Tissue - group of cells with similar structure and function plus Structure: 1 layer of square-shaped cells

extracellular substance (matrix)

Function: secretion
Histology - study of tissue
Location: glands, ovaries, kidneys, Tubules of nephrons,
Pigmented layer of retina, Germinal layer of ovary
Types of Tissues • Simple Columnar
1. Epithelial Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells
2. Connective Function: secrete mucus and absorption
3. Muscular Location: stomach, intestines, resp. tract, Central canal of
spinal cord
4. Nervous
• Pseudostratified Columnar
Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells appears stratified but
Epithelial Tissues isn’t
• Location: cover body (internal and external) Function: secrete mucus and propel debris out of resp. tract
- Ex. Skin, kidney, trachea, glands, etc (cilia)

• Characteristics: Location: nasal cavity and trachea, auditory tube, ductus

deferens, male urethra
- cells close together (very little extracellular matrix)
- form most glands
• Stratified Squamous
- have free surface
Structure: many layers of flat, tile-like cells
- Basal surface: attaches epithelial cells to underlying tissues
Function: protect and acts as a barrier
Location: skin, mouth, throat, esophagus
Functions of Epithelial Tissues
- Keratinized:
1. Protect: Ex. Skin
Skin and Tongue
2. Act as a barrier: Ex. Skin keeps bacteria out
- Non keratinized:
3. Diffusion and Filtration: Ex. Lungs and kidneys
oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, cornea, and anal canal
4. Secretion: Ex. Sweat glands
Function: Protection of deeper tissue
5. Absorption: Ex. Small intestine
• Transitional
Structure: special type of stratified epi. changes shape
Classification of Epithelial Tissue (stretched squamous, not stretched cuboidal)

• Simple and stratified = number of cell layers Function: hold fluids

Simple - single layer (includes pseudostratified) Location: urinary bladder

Stratified - many layers (includes transitional) • Stratified Cuboidal

• Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional= cell shape - at least two layers of cuboidal cells
Location: Ducts of sweat glands, ovarian follicle, seminiferous
tubules
• Simple Squamous
Functions: Passage to the secretion and acts as barrier
Structure: 1 layer of flat, tile-like cells
• Stratified Columnar
Function: diffusion and filtration
Structure: Two or more layer of columnar cells
Location: blood vessels, lungs (alveoli), heart, kidneys
(parietal layer) Location: Conjunctiva Cavernous urethra

• Simple Cuboidal Functions: Passage to the secretion and acts as barrier

Embryological aspect Connective Tissues Characteristics/Features
• Epithelia are derived from all the 3 germs layers: • Cells far apart
• Ectoderm- Epithelium of skin • Contain large amounts of extracellular matrix
• Endoderm- Epithelium of gut • Classified based on type of extracellular matrix and function
• Mesoderm- Epithelium of pericardial, peritoneal and pleural • Ex. Blast cells build, clast cells carve
cavities
• Extracellular matrix – major constituents - contains 3
components (in varying amounts): protein fibers, ground
substance, fluid
Cell Connections
• Ground substance: proteins and sugars
• Tight junctions: bind adjacent cells together
- Ex. Intestines
Cells of Connective Tissue
• Desmosomes: mechanical links that bind cells
• A. Fixed cells (intrinsic cells) - Production &
• Hemidesmosomes: bind cells to basement membrane Maintenance of Extracellular Matrix
• Gap junctions: 1. Fibroblast & Fibrocytes
- small channels that allow molecules to pass between cells a. Most seen
b. Fusiform with slender cytoplasmic process
- allow cells to communicate c. Large oval nucleus,
- most common d. Responsible for fiber production
e. Old cells are fibrocyte,
Glands f. Contractile Cells are myofibroblast
• structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into a 2. Mesenchymal cells
cavity, or into blood a. Undifferentiated cells
b. Stellate in shape,
• Exocrine glands: glands with ducts c. Cytoplasmic process,
- Ex. Sweat or oil glands d. Pluripotenant cell
e. Near blood vessels as Advential cell
• Endocrine glands: no ducts (directly into bloodstream) 3. Adipocyte
– Ex. Thyroid, thymus, pituitary glands, etc. a. Store lipid
b. Appears as empty space
c. Incapable to division
d. Aggregate in adipose tissue with reticular
Types of Exocrine Glands fibre
4. Fixed Macrophages (Histiocytes)
• Simple: no branches
a. Free and Fixed type,
• Compound: many branches b. Fixed Cells- Irregular Shape, filopodia
process, Dark indented eccentric nucleus,
• Tubular: end of duct
Derived from monocyte
• Alveolus: sac-like structure c. Involved in phagocytosis
d. Fused to form giant cell.

Connective Tissue • B. Free cells (extrinsic cells/Wandering Cells) -

Tissue reaction to injury or invasion of
• gives structural and metabolic support to the organ and other Microorganisms // response to chemical signals
tissue of the body
1. Free Macrophage
• it connects other tissues a. Free Cells- rounded, no filopodia
2. Mast cell
• embryonic origin: mesoderm a. Round or Fusiform Shaped
b. Mostly along blood vessels,
c. Metachromatic granules in cytoplasm,
Functions d. Granules have Histamine or Heparin,
e. Look like basophil, so called as
• Support, packing, storage, transport, repair and defense connective tissue basophil.
 f. Connective tissue mast cell –heparin • Elastic fibers:recoil after being stretched
granule, present in skin.
g. Mucosal mast cell –small, present in • Yellow in color when fresh
lamina propria of git and respiratory • Composed of elastin protein
tract • Singly present
3. Plasma cells • Branched and anastomose forming a network
a. Oval basophilic cells, • Can be stretched (one and a half times)
b. Eccentric nucleus • Synthesized by fibroblast and smooth muscle cells in
c. Heterochromatin as cartwheel nucleus blood vessels
d. Derived from B lymphocyte • Found in ligamentum flava, ligamentum nuchae,
e. Produces immunoglobulin large arteries
f. Antibody collected as Russell body.
g. Present in respiratory tract and Ground Substance
gastrointestinal tract • Transparent & Homogeneous
4. Leucocytes
• Fills spaces between cells and fibres
a. Granulocytes- Neutrophils, Esinophils,
Basophiles • Acts as amoleculer sieve facilitating diffusion
b. Agranulocytes Lymphocytes, between blood and tissues.
Monocytes • Composition:
o Mucopolysaccharides - Consistency &
viscocity of GS, serves as a physical barrier
Types of Protein Fibers in spreading infection. Examples:
Hyaluronic Acid & Heparan Sulphate.
• Collagen fibers: look like ropes and are flexible but resist
stretching o Structural Glycoproteins - Adhesion of cells
to the neighbouring cells. Examples:
• White colour when fresh Fibronectin (Dermis), Chondronectin(in
• Do not branch,wavy Cartilage) & Laminin(in basement
• present in bundle
membrane)
• Collagen protein forms Fibres
• Fibres composed of fibril made of microfibrils o Water & Electrolytes - Maintenance of
• Micro fibrils made up tropocollagen-striations Fluid balance.
• Synthesized by fibroblast • Polysacchrides - hexurate or galectose
• Tropocollagen is synthesized by fibroblasts and
released into extracellular space where they get • Carbohydrate protein complex (proteoglycanes)
polymerized to form collagen fibrils
o 1- mucopolysacchride
• Collagen on boiling gives gelatin (glucosaminoglycanes)
• More than 25 types are present
• Collagen is also synthesized by: o NonSulphates-chondroitin and hyaluronic
acid
• Chondroblasts: in collagen
• Osteoblasts : in bone o Sulphates - chondotinesulphate, heparitine
• Smooth Muscle: in blood vessels sulphate, keratohyline
• Odontoblasts: in the tooth o 2- glycoprotienes- fibronectine(dermis),
chondronectine (cartilage), laminin (b.m)
Synthesis of Collagen Fiber
• water & minerals
Amino acid to Procollagen to Three Chains to Tropocollagen
to COLLAGEN
Functions of Connective Tissue
• Reticular fibers: supporting network that fills spaces between
organs and tissues 1. Enclose and separate: Ex. around organs and muscles
• Structurally similar to collagen fibres 2. Connect tissues:
• Are very thin Immature collagen fibre
Ex. Tendons: connect bone to muscle
• Actively branch to form delicate network therefore
named Reticular Ex. Ligaments: connect bone to bone
• Form supportive framework of lymphoid tissue
3. Support and Movement: Ex. bones
• Stained black by silver salts (argyrophillic)
• Composed of Collagen Type III 4. Storage: Ex. bones store calcium and adipose tissue
stores fat Function: reduces friction (cushion)
5. Cushion and insulate: Ex. adipose tissue protects organs and • Fibrocartilage
helps conserve heat
Location: between vertebras
6. Transport: Ex. Blood
Structure: lots of collagen fibers
7. Protect:Ex. Immune cells
Function: can withstand compression
• Elastic cartilage
Classification of Connective Tissue
Location: ear and tip of nose
Ordinary CT
Structure: elastic fibers
• Loose
Function: can recoil
Location: between organs, muscles, glands, skin
Structure: collagen fibers far apart
•Bone
Function: support and protect
• Hard connective tissue
• Dense
• 2 types: compact and spongy
Location: tendons, ligaments, skin
• Composed of osteocytes
Structure: collagen fibers packed close together
Function: connect and can withstand pulling forces
Lymphoid and haemopoietic CT
Type: Regular / Irregular
• Blood
• Liquid connective tissue
CT with special properties
• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
• Adipose
• Transport food, oxygen, waste, hormones
Location: under skin and around organs
Structure: collagen and elastic fibers, cells filled with lipids
Muscular tissue - with striation
Function: storage, insulate, cushion
• Mucoid Tissue
Nervous Tissue
• Reticular Tissue
• Consist of neurons or nerve cells
• Pigmented Tissue
• Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
• Controls and coordinates body movements
Scleral CT
• Includes axons, dendrites, cell bodies
•Cartilage
• Composed of chondrocytes
• Contains collagen
• Withstands compressions
• Provides support, flexibility, strength
Types of Cartilage
• Hyaline cartilage
Location: covers ends of bones
Structure: some collagen fibers