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Broadband Wireless Access Deployment Approach to Rural Communities

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Journal of Computer Networks, 2013, Vol. 1, No. 3, 38-45
Available online at [Link]
© Science and Education Publishing
DOI:10.12691/jcn-1-3-1

Broadband Wireless Access Deployment Approach to

Rural Communities
Ibikunle Frank*, Jakpa Orunta, Ike Dike

Electrical and Information Engineering Department, Covenant University, Nigeria

*Corresponding author: faibikunle2@[Link]
Received August 03, 2013; Revised August 15, 2013; Accepted August 16, 2013
Abstract Broadband wireless access networks are enterprise level networks that provide more capacity as well as
coverage. In rural inaccessible areas, wired networks are not at all cost effective. Wireless networking offers an
alternative solution for such problem of information access in rural areas. They have definitely changed the way
people communicate and share information among themselves by overcoming problems nowadays associated with
distance and location. This paper describes the frame work for deploying Wi-Fi and WiMAX technologies in Jeddo,
a rural community in Warri, Nigeria. Wi-Fi / WiMAX technologies have not only the potential to compete on a cost-
per-megabyte basis with cable and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), but also make ubiquitous broadband access a
reality. If engineering and economics are correctly applied, a Wi-Fi network can be built around an entire rural
community with a WiMAX backhaul, instead of providing limited coverage for hotspots. This paper further outline
the technical aspects of WiFi and WiMAX, discuss the network planning issues to implement these technologies,
survey their network infrastructure and different components as well as explore how they are leveraged by service
providers to offer wireless broadband internet connectivity and services.
Keywords: Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Broadband wireless access networks, Jeddo community
Cite This Article: Ibikunle Frank, Jakpa Orunta, and Ike Dike, “Broadband Wireless Access Deployment
Approach to Rural Communities.” Journal of Computer Networks 1, no. 3 (2013): 38-45. doi: 10.12691/jcn-1-3-1.

and Wi-Fi together. Dowdin [3] also discusses Wireless

WAN/LAN solutions for schools using combined
1. Introduction WIMAX and Wi-Fi. This paper is organized as follows.
Section II gives an overview of WiMAX and Wi-Fi
Presently, the use of Internet and mobile communication technologies. Section III highlights the network planning
has increased tremendously, the statistics in Nigeria shows issues required to implement these technologies. Section
that there are more than 50 million internet and mobile IV gives the network architectural framework for the
users in Nigeria in May 2012 [1]. Nigeria has the highest design of Wi-Fi and WiMAX integrated system in
number of internet and mobile users in Africa and ranks Jeddocommunity. While in Section V, we draw the
top 20 in the world, with a population of about 160 conclusion on the paper.
million people, the internet penetration ratio in Nigeria is
about 27%, which is still low. Major population in Nigeria
resides in remote areas where access to basicamenities like 2. Overview of WiMAX and Wi-Fi
telephony, internet etc. are difficult to provide. Broadband
wireless access have become the best way to meet the 2.1. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
demand for rapid Internet connection and integrated data,
voice and video services in remote and rural areas. Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity and belongs to the
Broadband wireless access can extend fiber-optic IEEE 802.11 (an international standard describing the
networks and provide more capacity than cable networks characteristics of a Wireless Local Area Network ) family
or digital subscriber line [1]. The free license band of standards which is primarily, a local area networking
spectrum (IEEE 802.11b, 2.4 GHz Band) of Wi-Fi, the (LAN) technology that can be likened to a highly
easy availability of Wi-Fi devices, and very good QoS localized adaptation of MMDS, which does not require
features of WiMAX, makes it suitable to provide long line of sight [5]. Today Wi-Fi has become the standard for
range communications for rural areas and can satisfy broadband connectivity in homes, offices, and public
bandwidth requirement at proper price that suits rural hotspot locations [6]. Wi-Fi permits connectivity to the
people. The benefits of this integration include cost- internet with speeds of up to 54 Mbps. Wi-Fi devices use
effective backhaul with long range, interference-free, technologies based on the IEEE 802.11 standard to
licensed WIMAX and the cost effective access of Wi-Fi transmit data with the aid of a wireless access point [7].
clients. In the technical white paper in [2], they analyzed Wi-Fi functions within a low frequency range, its
various user scenarios for deployment models of WIMAX transmitters operate at low power and still achieve ranges
 Journal of Computer Networks 39

of up to 30m indoors and up to 450m outdoors. The first sequence spread spectrum as modulation techniques [8].
802.11 wireless network standards were developed in The foremost use of Wi-Fi is to provide local wireless
1997; it supported a maximum speed of up to 2 Mbps connection to communication equipment, e.g. PCs, VoIP
using Frequency hopping spread spectrum and direct within customer premises.

Figure 1. A Wi-Fi System

Table 1. 802.11 Wireless family standards widely used today and their properties [25]

STANDARD PROPERTIES

1. High data rates of 11Mbps with a range of 100m to max of a few hundred meters.
IEEE 802.11b 2. Operates on 2.4GHz unlicensed band.
3. It uses the DSSS modulation technique that is more reliable than the FHSS.

1. Operates on 2.4GHz band and has corresponding range & properties as 802.11b.
2. It has a data rate of 54Mbps.
IEEE 802.11g
3. It has backward compatibility with 802.11b
4. It uses OFDM, making the 802.11b devices not able to pick the signal from the 802.11g devices.

1. Operates in the 5 GHz band with a maximum data rate of 54Mbps.

IEEE 802.11a
2. It cannot co-exist with 802.11b and 802.11g standards as they operate on different frequency bands.

Recent Wi-Fi standards support data rates up to utilize multiple input multiple output (MIMO) techniques
54Mbps and encryption software is used to provide user [10]. It is designed to deliver Wi-Fi type connectivity over
security. Wi-Fi hotspots are premises such as airports, a much greater range and thereby compete as a point-to-
restaurants which have set up local Wi-Fi connectivity to multipoint last mile broadband wireless access solution.
the internet. However, at present the 54Mbps per channel WIMAX is promoted by the WIMAX forum; it has been
capability limits the end user to approximately 1Mbps designed to be a cost-effective way to transport broadband
data rate. access over a large area. It is intended to handle high voice,
data and video services while offering a high QoS.
2.2. WiMAX (World-wide Interoperability WIMAX products can allow fixed and mobile usage
for Microwave Access) models across a range of applications. The IEEE 802.16
standard was introduced to deliver NLOS connectivity
WIMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for between a subscriber station and base station [11].
Microwave Access and is characterized under the IEEE WIMAX operations are defined over frequencies
802.16 working group. It is a broadband wireless access between 2 and 66 GHz, Line of Sight (LOS) at a range up
technology that provides fixed, nomadic, reliable and to 50 km (30 miles) and 2 to 11GHz non-Line of Sight
mobile communication across wired and wireless (NLOS) typically up to 6 - 10 km (4 - 6 miles) for fixed
connectivity. The 802.16 group was created to attend to Customer Premises Equipment (CPE). It is able to provide
specifications for wireless Metropolitan Area Networks radio coverage distance of almost 50 kilometers and data
(WMANs). This implies that 802.16 is intended to reach throughput up to 75 Mbps. The data rates for the fixed
out to areas more like mobile networks, and many standard will support up to 75 Mbps per subscriber in 20
advocates of WIMAX view it as a possible choice for the MHz of spectrum, but typical data rates will between
next generation of cellular networks. Orthogonal 20Mbps and 30Mbps. The mobile applications will
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the central support 30 Mbps per subscriber, in 10MHz of spectrum,
modulation technique used in WiMAX, both systems
40 Journal of Computer Networks

although typical data rates will be 3 - 5 Mbps [12]. MIMO smart antenna technology. This technology divides
WIMAX specifies two classes of services and they are individual signals into sub-channels so they can support
fixed WIMAX and mobile WIMAX. The fixed WIMAX multiple users at once. Multiple antennas are used to
is created to deliver wireless connection that is fixed improve speed and range, enabling WIMAX to carry more
through backbone network and IP network. The mobile data traffic [15].
WIMAX ensured the implementation of mobile
connectivity service for computers and Personal Digital 2.3. WiMAX and Wi-Fi Interworking
Assistants through cellular network with the same output.
WIMAX integrates its wide coverage area with Quality of The inter-working between WiMAX and Wi-Fi enable
Service (QoS) potentials to provide various application Internet Service Providers to deliver consistent, effective,
services like VOIP, data service, IPTV, streaming media and reliable broadband services to their subscribers.
service. WIMAX uses air-interface technology to enable Achieving this requires two key elements; multi-mode
point-to-multipoint connectivity with the advantage of subscriber devices that can communicate on both
Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) from the base station. networks and the ability to provide service across both
WIMAX also delivers last mile broadband connections, networks when users move between them. Each WiMAX
hotspots, high-speed enterprise connectivity for residential base station is primarily intended to deliver very high
and business users and WIMAX networks are often used bandwidth to a relatively few number of endpoints.
to backhaul data from Wi-Fi access points [13]. WiMAX bandwidth and distances covered vary inversely,
and are both significantly impacted by local topology. The
high speeds and long distances claimed for WiMAX are
primarily for line-of-sight installations. In contrast, real-
world installations must deal with hills, foliage, and other
obstructions. For this reason, it is often necessary to use
larger numbers of wireless nodes to provide continuous
coverage in the desired areas. Wi-Fi wireless mesh nodes
offer an easy way to provide wider coverage using the
unlicensed spectrum, delivering the WiMAX bandwidth
more broadly. This combination leverages the best of both
Wi-Fi and WiMAX in the combined network, each
technology contributing to better efficiency, lower cost,
Figure 2. An example of WIMAX providing Internet Access [14]
and broader coverage. Bandwidth is delivered to multiple
points in the Wi-Fi wireless mesh network via high-speed
The WIMAX MAC layer uses an intelligent scheduling WiMAX links rather than via wires or fiber drops. End-
algorithm that allows subscriber stations to compete only user devices, equipped only for Wi-Fi, can then access the
once for initial entry into the network. Furthermore, this network through the Wi-Fi wireless mesh. This merged
maintains balance in overloaded circumstances which network topology may deliver far better overall
results in better bandwidth efficiency. OFDMA is a performance and lower overall cost than would a
multiuser version of OFDM (it has the ability to networkbuilt on either WiMAX or Wi-Fi wireless mesh
dynamically assign a subset of subcarriers to individual alone [16]. WiMAX and Wi-Fi internetworking
users) that was added in the 802.16e revision of WIMAX architecture is shown in Figure 3.
which permits multiple users to transmit concurrently at
low data rates. The 802.16e revision integrated support for

Figure 3. WiMAX and WI-FI Internetworking Architecture [16]

 Journal of Computer Networks 41

must be able to provide all services in the region intended

3. WiMAX and WI-FI Network Planning for coverage, in this case the region is Jeddo [17].

3.1. Description of Jeddo Community 3.2.2. Demand Analysis

People in rural areas want to communicate with both
Jeddo community is located at 5° 35’ 30.41”N, 5° 42’
people in the rural and urban areas for many reasons
51.07”E with an elevation of 41ft in Warri-South Local
because communication is a vital part of their daily social,
Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria, behind or
political, and economic activities. As a result of this, there
adjacent to the Warri Refinery with a population of about
is a high demand for high speed internet access [17].
3,000 people. The community is close to the Warri River
Demand studies are used in developing broadband
that leads to Warri Sea Port. Economic activities in this
projects to determine, and must take into consideration the
community include fishing, agriculture, and so on. The
following:
infrastructures/buildings and social amenities in Jeddo
(i) The level of demand for different internet services at
community which we will be considering for our network
acceptable prices, so that the rural population can afford it.
design include the Jeddo Community Town Hall,
(ii) The minimum level of financial costs needed to
JeddoGrammer School, Jeddo Nursery and Primary
satisfy the demand.
School, Jeddo Market, and so on. Figure 4gives the
There are four basic steps in determining demand in
Google Earth view of the Jeddo community.
rural areas like Jeddo, they include:
i) Collect and analyse the quantifiable statistics of the
given population of the rural area, the economic position
of individuals in the community, geography (terrain),
traffic and tariffs.
ii) Collect, compile and analyse primary micro
economic data of the population of the rural area involved,
including companies and institutions, by means of
information gathering tools like questionnaires and
interviews.
Figure 4. Google Earth Image of Jeddo community iii) Use econometric modelling techniques to determine
the demand functions
3.2. WiMAX and Wi-Fi Network Planning iv) Appraise and put forward the results, with an
evaluation of their relevance to the goals of the institutions
Process that require the demand estimates for the provision of the
The process flow diagram for the design of a WiMAX internet access.
and WI-FI network for Jeddo community is as shown in
Figure 5. 3.2.3. Geographical Survey
Select and determine the precise location of all
settlements in the rural community. This can be done
using advanced Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
techniques. A geographic information system (GIS) is
used to combine software, hardware, and data for
capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms
of geographically referenced information. GIS allows for
viewing, interpreting, and visualizing data in many ways
that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form
of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A GIS is used to deal
with problems by viewing data in a way that is quickly
understood and easily [Link] technology can be
incorporated into any enterprise information system
framework [18]. Modern GIS technologies use digital
information, for which various digitized data creation
methods are used. The most common method of data
creation is digitization, where a hard copy map or survey
plan is transferred into a digital medium through the use of
a CAD program, and geo-referencing capabilities. With
autho-rectified imagery becoming more accessible, heads-
Figure 5. Flow Diagram of WIMAX and Wi-Fi Network Planning
Process
up digitizing is becoming the main avenue through which
geographic data is retrieved [19].
3.2.1. Administrative and Legal Consultation
3.2.4. Bandwidth Estimation
The policy maker must certify that appropriate legal
framework and administrative laws are in place before the Bandwidth can be explained as the data rate based on
infrastructure can be erected and operated and determine the network connection or the interfaces that connect to
the type of services to be provided. Also the licensed the network i.e. it represents the capacity of the network
spectrum (frequency range) used to operate the network connection. Bandwidth is denoted in terms of bits per
42 Journal of Computer Networks

second (bps). When estimating bandwidth, it is vital to 4. WiMAX and WI-FI Network Design
understand the distinction between theoretical throughput
and real-world throughput [20]. Bandwidth is one of the
more critical factors in the design and maintenance of a
4.1. Stage Oneof Network Design
functional network. Unlike a server, which can be WIMAX has been efficiently designed to deliver
configured, bandwidth is one of those elements of network quality NLOS coverage. WiMAX’s advanced technology
design that is normally utilized efficiently by configuring provides a suitable coverage range of up to 50 km under
the network correctly from the onset. In deploying LOS conditions and typical cell radius of up to 8 km under
broadband in Jeddo, estimate the traffic structure and the NLOS conditions [24]. This is the first stage of
daily traffic per person in the community. The daily traffic deployment; it involves the transmission of internet access
multiplied by the population of the intended rural area from the internet service provider to the community via
(Jeddo) and by 365 days makes up the estimated annual two Line-of-Sight WiMAX base stations. The ISP’s base
demand for the internet services. With this data, the station is situated at the Service Providers Network
amount of bandwidth required for the deployment can be Operating centre [25]. Using a Point-to-Point (P2P)
determined. To determine how much bandwidth you will technology, the first WiMAX base station is pointed to the
need, the process begins with inquiry about what the users ISP with an effective Line-of-Sight (this is done to create
will be doing on the network. A network analyzer can be quality signal). The second WiMAX base station is
used to detect the amount of traffic applications sent connected to the first WiMAX base station using P2P
across a network [20]. technology and an effective line of sight [6]. This is
Another method to determine bandwidth is to manually because the LOS WiMAX base station can transmit about
download a file from an email or from a trusted website. 50km signal range, to increase the strength of the signal
Observe the transfer rate and compute the highest and two base stations would be used, from the second
lowest rates to determine the average actual bandwidth. WiMAX base station, PMP technology is used to transmit
Run an automated speed test using a site that pings, this is signals to the different buildings in the community via the
a more easier way to figure out your bandwidth as it is NLOS base stations and Wi-Fi access points. There are
entirely automated [21]. several advantages that make NLOS deployments
preferable in the case of the buildings in Jeddo community.
3.2.5. Network Architecture Design For instance, strict planning requirements and antenna
Network architecture refers to the design of the layout height restrictions in this community might not allow the
of the network, comprising of the hardware, software, antenna to be positioned for LOS reception. In this
connections, communication protocols involved and mode deployment, where frequency re-use is important,
of transmission, which can be wired or wireless [22]. It is lowering the antenna is necessary to reduce the co-channel
vital to know about the network architecture because it interference between adjacent cell sites. LOS systems
displays a framework for the provision of the network's cannot reduce antenna heights because doing so would
physical components and their configuration, its disrupt the line of sight from the subscriber station to the
operational methods, as well as data format used in base Station. NLOS technology would also help to reduce
operating the network [23]. In designing the architecture the installation expenses and the difficulty of locating
used for deployment of WiMAX and Wi-Fi in Jeddo adequate subscriber station mounting locations. Finally,
community, the process has to be divided into stages with Network Operating Centre’s (NOC) are situated at
each stage handling core areas of the design. different base stations to enable efficient management,
troubleshooting and administration of the network.

Figure 6. Stage one Deployment to Jeddo Community

4.2. Stage Two Network Design internet access in the community. From Figure 7, two
LOS WiMAX base stations can be seen; the first is
This stage involves the deployment within the connected to the service provider. The second connects to
community after which internet access has already the NLOS WiMAX subscriber stations in the different
reached the community from the internet service provider. buildings and also to the specially configured Wi-Fi
This stage is solely concerned with distributing the routers which provide Wi-Fi internet access to users that
 Journal of Computer Networks 43

are mobile in the community (laptops, PDA’s, Tablets, the signal from the LOS WIMAX base stations. Their
etc.) via point to multipoint technology. The individual functions include routing of internet traffic within the
WiMAX Subscriber Stations act as receiver systems for major buildings in the community.

Figure 7. Stage Two Deployment of WIMAX as Last mile

On the other hand, the link between the Wi-Fi routers layer, the distribution layer and the access layer. At the top
and the base station is shared among the wireless LAN of the hierarchy, the core layer is responsible for
(WLAN) nodes with the WiMAX base station acting as transmitting huge amounts of traffic efficiently. The main
backhaul connectivity for Wi-Fi [26]. Network purpose of the network’s core layer is to switch traffic in
Management Centres are situated at each base station for the network as fast as possible [27]. In Figure 8, the
administration purposes. Due to cost and installation firewall is responsible for blocking malicious software or
reasons, the NLOS Subscriber stations are used as they persons from gaining access to the network. The AAA
can transmit up to 10km signal range. server performs authentication in the network for users,
the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) server
4.3. Stage Three Network Design assigns dynamic IP addresses to users in the network, the
domain name server (DNS) is responsible for converting
In this phase, routing internet traffic within the domain names (websites) into IP addresses and vice versa.
buildings in the community is the main priority. The The Core layer is also concerned with high reliability,
NLOS WiMAX subscriber acts as the internet access for redundancy, fault tolerance, low latency and good
the local area network in each building. The local area manageability and quality of service (QoS) in the network
network topology is divided into a three-Layer [28].
hierarchical model as specified by Cisco (world’s leading
vendor in networking technologies). They are the core

Figure 8. Stage Three Deployment of Customer Equipment in the Community

The router operates in layer 3 (the network layer of the different networks. The distribution layer is the
OSI model) and is used for transferring packets across communication point between the access layer and the
44 Journal of Computer Networks

core layer. The multilayer switch in Figure 8 is a switch network resources most users need will be available
that is capable of performing routing capabilities. The locally in this layer. The following are some of the
primary functions of the distribution layer are to provide functions of the access layer: high availability, port
routing, filtering, and WAN access and implement security, broadcast suppression, QoS and spanning tree
policies for the network. Functions of the distribution [28]. The access switch is connected to the patch panel
layer also include routing, implementing access lists, which in turn connects the end user via the RJ45 jack.
packet filtering, implementing security and network Indoor Wi-Fi access points are also connected to the
policies, including address translation and firewalls, access switch to provide indoor internet access. Figure 9
redundancy and load balancing, redistributing between gives a summary of the stages required for the Network
routing protocols and routing between VLANs. The access Design of WIMAX and Wi-Fi in Jeddo community.
layer connects the end user to the distribution layer. The

Figure 9. Summary of the Stages of Network Design

Table 2. Features of WiMAX and Wi-Fi [29]

Feature WiMAX (802.16a) Wi-Fi (802.11b) Wi-Fi (802.11a/g)
Primary Application Broadband Wireless Access Wireless LAN Wireless LAN
Frequency Band Licensed/Unlicensed 2 G to 11 GHz 2.4GHz ISM 2.4GHz ISM(g) 5GHz U-NII(a)
Channel AdjusTable 1.25 M to 20 MHz 25MHz 20MHz
Half/Full Duplex Full Half Half
Radio Technology OFDM (256-channels) Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum OFDM (64-channels)
Bandwidth Efficiency <=5bps/Hz <=0.44 bps/Hz <=2.7 bps/Hz
Modulation BPSK,QPSK,16-,64-,256-QAM QPSK BPSK,QPSK,16-,64-QAM
FEC Convolutional Code Reed-Solomon None Convolutional Code
Encryption Mandatory-3DES Optional-AES Optional-RC4 (AES in 802.11i) Optiona-RC4 (AES in 802.11i)
Mobility Mandatory WiMAX (802.16e) In development In development
Mesh Yes Vendor Proprietary Vendor Proprietary
Access Protocol Request/Grant CSMA/CA CSMA/CA

4.4. System Performance Metrics

=Delay ∑ packet arrival time − packet start time (1)

After the design and using the features of WiMAX and 4.4.2. Packet Delay variance (Jitter)
Wi-Fi as given in Table 2 as a basis for evaluation, the
Jitter could be defined as the variation in delay or the
system performance is evaluated with respect to the
variation in the time between packets arriving. The value
following metrics [29,30]:
of jitter is calculated from the end to end delay. Measuring
4.4.1. Delay jitter is an important way to determine the reliability of a
network and the QoS the network offers. Jitter is normally
Defined as the time taken by the packets to reach the used as an indicator of consistency and stability of a
receiver from the transmitter and vice versa. The main network. Equation 2 below shows how to calculate jitter
sources of delay can be categorized as propagation delay, in a WIMAX network [30].
source processing delay, network delay and destination
processing delay. As a result of delay some packets losses
Jitter =
∑ square ( Delay ( i ) − Delay ) (2)
energy in the form of noise. End to end delay could be N
measured as the difference in packet arrival and packet
start time. Equation 1 below shows the calculation of
average end to end delay [29]. 4.4.3. Packet Delivery Ratio
 Journal of Computer Networks 45

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