الر ِح ِيم
ّ ِ
منحالر
ّْ ِ
ـهّل ال ِ
م سِ
بْ
س ْب َحانَ َك الَ ِع ْل َم لَنَآ إِالّ َما َعلّ ْمتَنَآ إِنّ َك أَ ْن َ
ت ا ْل َعلِي ُم ( ُ
[البقرة ]32 - ا ْل َح ِكي ُم)
ٍكل عَاٍم َوأنتُ ْم بِخَير
ُ
أستاذ م دكتور
مصطـفي أحمـد عبدالبــاقي
“Ass. Prof. Dr. M. A. Abd El-Baky”
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Lecture Tutorial Laboratory Total
No. of hrs/week 3 2 1 6
Final Term Laboratory Total
Exam Work
Marks 90 15+15 =30 15+15 = 30 150
Prerequisites by course:
Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Objective of the course:
At the end of this course, students of Mech. power Eng.
Dept. will be:
1- Understand the all refrigeration methods.
2- Has the ability to study the various refrigeration
systems.
3- Analyze the refrigeration cycles
4- Estimate the power required and coefficient of
performance.
5- Identify the operating condition of a system
6- Calculate the cooling load and the cooling capacity
of the required evaporators.
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
7- Understand the classification of refrigerants and their
desirable properties.
8- Understand the meaning of air conditioning and its
application.
9- Understand the various air conditioning systems and
their psychometric processes.
10- Select the suitable air conditioning system for
application.
11- Analysis of the air conditioning cycles.
12- Calculate the cooling and heating loads for any
zone.
13- Calculate the duct system sizes and fan Power.
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
2- Contents
Refrigeration
No. of Tutorial/
Topic Lecture
hours Practical
Simple, mechanical vapor compression system. 10 6 4
Compound, vapor compression system. 10 6 4
Absorption refrigeration system. 5 3 2
Steam jet refrigeration system. 4 2 2
Air refrigeration system. 4 2 2
Thermo-electric refrigeration. 1 1 -
Med term Exam 2
Refrigeration Capacity of cold stores 9 5 4
Refrigerants. 5 3 2
Psychometry and properties of air, Air conditioning processes. 4 2 2
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Air conditioning systems and cycles. 6 4 2
Air refrigeration system. 4 2 2
Thermo-electric refrigeration. 1 1 -
Air Conditioning
Med term Exam 2
Refrigeration Capacity of cold stores No.9 of 5 4
Tutorial/
Topic Lecture
Refrigerants. hours
5 3 Practical
2
Simple, mechanical vapor compression system. 10 6 4
Psychometry and properties of air, Air conditioning processes. 4 2 2
Compound, vapor compression system. 10 6 4
Air conditioning systems and cycles.
Absorption refrigeration system.
65 43 22
Cooling
Steam jetand Heating Load
refrigeration calculation.
system . 104 62 42
Air
Airrefrigeration system.
distribution and duct system design. 44 22 22
Thermo-electric refrigeration. 1 1 -
Total 73 42 30
Med term Exam 2
Refrigeration Capacity of cold stores 9 5 4
Refrigerants. 5 3 2
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Psychometry and properties of air, Air conditioning processes. 4 2 2
Air conditioning systems and cycles. 6 4 2
3– Teaching and Learning Methods
Lectures, exercises.
Field visits.
Labs.
Case studies.
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
4- Student Assessment Methods:
Assessment Method Mark Percentage Week
Final Examination (written) 90 60 % 16 th
End of term assessment (Oral) 15 10 % 15 th
End of term laboratory examination (Lab) 15 10 % 14 th
Mid-term written Examination1 (Term Work) 15 10 % 9 th
Tutorial and report assessment (Term Work) 15 10 % Weakly
Total 150 100%
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
5- List of References
1- “Refrigeration and air conditioning” P. L. Ballaney.
2- “Refrigeration and air conditioning” W.F. Stoecker and J. W. Jones.
3- “Thermal Environmental Engineering” J. L. Threlkeld
4- “A course of refrigeration and air conditioning” Arrora
5- “Refrigeration systems” Mostafa A. Abdel-Baky.
6- “Refrigeration Systems and Applications” Ibrahim Dincer
Course coordinator: Prof Mousa Mohamed Mousa
Head of Department: Prof Mousa Mohamed Mousa
Date: 8/3/2014
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Topics:
I- Refrigeration:
1- Simple, Mechanical Vapor Compression Systems: [6 hrs]
Simple vapor compression cycle, system components, Actual
vapor compression cycle, compressors, reciprocating compressor,
single and double acting compressors, volumetric efficiency and
piston displacement.
2- Compound, Mechanical Vapor Compression Systems: [6 hrs]
Methods of improving the C.O.P., liquid sub-cooler, multi-
compression process and flash inter-cooling, Compound vapor
compression cycles, multi-evaporator systems, multi-
compression systems, individual and multiple expansion valves
cascade systems.
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
3- Absorption refrigeration system. [3 hrs]
4- Steam jet refrigeration system. [3 hrs]
5- Air refrigeration system. [2 hrs]
6- Thermoelectric refrigeration system. [1 hr ]
7- Calculation of refrigeration Capacity. [8 hrs]
8- Refrigerants, classification of refrigerants,
nomenclature of refrigerants desirable properties
of refrigerants and relation between refrigerants
and lubricating oil. [3 hrs]
9- Method of defrosting. [1 hr ]
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Simple Vapor
Refrigeration Systems
Prepared by Ass. Prof. Dr
“Mostafa Ahmed. Abd El-Baky”
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Simple Vapor Compression Systems
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
P
[bar] S = Const.
Liquid
T = Const.
= Const.
Wet vapor
Super
P = Const. heated
vapor
i = Const. i [kJ/kg]
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Standard cycle:
The following assumptions are considered:
1- The vapor is considered as dry and
saturated at the evaporator exit.
2- The liquid leaves the condenser as
saturated.
3- The evaporation and condensation takes
place at constant pressure.
4- The compression is considered isentropic.
5- The pressure drop in each of suction and
delivery valves is neglected.
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
P
[bar]
3 2
Pc
Pe
4 1
i [kJ/kg]
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Thermodynamic Analysis of the Cycle
.
1- Refrigerating Effect “ q e “
. P
qe = i - i bar
1 4
Pc 2s 2
2- Compression Work Done,
“W.D”
Pe
W.D = i2 - i1 1
i 2s i 1
s i [kJ/kg]
i 2 i1
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
.
3- Heat rejected from condenser ( q c )
.
q c = i 3 - i4
4- Coefficient of performance (C.O.P)
.
qe i1 i4
C.O.P =
W. D i 2 i 1
5- Unit Refrigeration Capacity (R.C)
. . . .
Q ref m R . qe m R ( i 1 i 4 )
.
. Q ref
mR
(i1 i 4 )
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
6- Compressor Power
.
Power = m R (W.D)
.
7- Condenser Heat Capacity ( Q c )
. .
Q c = m R (i2 - i3)
8- Relative Efficiency ( rel )
Te
C.O.PCar =
Tc Te
C. O. PCycle
rel
C. O. PCar
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Compressor Volumetric Efficiency (v)
Vact V3 V2
v
Vth Vst
Vc: Clearance volume, Vc = V1
Vst: stroke volume, Vst = V3 - V1,
C: Clearance factor,
Vc V1
C=
Vst Vst
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Vact V3 V2 (V3 V1 ) (V1 V2 )
v
Vth Vst Vst
Vst V1 V2 V1 V1 V2
=1+ - .
Vst Vst Vst V1
Vc Vc V2 V2
v = 1 + - . = 1 + C - C( )
Vst Vst V1 V1
1
Pd
v 1 C C( )
Ps
1
Vs Pd
v 1 C C ( ) v 1 C C ( ) n
Vd Ps
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Compressor Dimensions
.
Vst
m R = v v Z N
s D d
Fig. (2. 6) Douple acting compressor
.
mR 2 s ( D 2 d 2 ) Ls v Z N
4
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Compressor Piston Displacement (P.D)
.
mR v s
P. D
v
.
mR v s
Vst Z N
v
P.D = Vst Z N
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Example (2. 2)
A simple, standard refrigeration system uses ammonia
as a refrigerant and has 20 T.R capacity. Saturated
ammonia vapor leaves the evaporator at -15 C while
saturated liquid leaves the condenser at 40 C. The
compressor consists of four single acting cylinders has
90% volumetric efficiency and runs at 600 r.p.m. Find:
a) Refrigerant mass flow rate.
b) The power required to drive the compressor.
c) Cylinder dimensions for (D = 0.8L).
d) C.O.P. and thermodynamic efficiency
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Solution:
The flow diagram and the corresponding P-i chart of the
cycle are shown in Figure (2-8). From NH3 chart we get:
i1 = 1560, i2 = 1850, i3 = i4 = 480 kJ/kg, vs = 0.5 m3/kg.
2 P
3 NH3
Cond. bar
o
Pc 3 40 C 2
1
4 Evap. o
Pe -15 C
Exp.
Comp. 4 1
valve
i [kJ/kg]
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Calculations:
a) Refrigerant mass flow rate:
.
. R. C 20 3.516
mR 0.065 kg / sec
i 1 i 4 1560 480
.
b) power required: Power m R ( i 2 i 1 ) 18.88 kW
c) Cylinder dimensions:
. Vst Vst 600
mR v Z N = 0.9 4 0.065
vs 0.5 60
4
Vst 9.03 10 m 3
L 0.122 m, D = 0.8 L = 0.0976 m
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
d) Coefficient of Performance and Relative efficiency:
R.C 20 3.516
C.O.P = 3.725
Power 18.88
Te 258
C.O.PCar 4.69
Tc Te 55
C.O.P
Re l 0.79
C.O.PCar
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
2. 9 ACTUAL REFRIGERATION CYCLE
In section (2. 4), the standard cycle is studied. In that case, the
following assumptions are considered:
1- Constant pressure in each of evaporator and condenser,
2- No pressure drop in the suction and delivery valves,
3- Isentropic compression takes place in the compressor,
4- Saturated liquid at condenser exit,
5- Saturated vapor at evaporator exit and compressor suction
valve,
6- No heat transfer in the suction or liquid lines.
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Condenser 3
4
2
7 1
5 Evaporator
6 Comp
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
p
[bar]
2'
3
5 4
2
S=C
6 1
7
1' 1"
i [kJ/kg]
Fig. (2. 9) Actual cycle
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
P
Pc 3 2a 2s 2b
Pe
4 1
Fig. (2. 10) actual compression process
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
p
2 2'
1 1'
i1'-2' i
i1-2
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
3 2
Cond.
1
H.E.
4 6
Comp.
5 Evap.
E.V.
P
[bar]
4 3 a 2
5 b 6 1
i [kJ/kg]
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
2. 10 Effect of Operating Temperatures on the
Performance of Refrigeration Units:
2. 10. 1 Effect of Evaporation Temperature:
P
[bar]
Pc 3 Tc 2 2'
Pe1 4 Te1 1 v
Pe2
4' Te2 1'
i [kJ/kg]
Fig. (2. 13) Effect of evaporating temperature
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
R.C
C.O.P
Ref. effect
Weight/min/T.R
Sp. power
o
Evap.Temp.[ C]
Fig. (2. 14) Effect of evaporating temperature
on the performance of refrigeration unit
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
2. 10. 2 Effect of Condensing Temperature:
P
[bar]
Pc2 3' Tc2 2'
Pc1 3 Tc1
2
v
Pe Te
4 4' 1
i [kJ/kg]
Fig. (2. 15) Effect of condensing temperature
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
R.C
C.O.P
Ref. effect
Weight/min/T.R
Sp. power
o
Evap.Temp.[ C]
Fig. (2. 14) Effect of evaporating temperature
on the performance of refrigeration unit
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Example (2. 6):
An ice making factory produces 12 Tons per day at -10 C from water at 20 C.
The latent heat of freezing for water is 335 kJ/kg. The specific heat of ice is 2.1
kJ/kg. K. The brine leaves the ice making tank at 5 C below the produced ice
temperature and decreases 8 C in the evaporator tank. The evaporation
temperature of ammonia is 5 C below the brine temperature at evaporator outlet.
The temperature raise of ammonia vapor in suction line is 4 C. The condenser is
cooled by water which enters at 20 C and leaves at 30 C. The condensing
temperature is 5 C higher than the water temperature at condenser outlet. The
compressor has 4 single acting cylinders of 4% clearance factor and 1.2 stroke to
bore ratio. It runs at 1200 r.p.m. The pressure drop in suction and delivery valves
are respectively 0.2 and 0.4 bar. The compression is polytropic with index 1.25.
Draw the flow diagram of the system and its representation on P-i Chart and
find:
a) Unit R.C, if 10 % of the load is gained from the surrounding.
b) The power required to derive the compressor for mech = 90 %.
c) Cylinder dimensions.
d) Mass flow rate of brine if its specific heat is Cpb = 2.88 kJ/kg.K.
e) The amount of water required for cooling the condenser.
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Data:
.
m ice = 12 Tons/day = 500 kg/hr, Tice = -10 C, Tw = 20 C,
Cpice= 2.1 kJ/kg, L.H = 335 kJ/kg, Tb1 = -10 - 5 = -15 C,
Tb = 8 C, Tb2 = -15 -8 = -23 C, Te = -23 - 5 = -28 C,
TR1= T5 + 4 = -28 + 4 = -24 C, Tw1 = 20 C, Tw2 = 30 C,
Tc = 30 + 5 = 35 C, Z = 4, C = 0.04, L/D = 1.2,
N = 1200 r.p.m, Ps = 0.2, Pd = 0.4 bar, n =1.25,
mech= 0.90, Load factor = 1.1, Cpb= 2.88 kJ/kg.K.
.
Required: a) R.C, b) Power, c) L & D, d) mb
.
e) m cw
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
P
bar
o 2'
3 35 C
2 0.4
o n =1.25
-24 C 1
o
-28 C
4 5 1'
0.2
i kJ/kg
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Solution:
The flow diagram and the flow chart are shown in Figure (3. 8).
From the ammonia P-i chart we get:
i1= i1 = 1570, i3 = i4 = 500, i5 = 1550 kJ/kg, v1 = 1.0 m3/kg.
P1 = 1.6, P1 = P1 - 0.2 = 1.4, P2 = 14, P2 = 14.4 bar,
Process 1-2 polytropic, then:
P1 v1 = P2 v2 , v2 = 0.155 m3/kg
n n
i2 = 2150 kJ/kg
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Calculations:
a) Refrigeration Capacity: Referring to Figure (2. 18), the heat
liberated from water (T1 = 20 C) to be frozen and the ice is also
cooled to (T2 = -10 C) can be divided into three parts;
T1
T
Tf
T2
T2 T1 S
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
1) Sensible heat liberated from water to be cooled to (0 C),
2) Latent heat which is liberated from water at (0 C) to freeze and
change to ice at the same temperature,
3) Sensible heat liberated from ice to be cooled after freezing.
Then, the heat liberated from water to be frozen and cooled after
freezing can be calculated as:
Adding the heat gained from the surrounding, we get:
R.C = 1.1 [ (CpwTw + L.H + Cpice Tice )] = 67.18 kW
=19.107 T.R.
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
b) Power required:
. .
R.C = mR ( i 5 - i4 ) m R = 0.064 kg/sec
n
W.D = ( P2 v2 P1 v1 ) = 416 kJ/kg
n 1
.
m R (W.D.)
Power = = 29.6 kW
mech
1
Pd
c) Cylinder Dimensions: v 1 C C ( ) n
= 0.78
Ps
.
Vst
m R = v v ZN Vst = 1.02610-3 m3
s
D = 0.103 m, L = 0.123 m.
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
d) Mass flow rate of brine: Heat balance of evaporator:
.
R.C = m b Cpb Tb
.
m b = 2.916 kg/sec
e) Mass flow rate of condenser cooling water:
Heat balance of condenser:
. . .
Q c m R (i2 i3 ) mcw Cpw Tcw
.
m cw = 2.522 kg/sec.
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
Ass. Prof. Dr Mostafa Ahmed Abdel-Baky
