MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

UNIT – I
Managerial Economics Introduction – Nature, meaning, significance, functions, and
advantages. Demand-Concept, Function, Law of Demand - Demand Elasticity- Types –
Measurement. Demand ForecastingFactors governing Forecasting, Methods. Managerial
Economics and Financial Accounting and Management.

UNIT – II
Production And Cost Analysis Introduction – Nature, meaning, significance, functions and
advantages. Production Function– Least- cost combination– Short run and long run
Production Function- Isoquants and Is costs, Cost & Break-Even Analysis - Cost concepts and
Cost behaviour- Break-Even Analysis (BEA) - Determination of Break-Even Point (Simple
Problems).

UNIT - III
Business Organizations and Markets Introduction – Forms of Business Organizations- Sole
Proprietary - Partnership - Joint Stock Companies - Public Sector Enterprises. Types of
Markets - Perfect and Imperfect Competition - Features of Perfect Competition Monopoly-
Monopolistic Competition–Oligopoly-PriceOutput Determination - Pricing Methods and
Strategies

UNIT - IV
Capital Budgeting Introduction – Nature, meaning, significance. Types of Working Capital,
Components, Sources of Short-term and Long-term Capital, Estimating Working capital
requirements. Capital Budgeting– Features, Proposals, Methods and Evaluation. Projects –
Pay Back Method, Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) Net Present Value (NPV) Internal Rate
Return (IRR) Method (sample problems)

UNIT - V
Financial Accounting and Analysis Introduction – Concepts and Conventions- Double-Entry
Bookkeeping, Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance- Final Accounts (Trading Account, Profit and Loss
Account and Balance Sheet with simple adjustments). Introduction to Financial Analysis -
Analysis and Interpretation of Liquidity Ratios, Activity Ratios, and Capital structure Ratios
and Profitability.
 OPERATING SYSTEMS

UNIT - I
Operating Systems Overview: Introduction, Operating system functions, Operating systems
operations, Computing environments, Free and Open-Source Operating Systems System
Structures: Operating System Services, User and Operating-System Interface, system calls,
Types of System Calls, system programs, Operating system Design and Implementation,
Operating system structure, Building and Booting an Operating System, Operating system
debugging

UNIT – II
Processes: Process Concept, Process scheduling, Operations on processes, Inter-process
communication. Threads and Concurrency: Multithreading models, Thread libraries,
Threading issues. CPU Scheduling: Basic concepts, Scheduling criteria, Scheduling
algorithms, Multiple processor scheduling.

UNIT – III
Synchronization Tools: The Critical Section Problem, Peterson’s Solution, Mutex Locks,
Semaphores, Monitors, Classic problems of Synchronization. Deadlocks: system Model,
Deadlock characterization, Methods for handling Deadlocks, Deadlock prevention, Deadlock
avoidance, Deadlock detection, Recovery from Deadlock.

UNIT - IV
Memory-Management Strategies: Introduction, Contiguous memory allocation, Paging,
Structure of the Page Table, Swapping. Virtual Memory Management: Introduction, Demand
paging, Copy-on-write, Page replacement, Allocation of frames, Thrashing Storage
Management: Overview of Mass Storage Structure, HDD Scheduling.

UNIT - V
File System: File System Interface: File concept, Access methods, Directory Structure; File
system Implementation: File-system structure, File-system Operations, Directory
implementation, Allocation method, Free space management; File-System Internals:
FileSystem Mounting, Partitions and Mounting, File Sharing. Protection: Goals of protection,
Principles of protection, Protection Rings, Domain of protection, Access matrix.
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

UNIT I:
Introduction: Database system, Characteristics (Database Vs File System), Database Users,
Advantages of Database systems, Database applications. Brief introduction of different Data
Models; Concepts of Schema, Instance and data independence; Three tier schema
architecture for data independence; Database system structure, environment, Centralized
and Client Server architecture for the database. Entity Relationship Model: Introduction,
Representation of entities, attributes, entity set, relationship, relationship set, constraints,
sub classes, super class, inheritance, specialization, generalization using ER Diagrams.

UNIT II:
Relational Model: Introduction to relational model, concepts of domain, attribute, tuple,
relation, importance of null values, constraints (Domain, Key constraints, integrity
constraints) and their importance, Relational Algebra, Relational Calculus. BASIC SQL: Simple
Database schema, data types, table definitions (create, alter), different DML operations
(insert, delete, update).

UNIT III:
SQL: Basic SQL querying (select and project) using where clause, arithmetic & logical
operations, SQL functions(Date and Time, Numeric, String conversion).Creating tables with
relationship, implementation of key and integrity constraints, nested queries, sub queries,
grouping, aggregation, ordering, implementation of different types of joins, view(updatable
and non-updatable), relational set operations.

UNIT IV:
Schema Refinement (Normalization): Purpose of Normalization or schema refinement,
concept of functional dependency, normal forms based on functional dependency Lossless
join and dependency preserving decomposition, (1NF, 2NF and 3 NF), concept of surrogate
key, Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF), MVD, Fourth normal form(4NF), Fifth Normal Form
(5NF).

UNIT V:
Transaction Concept: Transaction State, ACID properties, Concurrent Executions,
Serializability, Recoverability, Implementation of Isolation, Testing for Serializability, lock
based, time stamp based, optimistic, concurrency protocols, Deadlocks, Failure
Classification, Storage, Recovery and Atomicity, Recovery algorithm. Introduction to Indexing
Techniques: B+ Trees, operations on B+Trees, Hash Based Indexing:
 FORMAL LANGUAGES AND AUTOMATA THEORY

UNIT I
Finite Automata: Need of Automata theory, Central Concepts of Automata Theory,
Automation, Finite Automation, Transition Systems, Acceptance of a String, DFA, Design of
DFAs, NFA, Design of NFA, Equivalence of DFA and NFA, Conversion of NFA into DFA, Finite
Automata with Є-Transitions, Minimization of Finite Automata, Finite Automata with output-
Mealy and Moore Machines, Applications and Limitation of Finite Automata.

UNIT II
Regular Expressions, Regular Sets, Identity Rules, Equivalence of two RE, Manipulations of
REs, Finite Automata and Regular Expressions, Inter Conversion, Equivalence between FA
and RE, Pumping Lemma of Regular Sets, Closure Properties of Regular Sets, Grammars,
Classification of Grammars, Chomsky Hierarchy Theorem, Right and Left Linear Regular
Grammars, Equivalence between RG and FA, Inter Conversion.

UNIT III
Formal Languages, Context Free Grammar, Leftmost and Rightmost Derivations, Parse Trees,
Ambiguous Grammars, Simplification of Context Free Grammars-Elimination of Useless
Symbols, Є-Productions and Unit Productions, Normal Forms-Chomsky Normal Form and
Greibach Normal Form, Pumping Lemma, Closure Properties, Applications of Context Free
Grammars.

UNIT IV
Pushdown Automata, Definition, Model, Graphical Notation, Instantaneous Description,
Language Acceptance of Pushdown Automata, Design of Pushdown Automata, Deterministic
and Non – Deterministic Pushdown Automata, Equivalence of Pushdown Automata and
Context Free Grammars, Conversion, Two Stack Pushdown Automata, Application of
Pushdown Automata.

UNIT V
Turning Machine: Definition, Model, Representation of TMs-Instantaneous Descriptions,
Transition Tables and Transition Diagrams, Language of a TM, Design of TMs, Types of TMs,
Church’s Thesis, Universal and Restricted TM, Decidable and Un-decidable Problems, Halting
Problem of TMs, Post’s Correspondence Problem, Modified PCP, Classes of P and NP, NP-
Hard and NP-Complete Problems.
 PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

UNIT-I: Descriptive statistics and methods for data science:

Data science-Statistics Introduction-Population vs Sample-Collection of data - primary and
secondary data --Type of variable: dependent and independent Categorical and Continuous
variables-Data visualization-Measures of Central tendency-Measures of Variability (spread or
variance)-Skewness Kurtosis.

UNIT II: Probability and Distributions:

Probability-Conditional probability and Baye's theorem - Random variables - Discrete and
Continuous random variables - Distribution function - Mathematical Expectation and
Variance-Binomial, Poisson, Uniform and Normal distributions.

UNIT III: Sampling Theory:

Introduction - Population and samples - Sampling distribution of Means and Variance
(definition only) - Central limit theorem (without proof) - Introduction to t, chi-square and F-
distributions - Point and Interval estimations - Standard error and Maximum error of
estimate.

UNIT IV: Tests of Hypothesis:

Introduction-Hypothesis- Null and Alternative Hypothesis-Type I and Type II errors - Level of
significance-Confidence limits-Test of significance for large samples-single and two means -
single and two proportions- Student's t- distribution- significance test of a sample mean-
significance test of difference between sample means. F-test, chi-square test and test of
goodness of fit.

UNIT V: Regression analysis:

Method of least squares-Straight line - Parabola - Exponential-Power curves. Regression -
Regression coefficients and properties Curvilinear Regression, Multiple Regression-
Correlation -Correlation coefficient-Rank correlation