposed to even the high priest advocacy through
written will not believe it instant visual impact.
mediums, in without sighting it P4 also stated by
addressing first, and no providing credible
social issues? technology exist at visual evidence,
What leverage that point time, photography
or advantage addressing is enough- enhances credibility,
does take a look at validates facts and
photography example of thomas sparks critical
have over who is not believing thinking. Its
written forms in jesus christ, but immediacy and
in advocating when jesus christ clarity surpass written
for social introduced himself, media, effectively
justice? thomas without a conveying social

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say.. Already believed issues and promoting

just by sighting jesus advocacy.
christ with his own
two eyes. It goes to
the same concept in
photojournalism at
this day, “The See is
to believe” and
we(photojorunalist)
and media
practitioners have a
responsibility to the
people to tell them
the truth, that seeing
an image that is
captured is a receipt
of that moment, that
image depicts what
happened in that very
own situation, not
only that you can also
lay up another story
that elaborates, And
just like i said- for
example the LGBTQ
community, how
many people take a
part in parade every
june yearly? There
you see, the message
is clear that they are
advocating for
equality. When we
cover for pride
marches or any rally
that fight for
injustice, it will
always makes
headlines, firstly
because of their
desire to express
theirselves, secondly
the population of
LGBTQ continue to
rise, can’t denied
that, as the role of

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photojournalist is
question it through
the power of media,
that technology we
have is develop to
provide them their
representation in the
mass of Filipino and
now what story will
you get from that?
When it comes to the
power of the social
media that we have,
just name your social
media platform and
any of that is so
accessible ever than
before, i repeatedly
said this and just one
click is enough and
whatever you’re
searching for will
show up shortly,
wherever it is from,
google, chat gpt,
gemini- and just that
the power of today’s
technology really
affect us big time,
each of us and you
can also ask Sen.
Ched Gatchalian. It
just really affect us in
our everyday lives,
when you ask people
from society where
they get their
information, all you
will hear is social
media platforms,
that’s where they get
their infos, now ask
your family in your
households, where
they get their
information, you will

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hear the same, it will

be rare to hear
someone say that they
hear their
information in
television news,
usually it is the older
people who does that,
but typically people
now adays get their
information from the
same sources, coming
from social media
platforms and that’s
why i believe in the
power of
photojournalism
alone that conveys
our true advocation
does come down to
story telling, the art
of story telling. What
story shall we tell to
the people? How will
it affect them? Will it
inspire the mass of
Filipino to do better?
Or the change we
wanted? In our story
telling, will we really
affect them? Inspire
them? Will we be able
to provide a justice?
With a clear
explanation of what
happens? Will they
able to learn
something? right? I
really believed in the
art of photography
itself that shares a
story, lies in the hand
of photographer, and
that is why i really
respect those
photographers, why?

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Their job required

them to be always
ground zero, they
should be always in
the place they’re
assigned to and that
is really hard type of
job. That’s the
difference of Media
practitioners from
bloggers, we hold the
highest standard of
professionalism
compare to those
bloggers with no
basis, ethical
practices, they
entertain, that’s it.
Video practitioners
and photojorunalist
has to be insight just
to capture the
moment, to tell their
depictions of truth in
online platforms, for
example from the
recently disaster that
happened in naga in
bicol. Anyway, that’s
is all i can say, that
we do hold the
highest standard of
professionalism,
additionally we have
to be considerate with
our own
photojournalist and
give them an
appreciation, even
those in publications,
thank is enough
despite of their hard
work because that is
the role of
photojournalist alone
and those angles that

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was taken, it weighs

on them and i
believed that is the
real power of
photojournalism.

P2
“Photography has a Photography's
unique advantage in instant impact and
addressing social vivid storytelling
issues because it fuel social justice
captures an movements
immediate visceral
moment that can
evoke emotional
responses from the
viewer. Unlike written
text which requires
interpretation and
understanding. A
photograph is often
universally accessible
and can instantly
communicate
complex emotions.
On the situation, the
visual power of
photography can
transcend language
barriers, making it
more immediate tool
for spreading
awareness,
particularly in a
diverse global
audience. Also,
photography's ability
to freeze time and
focus attention on a
particular subject
allows it to highlight
injustices or stories
that might otherwise
go unnoticed in
written narratives.
This immediacy and

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visual clarity make

photography a
powerful tool in
advocating for social
justice. Ang pinakang
advantage ng
photography,
photojournalism sa
ibang field ng
journalism is that sa
mga picture na
kinukuha na ng isang
kumukuha ng letrato,
nakukuha niya yung
pinakang-aktual na
nangyayari sa isang
bagay na pinipicture
nila sa kanilang
subject. Kung para sa
written na kailangan
siyang i-analyze,
i-interpret, at
i-describe kung
papaano siya
nangyayari. Or kung
meron nga siyang
advantages, meron
naman siyang
disadvantage. Kasi
nga, kailangan natin
kumuha ng mga
angulo na sapo at
sapat para
ma-interpret natin na
maayos, ma-increase
natin na maayos yung
message o yung story
na gusto natin ilabas
dun sa mga
mababasa.”

P3 Social justice
“if we talking about advocacy via critical
traditional modern thinking and
journalism right now Fact-Checking.
yung new media

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napaka laking ng
defense and makikita
mo yung advantages
and disasvantages im
gonna mention some
mga highlights ng
pros and cons so una
sa photography kase
yung photo
journalism mapa new
media man o
traditional pareho
parin naman kase ng
layunin yan yung
goal nyan is to inform
kaya lang right now
yung credibility kase
hinahanap hanap
natin ngayon na
madali mang grab ng
phots madali mang
manipula ng photos
with ai and yung
madali nang mang
credit grab daming
dami posibilities ng
new media na
makapag bigay ng
false information
sobrang dalas naman
nitong nangyayari
over the years
especially sa
generation na to ang
daming ah
prespective kase na
partial lang di sya
holistic so ito lang
nakikita natin so yung
defense with the
rythm na mediums na
aano kase sila ng
profite kase sila so
bago sila makasalang
sa radio bago sila
makapasok sa radyo

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sa print may ang

proftrint jan ibig
sabihin nasasala
bago mabasa yung
article unlike right
now na tingnan yung
facebook nagiging
ano e alam mo yung
sabrang dali mag
express rigth now
lagyan mo ng post ng
post anything you like
kaya lang if we
talking about sa ano
sa social justice mas
madami mag aim
social justice right
bow kase katulad
before dumadaan pa
sa mga tao minsan
nattamper through
chismiss misnsa
nadadagan na yung
istorya ngayon its
partner with critical
thinking with fact
checking mas
madalingng mag
advocate ng social
justice rightnow
sobrang ano sobrang
bilis mo sya ma
e-express tulad ng
mga ano bato recent
stories facebook lives
mga official
statement so isaw vp
answering she's
accusation doon sa
meeting sa paglipat
noong writing alam
mo yung face to face
na kailangan mong
hanapin everything
lang ngayon mong
hanapin everything

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lang ngayon ayun

lang ng bigges threat
right now ay ay
makapag bigay tayo
ng false information
instead of social
justice ang ma aim
natin false
information ngayon
ay just aclick imagine
ang mga people na
makakakita sa written
midea ngayon madali
mabilis ang false
information minsan
nagiging telenovela
na yung mga balita
so right now
nababawasan yung
fact checking right
now kase minsan lalo
na may acces yung
mga kabataan
Sobrang nakawala ng
atensyon pag sobrang
daming binabasa mo
with the help ng
photography through
the help ng photos
mas na miminimize
yung writings kase
makikita na nila yung
information photos
palang mas
nakakahook din sya
kase nag iinspire na
mag hanap tayo ng
risk mag hanap tayo
ng proof its properly
Documented ma
su-support ng photos
yung news at article
at the same time
masususport din ng
news at article yung
photos na ilalabas mo

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so parang ano yan e

Happily married
yang article at yung
photos kase pag ka
maayos mong na
express pareho
makakakuha ng
magandang
engagement. this is
outside na to ng ating
advocacy for photo
journalism ito ng
literal na the
marketing photos mas
madali kasing
mabasa ng tao yung
maikling captions at
maayos na photo kase
pag kase pag na hook
ng maayos na photos
maikli lang yung
cation nababasa nila
ng buo unlike sa
sobrang haba ng
article di magandang
photo minsan
nalalaktawan na
i-iscrollan so if ayon
ma eexpress pareho
kase if maganda yung
photo maganda yung
caption makukuha
nyo yung
encouraging
engagement.”

P4 Visual evidence
““Sabi ko nga enhance credibility.
kanina, it serves as Authentic images
evidence na rin. validate facts
Ipapakita mo sa lahat
na nangyari ‘to, ito
yung nangyari pero it
all comes down sa
credibility mo as a
photojournalist. Kasi

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sa sulat kasi, kunyare

nag susulat ka ng
editorial article,
mostly kasi sa
opinion mo yun, base
sa facts. Syempre sa
editorial article hindi
mo malalagay yung
link ng article ng
pinag sbasihan mo or
kung ang evidence na
pinag basehan mo is
yung personal
experience mo or
yung personal
observation mo.
Pwedeng sabihin ng
tao especially yung
mga close minded na
tao na “baka naman
sinasabi mo lang yan
kasi oppose ka sa
issue na to mag kaiba
paniniwala natin
ganyan ganyan”
pwede nila sabihin
yun. Pero if you have
the photo na
appropriate photo na
mag mamatch dun sa
sinasabi ng article
mo—you kind of
present the evidence
itself—na hindi mo na
kailangan ng ano
mang source sa labas
kasi nandun ka na.
Yun lang yung
kino-consider kong
leverage ng
photojournalism.”

P5 Photography's
“"Sa tingin ko, instant impact
malaki ang fosters social
advantage ng awareness and

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photography advocacy
kumpara sa written
mediums kapag
dating sa advocacy,
lalo na sa social
justice. Kasi, ang
photo, isang instant
na kwento na
pwedeng magpakita
ng emosyon at mga
detalye na minsan
mahirap iparating
gamit ang salita. Ang
isang litrato, kaya
nitong ipakita ang
kalungkutan, galit, o
saya ng mga tao, at
minsan, mas madali
siyang maka-connect
sa mga tao, kahit
hindi sila magaling
magbasa o magsulat.
Kung written,
kailangan pa ng
context at
explanation, pero sa
photo, direct to the
point siya. Isa pa,
mas mabilis
ma-absorb ng
audience ang visual
kaysa sa
mahahabang teksto.
Para sa akin, ang
photos may power to
stop time and create
an emotional impact
na ang words lang
minsan hindi kayang
gawin. Kaya as a
photojournalist, I use
photography to bring
awareness, kasi 'yung
image, it speaks
louder than words."

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P6
“"Sa tingin ko, mas Photography
powerful ang transcends words,
photography delivering social
kumpara sa mga justice messages
written medium with instant, lasting
pagdating sa social impact
issues kasi may
immediate impact
siya. Yung mga
litrato, may
kakayahang
magbigay ng malalim
na mensahe in just
one glance. Hindi mo
na kailangang
magbasa ng
maraming
paragraphs, kasi
yung image mismo,
nakaka-apekto agad
sa emosyon ng tao.
Sa photojournalism,
kaya mong ipakita
ang mga realities na
minsan mahirap
ipaliwanag ng salita
lang. Halimbawa, sa
mga eksena ng
kahirapan, ang isang
picture ng isang
batang gutom o isang
pamilya sa
evacuation center ay
mas matindi ang
epekto kaysa sa isang
article na kailangan
mong basahin. Ang
leverage ng
photography ay nasa
visual impact, yung
instant na
pag-connect sa
audience, kaya mas
madali nilang
naiintindihan ang

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mga isyu at
nararamdaman nila
yung urgency ng
pagbabago. In the
end, yung mga
images na ‘yun, may
power na magbukas
ng mata ng mga tao,
magtulak ng aksyon,
at magbigay ng boses
sa mga walang
boses."

Table 3 discusses the role of photography in advocating for social justice, specifically

focusing on its ability to convey powerful messages that resonate deeply with audiences. The

table highlights how visual imagery can evoke emotional responses in ways that written words

sometimes cannot, enabling individuals to connect with social issues on a more visceral level.

Photography has the advantage of capturing raw, unfiltered moments that can bypass intellectual

barriers, making it easier to engage a wider audience and prompt immediate action. As affirmed

by Douglass (2022), through vivid, impactful images, photography can bring attention to

pressing issues, amplify marginalized voices, and inspire collective advocacy for social change.

The findings and the analysis of our study justify the alternative hypothesis, affirming

that photojournalistic photographs possess the power to evoke emotional responses, raise

awareness about social injustices, and mobilize individuals and communities to take action

toward addressing these issues. The data acquired reveals that photography serves as a

significant medium for advocacy, with photojournalists effectively utilizing their craft to

highlight societal inequalities, human rights violations, and environmental concerns. Through

intentional subject selection, impactful framing, and ethical storytelling, photojournalists evoke

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empathy, spark social awareness, and inspire action. Furthermore, the strategic use of

photography on digital and mainstream platforms amplifies its impact, fostering emotional

connections and promoting meaningful change. These findings validate the role of

photojournalistic imagery as a transformative tool for advocating social justice and advancing

societal progress.

Chapter 5

Summary of the Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter presents the results of the study and discusses the findings, summary,

conclusion, and recommendations of the paper. The questions stated and presented in the

Statement of the Problem will be addressed in this chapter.

The researchers conducted interviews and distributed questionnaires to six selected

respondents in the field of photojournalism, including a journalism student, a member of a school

publication, and a professional practitioner, all based in Bulacan. The data gathered from the

respondents' answers were carefully interpreted and analyzed to explore the role of photography

in advocating social justice and to understand how voice resonance is achieved through the lens.

Summary of Findings

Based on the analyzed data, the findings are summarized as follows:

1. The Roles of Photography in the Advocacy of Photojournalists

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The results of the gathered data and responses reveal that photography serves as a

significant medium for advocating social justice by raising awareness, documenting

injustices, and inspiring societal change. Respondents highlighted that while photography

has the potential to effectively support social justice, its impact relies heavily on ethical

practices and intentional portrayal of issues. Respondents also emphasized the dual role

of photographers in balancing artistic expression with activism, crafting images that

evoke emotion and provoke thought while maintaining ethical and aesthetic integrity.

Moreover, photography’s relevance persists in the digital age, with its strategic use on

social media and mainstream platforms amplifying its impact through visual storytelling

that fosters emotional connections, sparks conversations, and drives societal action.

2. The Message of Photojournalists behind the Subject and Frames

The findings revealed that photojournalists are driven by a strong sense of responsibility

to advocate for social justice through their choice of subjects and framing techniques.

Their motivations stem from a desire to raise awareness about societal issues such as

inequality, human rights violations, environmental concerns and the likes. By carefully

selecting subjects and employing impactful framing, they aim to highlight the voices of

marginalized communities, evoke empathy, and spark social awareness. Technical aspects

such as angles, lighting, colors, and composition are also meticulously considered to

enhance the emotional impact and visual storytelling of their work. Framing plays a

critical role in emphasizing the emotional and urgent aspects of their messages, ensuring

that the audience engages deeply with the issues. Ultimately, photojournalists utilize their

craft as a powerful tool for advocacy, striving to inspire action and promote meaningful

change.

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3. The Utilization of Photography as a Tool for Photojournalists

The findings reveals that photography indeed serves as a powerful tool for advocating

social justice by conveying impactful messages that resonate deeply with audiences. Its

ability to capture raw, unfiltered moments allows it to bypass intellectual barriers, evoke

emotional responses, and foster connections to social issues. Through vivid imagery,

photography amplifies marginalized voices, draws attention to pressing concerns, and

inspires collective action for social change.

Conclusions

Following the given data above, the researchers therefore conclude:

1. Photojournalists play a crucial role in advancing social justice by documenting injustices,

amplifying marginalized voices, shedding light on overlooked societal issues, providing

credible evidence, inspiring collective action, inciting change, and challenging oppressive

narratives.

2. Photojournalists select their subjects based on their personal values, the injustice they see

in society that they wish to change, the stories they aim to tell, and the relevance of these

narratives to contemporary social justice issues. To convey messages effectively,

photojournalists employ technical strategies, such as thoughtful framing, angles, lighting,

and symbolism, to guide viewers' interpretation and emotional engagement. Strategic use

of elements like color and composition enhances the visual impact, making the story

more compelling and relatable.

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3. Photography is a uniquely powerful medium for advocacy because it serves as visual

evidence that validates the existence of social issues and evokes public interest.

Capturing moments in the middle of action creates authenticity and immediacy, fostering

a deep emotional connection with the audience. A well-composed photograph, paired

with an informative caption, can educate viewers, provoke empathy, and inspire them to

act. By combining aesthetic appeal with truthful storytelling, photojournalism provides

both evidence and context, making complex issues more accessible and impactful.

Photojournalists are vital advocates for social justice, using their craft to document

injustices, amplify marginalized voices, and bring overlooked societal issues to light. Through

deliberate subject selection, technical expertise, and authentic storytelling, they create

compelling visual narratives that evoke empathy, validate social realities, and inspire collective

action. By combining artistic impact with truthful documentation, photojournalism serves as both

evidence and a catalyst for meaningful change.

Recommendations

Upon consideration of the conclusions drawn from this study, the following

recommendations are proposed to enhance understanding and further research on the role of

photography as a tool in advocating social justice for photojournalists:

1. Recognizing the potential of digital platforms in amplifying advocacy efforts, journalism

programs and student publications should encourage students to experiment with social

media, blogs, and online portfolios for sharing their work. Training on optimizing content

for digital platforms can help students reach broader audiences and inspire action. Future

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studies should explore how social media platforms amplify the role of photography in

advocating for social justice, particularly in shaping public discourse and mobilizing

movements.

2. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that academic institutions, media

organizations, and community groups collaborate to establish a structured

Photojournalism for Social Justice Program. This program should aim to enhance

technical skills in photography—such as framing, composition, and lighting—while

emphasizing the advocacy dimensions of the craft. Through workshops, mentoring, and

field experiences, the program can empower aspiring and professional photojournalists to

use their work to highlight social issues effectively. This initiative would not only refine

their technical abilities but also deepen their understanding of the symbolic and emotional

impact of their images, fostering greater public appreciation for the essential role of

photojournalism in advancing societal change.

3. Establish clear ethical standards for photojournalists when portraying sensitive issues.

Guidelines should ensure that representation respects the dignity of subjects while

accurately depicting the realities of social injustices.

4. Since photography can influence public opinion and policy changes, future researchers

could explore case studies where photojournalistic work has led to tangible societal

change. Such research would provide insights into best practices for using photography

as an advocacy tool. Future researchers could also explore the ethical considerations of

Photojournalism such as personal bias, tampering or manipulation of photography and

caption, and misuse of advocacy to promote hate and discrimination.

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5. Future Researchers could delve deeper into the comparative strengths and weaknesses of

written and visual journalism in advocacy contexts. This will aid aspiring journalists in

selecting the most appropriate medium to convey their messages effectively.

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APPENDIX

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Permission Letter to conduct study

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Informed Content

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Questionnaire

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