Ulntt Meadure ments of Electrical cen | DC Brietges oO Reta Electron i ae lettronic ceeutt — Used ~to | | Puctge yrotv the taleotuN Components =O Re be and | srequercy while Suey with — Krewn | components | | Alt endae works On the —prinetple gy Null | degtection thot means under — Batanced conditiisn | ra en aes wo curevent lous rough the Dé lectoy Golvarometer Posed 00 supply voltage Bridges are clousyred mio two Types @ vc eas @® Ac Breclge 7 Brectge used to -tnd — Resestance | Ac Budge wed to measure bec, i Briclge. conausts x Yo Arms | a —_| | Pate condition sey = DC Buectoe | iNced g 2 22 axe Aénowun Resustanced | Lond 23 & — standard vortoble Resestance aNdcan pind terse by vox eng hs, we | _— | Grlvarometey fhows Zero Reading Zee = HRY ‘Balanced — coreliton Spr AC Bid ge O 23 = Ay 8 £Q, + L893 > (©, +lOy a Bridge eB wed —o measure unknown | Res ustonce * Clamigicotton —o, Rexusternce | Resistance 8 closyted into 3 types bosed on | Rorges They axe © low Reststance | @Medéum Resestance | | Otgh — Reustonce /© how Resistance | | | | | eRorpe + [oer e iQ | Tt coma | Y Hlermninals , "fey exe cc! ard ppl fof oper pl i « whee cc! aye current —termenals = PP! oe voltae Terminals 4 © Resustance R= ppl ec!| - | Examples | | sk Jovies Fete —- Resustance x Diode Forward Resustance * connecting heowbs, x Flic weve Resstance x ghunt Mutupher 0 Arnnretey | Mettods +to find = bax Range Resustarce sA-V Method [Ammeter -Vvoltmeter Methed] » kelvin double euaqe (it qe Accurate value 7 Polentiometer le Medium Reaustance . Range 04 RL OIMA) | 2 dt consists O, two Terminals + they axe | | cet Ms | . c! Examples" * ~All domestic — ~Appltances | 5 Bhunt Held Reststence | Mettods to snd = Medhitrs «= Reitatance +N-R Method = [voltmeter - Armmeéter Method] e wheat - Stone bratge Cie Ques ~Aecurerte voluc | s comy poser + gubsttution Me-thodle Mah Reacitanee Rance | (rom) + Ab conseat, Of 3 townnaly » rt on . SAN crcl and — G (Guard ad ie WW - Sal quordsrng) wed to Elierinotte ole + Crroret <4 ts currents 4 Trswlotton — Reislence oy under Gpourd Cable * Diode —-Reveste «biased —-Reststorve Input Reswtance a, FET and CRO de ertes Muttiplier y voltmeter Methods to Measure Hep Resustance * Direct — Dejlectton = Method ie + box a chorge method [Thu method Gives | the ~Accuvecte Value] : Mega. - ohm _ Meqger [E Wheak Atone |Yr | | + ung wheat — Stone bredge we can sind Sout the unknown volue ay Meditim — Reststance hom He Above dhingsorn vshen Potente l oy b & eqpot to potential Ged sthen = sihe | qatvorometey frowns 0 Radeg | ee aete consists Oh Arms where PD are | brown = Rettionce =» R ts unknown — Resistance ped S$ is Vorable Aandard Resutonce | | measurement 4 Medium Resslance by wheat | Stone Budg e | . By using vortable Resistance tuple Galvanomeley Shows Standard —- Resulance we ton ned the exo Roa @ when —Galvanometer Shows Xero at +the bredge is under = Batanced — Condttton under Balanced condttcon VYab =Vod | Ei = bo 4 ° hes 12 = iy R= Eo TPs T-R Re _fo. kw rp RAS Pp tyos Multiply ey oO pcris) = — RCPAQ) PR+PS = PRIOR PS = OR Seep 2 S (he, «the Batonced — Fapratton yor whet lone | Briel e. | Pra *K wheat Stone Budge cae | \ Delactor eee (on volta « Penssturty (sy) | (So) (on Sv 5 change in Deylecteion charge in eae Sv = As e | | Ae= Sve sO | | 2 Brane Latin (say: Sp: chonge in Dalecton Change in Resestance See A o abAo Sp A “ ~~ ©) hom eey Oar x” Svee + Sp. LAR SRB + Sve. _R AR ~& Tenvation a pritoe fenstoucty d K &1 > £3 I3 @ Suppose R ts, Choraed to AR it” ereertes unbalanced — Condikon in the bridge | This causes an EME Oppear acres Gotvanometey © Thereyore eC. Bag — ab fad = R fod = To[R+ AR] Eod = = [aeae+s] [es AR] | fob ~ ay. p | ; pa i(R+5)> C= Kod - Eb - R(RIAR] gp EP R+ AR+S me = Ef Rt AR - PL R+ ARIS THE keow +heat _P_ = Pap R45 ee - —R_ + AR 4S Res @+ aris) CR45s) E B+ RAR tsar — ReRAR - spy | ges Paty | ET sar a RP 45R4 RAR +SAR4 SR+ $2 E sag | Se | (R4 PSR +52) 4 ar(Rtsy E | SAr S4R | Qasr, AR(R+5 | 7? ARC R+4s) SARSB Sve Rp AR Volue ing above “fe Ae p substtlurte Sp: eopuocteen SB= Sv. ese allay i (R+5)> ® dom the conclude = +hat Above. Equation we Can Bridge feraitivity depends on Budge ee Brolge Porameles and cae gensttonty ed the. eoy@ SB = SN-E eee R4 574 2R6 fee eciacare SRwheat — plone Budge o, bood. Resstarce = Grd Leenito tons a Resistance very much | | eThe — yect he Low Resutonce cOntoley contact | Bigeyicant vohile meal e Thereyore we can't Measure the low | Reststance. swe Can'E = Meassune hii Reststance + Plordard -Resstance Reqpured [ewst — wil) be Inereoses]ey a |" | | 4 kelvin ‘Double bridge | peturen + Py 1G thea, Budge we Con Meosuie bow Resestaree — Vewg Accurately [len tron | Ohen] Link Restores Corrected «In thes Bride e ; Atondord Resclorce unknown — Resistance ord + Tt works On the puireiple O% Nutt Deplecteon > cocucl dhogram by yle 2 sw 14,0 peli ee cite Tt Run v Beco 48 Sint ti sc i Ss v D A e Te hax two et gy Ratio “Avra [PD PUT Hence tk is named 0, kelvin §= Double Budge outer -Arm Resuilorce —> PD Annes Arm Resistance > py 5 > standard Rexustance R—> unkrown Reatslance 5 > connecting teak Or) Link Restslonce At Balonced — corditeon Golvaromeler eee ceeng : ‘ £0. NAR cy ie Ta = Ty“apply bt jo bwop ABER AyP = Tp p- dR = © mp: bbs se +O Loop BeDFB Pppty eve or 13 9 - 2s -Ty®o, * 2 BQ + ts 4B © Fopuvalent — Cerceeet. pe NYA WA }—___AWWVWV1_ Ty = 1 = “Total cunent x oppose Restslonce Surn Qf All the Resiline Tus. thy [Fas] Dude ey OD with ey @ MP be te 2 fi + TE Tu gy + te (4) < 43] P > Top + IR Tuy +e * Substitute Ip Value '0 Above Equation e . * . eo [pan P+3R 7 [Spele by 2 Prayry ve +S prayte P fo J = er RL prayn pryty R= Po Pow & pan *5] - Poe & bray Multiply with oy a Ov Derivation V R= i} Or 4 Pig - py drqsy g pot Re a oe [+s _ 2 Pe Pro L@ =) Ar 7 aya takin G4 Common . By Maintain 4 Roctto's Q oouter Retsionces = Taney Arm Ressislance EP xy xe ¥ Arm a convert —_obtuty_—_ kelvin double brelg e |oo” e inte ateat —Slone — Rrielge fo meas day, Resurtance wthes ry Not possble iy becouse Of Reacstarces aye lemperaiture depen den: + By shoring Link Renustonce L¥= 0] + we can meastre medtum — Resistance | ag kelvin Double Brtdge 2 The Second Sek Ratio, as [pay | used lo connect = the Galvanometer tog Qppoprale potnt (or) cenventent Pome +o élumerate =the Kyect Y connecten keadt Reststance (¥) between Atarcard Reststance and Unknewn Resestance | K fubslilution — Method | 1234 | Subdrlirle Resrinned (Died) | | | | -K Theta tt *K q Gwiteh oak ye Potton, R | BG eonnected to Cacurt and vary RSh upto | ge SOReatslonce 1omA then unknown 6% denowon when Suitth In pestteon 2 Substitution Resistance 8 connected = 10 cereurtt and fwitth 8 ak — position ( Oo: Ts _E 5 ' RETR © garth & at — peyetion @) ® = To _€ RQrs ~~ O@ Divide ey © ard © t s e . Ee =e » & Re FR [© & same 2. i E voltage ~or mars both cases] Si _ Rats we RQtR Req+R ~ & oe Crq+s] * Measurement, 2g Medium, Voltmeter method Reaustance my ~AmmeterR = UNkrown Resutance RS Tue Resittance Rmensnoment ~ Voltmeter Reneten Amretey Reakio4 CyOss Malet Above Equctun Ren( t+ 4) =R Rm + RR Rv : Lih eno Meaustred Value ~-Actial value — x 100 Actin vatue Absolute Enov = Measured Value ~Actuol value ae “Actual value From ey@: Rm-R = ~RRm_ | Ry | Divide the Above Ropction with R on | both = eles | eee PR, | R Rv Enor © Bm-R oo. evox Medium — Resestaunce. Range : [-OlMN (Cor L-tookn) Exor & hess when Re Sto | K Medauement a Medhurn Resestance by Vottreter and = —Amntter Method Tt‘ © : { a 4 = Vv Y) WS RR,| e Nettene te Reading Rereasurement Firnrreler Reaching Rens Vat Ve = wOe. + ve ——- 1 T T Vo = iw [E> Pp) Rm = Rate | | Rm 7 Rtvue Enor= a+ R-R {> RP Enor Enor = Ra R Conc luston his’ Hethod ie or Measurement, Suitable oy high Reststance in = medteern Range 4ame then | Jn both = castS era ae, " Voltmeter -Ammetey me-thed > Enor = Ra 2 ~O| Amrreter Voltmeter — Methad —> Evror = Rm 38) Ry yO = wy & | oe | R Rv CxO Muttipiy —Above en)ee) eg where = Ra = Wnlernal Resistance OY ~Arnerbley Ry = inlernol = Restslonce Sf Voltrnelpy * Low op chore Method high Resutorce. bY 4 Measurement Ox hows Op Charge Method Jn 4h method Electrostatic = Vollunelor Cesv) | and it & OF high cwost. | a SX | | senile sy c cae | Tt coe: Ss; & cleed, So & Opered Then copacttor will change upto 1B mourn Value ,then the Eqpuwolent crete @ Cae@: S open , S2 & Closed The capacitor # lore) MO¥IPUM one ' to ae teh: tome Resttarce/ood “connetied 1 & —-P connetted = to puovecte cS i hb. The capocttor discha 2 thy ischowge Po" (Pataca at “4h % Klecto Alotie volimeter | t3 connected — dur, | deschorge “tine 4 | eae Acres copacctor Nes ectlRe [Mee eg. go EIReC =O Where ye Auppy voltage * Ee: € | Esv Ret ree oq discharging tine infervat Rx + Unknown Resistance ari From eny = = otlRee Fpply In @ both Gtcles / wel finde nee Jt tlc bn eee eee Ree ~~ Multiply Above — Rquat RKC (tn € = & DINE oeRia: = t a clo Ey jj convert tm to 4 dain “the Equotwn With OUBM3 Ry= O-U343E ic 1040 (Ss ) My & Measurement of “High Resusto.n ce ‘4 ad | Meqaey | % Puspose a, Meggan: 2k Tor Measurement hgh Resistance (PtookA oF So- mn) 5 Mega wed- (ov se The thoh Resulance & — Meastired bq a Portable instrument Cauied Megger * Prenceple | 3K Whenever curvent cary ‘og corductoy & ploeed im & magnetic elo? it Experiences || Go the Ponter will Show ragorty 7 ~~ z og artude a 4exees whose q ld ond armount oy ccly Mosgnelic he Curse, aiough tows throu! 4 — ie | K ii SR Toppnty Deg coil Prey, | h %, A It raked %, \ ~ forrrcro po ys EA AS “zip 5 operattion ‘ caxe(D XY Terminals Open seResstance —~Appaoacher to taqnity secunent Ta = 0 Klux produced due +o coil B3 be, ae) Torque B divectiy Proporttona! to bade, TaK Dabs * Toro: & Ze ; o \ OGcav@ * XY dowminal, — Ahovl s¢ Reutarce =O x cunenE Ty & mayemum se Tle produced! T o& Pabet 2&0 the Toop trereoses and laf l0/ +e. pointer — deylects “fo o side or Male b Hiopesetion case@: xy Terminals + O xq fore Resistance 8 —connectec! blw XY Tormpe 8 Supicient to Move the ttexmnals pointer on Mogae does not Reqputre Ary controlling forge = due to | the two ltuxes will Balance sre —- Resultant Toropie * Worker * The hordle Megaes & driven fond and then ik Epnerartes Electrical Enea thot means TDC Genexator comert, Mechanical input to Electatéat cert put bw oo ttt and ao due lo ceil B te Pr 1NCNCOAL,| = ib aa ie wil flows v the Cot Ford coil B tet T) Cusrertt = flow, “thy col A and ‘Pevelop flue ba y sxBuppor Ain unknown = Resetorce toned, blo x-y temmitna then Tg tument —ugiy plows trough the unknoton Resistance and coil B and = Tevelop 4x Gp Due to +he nlevaction =O “tho “lures Aorgpit will be — developedt - se heveore = “Torgpe = tate KA VEbu by (Ae 3% Meousurerrent Of EARTH — Resutanceoe 7 Unit - 3:2. AC Biachaes aaa AC Breede Ac “Friel (x pred froentd usecl for measetvement a tinkrocon Sey tnckectance , Capoctionce and Sreqponeey : (AK clang teoctton a AC Buclges | Ac Bre olges | I | ees Capacitance res | | ch . Sealy inductance feiveg Bretge —Swien's Mort well Bre Trductance “Desourtys Buege oF |—_»Maxmel Triiuctance Capactance | tay ‘s By age i—>orone's Bridge S~Airdetion's Buclye %& Monveetl Trductoance Briatge Not 8uctable PY Oe Sartor oK Morwell Inductance Suttle jor Mectfum copacctance Briety | Pyactor ie ILD~ 10) | * How's Bridie ws 4utlobie Jor hugh Q-Sactoy he P>0 ok Store's “Fridge Auidtable gor change in |Wductance be Lt AL . M& Aipdevson'’s Bape is tue’ Auclobte 5, Low Q- doctor ie D4 | K Ardevaon's Bridge we the most Ae, ts Brilge Jor meoutrvernent Of Q- Taco, K Basis oye Tuekge Srelge consti, o ~C Aura Under Balanced — conditeen ! © ‘bso @ cumersts) Ty = T3 b+ Ty Finttorly ;E * Eo “alias ey 2 E= Bp4e3 (ory E- Bj 4ey | ® Sppesile Ams ale Fqyucal ky > Fy 28 Mogrdude condition Lr" ley Or + Leg Phase “Angle Condelton ~*~ Vetector used in AC Bridg | «Head phones —» 26043 to Bloouz «+ Vibvattonot Galvonometer —> — 5HZ to locotte + Tuned Armply ier > P2kHy * Qualety ctor: * TE & 4he Amount of Reg sored | Py He inductor TE 8 found under Condrtion yeorane * Factor qy . oon [= Eneigy lore d Tdluctecty [oar eeaey a frevay dlospoited Jor cy J@ actor Resistance =O Q + Reneteye — “Prruey Active Pores RQ ° = nn > DP Pep 5 & TOIT y D- Pm + © oO c — SO. Pre = © °o 2 L WNT «= Ce Be. we PR R R. c ie 8B ee le, woo PR R Cer PR Measurement A Sy Inductance bq | Moxwel& — Trdurtance Puolge Vohere Lis Unkroeen FL Trdeclon, Ro = ‘toe Rar Ry = unsely Trductance Resistors Variable Resestony varicble Induct Y= known Resolanstep O° - - Zp Rywly %Z = Ro o> Ro tTWwlo Ay = Ry Hep © Bridge ie urdey = Falonced iy b% +O Substlute = 2) Fo. ZB, By velues in eo(D (Ri +IJu0t1) (Ru) = (Rot Justa) (Rs) RIRU + JwouRY = RoRg + TWwloRs sep ©: Compare. Real and = tmat nowy Terns Real 36 Texm ! RIRY = RoR3 Ry Trogioowy fem JOLIRY = JWle Rg os “[e]XX Phosor hog rm WV ee ve SHO — ere at | »|F—- »5 [eter as os Te veo ve uncer Balance d Condetron,Advantages ~ Balance Eqyetions axe Zirrpke ae Balance Eqptetinns are indeperehnt oY Treo nc No variable = capacrtoy = prewnt , 20 Cot oF sre Breelge hews uadvantages “q 3K Tho, Bucipe & Mo — Aurtable Yor measurement jor actor a Cott because in order to Estimate 2 +exctor we mus need o capocctor and “type y capacitor mensk te variable ~K Measurement oq dey Tinducteince by Moxwell'S “Indutlance copacttanceuchere unkrown — [Link] RS Ro. Ry —> Keown — Resistor’ Ry > vaxcable stardord — Reactor | cy vexcotle stordord — CPacttor | hoff unkeown = 244 ieductance, | step ©: | Qa Rpt Twhy | | | Fos Ro | + Ry Myr OR 1 | c I Fwly | Fy. (ry) (A 4) suzy) Ry — LE Ray to - eg Jwey Ry Tely +) duce ay = Ry ee el Ry Twocy +1 BB urder Balanced UI > %%3 > H Zi y, 2, % Values — in eq O(Ri Tota Pa ) = Ry 1 MH Tey Re | ®t wou Seu) = RoR (14 Teocey Ry) | RiRy A Jeol Rey = Ro RZ + Ro Ry Kucyry Reng Step ©? compose —-Reat ard smog oat teams, Real “tex © RiRy = Boks Ryo = Ro Rg Ruy magnon clesmn Wot 4 : pore RA Ro Ry KPhosos chagrom urder Balanced — Condttton a+ 5 Jo = Ty E+ & 3 FZ 2 &y = E)+&zg° (ov Es 3+ By| Eps aR 4 731%, | Eo- TloRo | | f> Tory | \E3= T1Rs “ee 3.3, ___y” TR, Re Eq> Tuy = Te Mecarrement a uatty Factor ry © = Reactive Power — eee Active power Ow bi} RyDaly acters sgthe two Equations aye inckperdent i ye choese Ry and cy ax a Vora he x The Bridge consists 4 Simple Expremons {or unknown inductance Chi) and unkrown — Resustance CRD ge Thes Biedge ws vey tseul or measurement wide marge q inductance at Peuver ard audio arequecce | Dusadvarinaes se Thes briclge Requurves — vartable Atandard copacttor which may be Kxpensive and Cost gy the Bredge is more 3 This bridge ®& limited to measure medium @ coils (129 4 to) swe kero thé = @ = UCYyRy » Ho we want to measure hook g cols the order RY will be 105 ©0106. “The — Resestance box q higher values cue very Expensive that’s why rr moxwell’S inductance Capacitance brea not | gurlable — for hep Peal Factor wneosurerent | (@>r).~ | ar | Mecurernnt a, fel “Tevterctonce 4, ~ £3 — "o, 4: se Hays Brictoe & +he Mew Modu tetion 4 Moxwell’s Inductance capacitance Pricloe (ie Vouable copocetor 1 —connecled = 8) terion with Variable — RestStor Ry) *TE & used jor Meosttrement q fel, | se The Priclpe @ suttoble Spr high Qc | | | Steep O | Anchictance Al = Rp +Jut, Ly | Za Ro fj 1] Ra = Ry Hy } Zy 2 Ry ai Btep © Prtige — & —Uedler— Palonced — Corcktenn ri A Ay > oO Gubatrlute FD 12,2 volues im en © | (Ris woh(ry - T =) Ro Ro RiRY- Ryd Took) Ry = Tug, wey wey, RRy~ Rid 4 TwokyRy + yoly vocy oy RiRy~ Ts pony Ry ta wey cy Slep@ compare = Real terms = and Reat ‘lex RIRy + ty = Ro Rs cu Aro ginony “lewn | | “BUT oury =O | wey | Poy Ry = BR wey See ee! = RoR3 ~ R3RQ oP Ro Ro mou trong ierms | >®Substitute PR, value in ey () From ey oR RYF Et Poke cy : (ey RUCU) Ry 4+ = Rak3 cy wimPey + 1 Ras ey 52 22,2 a aes cy uF Ry? cu? uth ~ RoRgey uti wR] = RoRg:ey 4 Jer = Ro Racy >©® | {4 w? Ry? Cy2- Gubsteurte yY © in ey © Pom ey @: ep, ec —— Mev? Ry? cj Tom eq @): Rye Urey Rucy RE = ur ts w Ro Racy tt OP RYAEeD » Rycy B= Turrs pg tg, Liter eg Rcge |” P44 ZRr, Wo? Ro Ra, Ruy eey? 7 uw? cy? Ry Me dartinet Measurement Gq Quetety — Factor quality SJactoy (@) > wh Ri Qs sf BS RS Oe to? Ry? Cy? w* Rs RS Ru Cy® [+ to? Rg? cy? Kuen wRUCY clecreases then Othe Quaity Joctor increases | The iota & autta ble sor high recoil | meosusement ° * Phovor diagram urcey Balanced — cordetton = Ip = 6 Ts Tz, 5 &g + ey tasty + & *koam oN Es B43 () FE - Entey Els Rid txy + ToRo F3> ToR3 fy TyRy + Zly wey, | | Pevarings * Wwe dow — that ~ this wcyRY Pridge & ~— 3uttoble For Measurement q hao | @ - coils | | K This Bri abo Gives g Zimple — operattions or ® ~ Zactorpoadvocinge | + Doty 4urlable for hug @ cents The Bridge S Medyication a Mazieel ts Inductance capacctance Buclge the oO, WoR21 RZ» Ry — > Known Rerestances Mearrnement oy fey, Inchirlonce by Arebvon's mee Fed — capacitor & ted and = tence tk mest = cicettrate measurement oy Poly toductance, tov © cotls LL > unknown fel, inckictance Rl > Resistance ey unknown el, Inductance UO > Rey Resestance — connected «1 —fevies, with unknown ely inductance% > kp6A" voKable 4londoy¢ ‘My, | Cc > Alarcard = Freed Copoctte, ‘| | | Step -O | A- Hy + yoky 2 ToRo | W3+ 13R3 Ay ot ee [[ Ry Tp=0.. The cunent Slows trough VOW Isle BE = opencicurted wWalorce (3) ond ry copocitor CC) & Bon, step © Bridge & under Botanced — condeteon Ip =o T+ 13 he 2 Tet Ty | Ty Inet Fis Voe d Ry = E32 Vee © = Voc 5 WBRg = de | Tuc. TRg: Ie Juwoe| E+ Noe Tift rs + deol] © TpRo + Ic Ic value ') akove eapnation Subattate Tifetns jouJ- ayp5 4 (A) Seve Ra)y Teke J, ox common Ty [Ri+% + Seok] - TuwcRgv) = Ro ai fest 1 +k - Eockgy] = DR. © fy= Te [+ +a Teo * Tow + Tow Teor TyRy = Tele 4 Ey= Tyr “Ty: T- 7 4* To-Te @- Ie)ry = Te(x+ 1 we to- Ty TeceRa)Ry = (7,5 1 (: 1 = (Ti Boers) (x4 ue) joc. TaRy- Tjwersky = a, Tock; © + Ty Tech.) Twe- HA Westin < a suey Th Ry - Ty TwersRy = 1 [awersy + Rs] TeRy = A [success +RaJ + I Tuer Ry TeRy = Ti faweesy + Rg + Twers Ruyieee oe Js 4 [aurea 4+ Rg tt TweR3 Ry] >) U Gubsttute Ia volue -f in ey © From eay® ! TPR ¥y+ Tk) - JweRgx] + ToRo Filertret toot - Boerss] = a [awergy + 3+ Bockspad ‘Re A” [Rig +3wty - TwerR3vJ = Ro (' Fy [ECR Rat Twersty] sep Oe compose — Real and wmeqenord terms, Realterm - Ritwm = Roky Ry Rr RoR3 _ % Ry Fragerony seam | Swhi - Jucrgy = R Re TWeR3¥ + Ro Tue RR a eee Toke Jw 03 common Sofi - cRay] = 6 [eRaRay CRo RR JUD [CRS ABT y - Ry Ry JMulbply ord divide Are Ree Las Ry[ki-CR3%] ep, Ro —__—- | eee Ry Ry Ry ty -cRgRyr "eer a af Ke 4 Ryty _ CR3Rux CRaRSy Ry Ry Ry Lye Be Ruy + CRBRoy Y Py uy + os on, worth Yon ode J CPoR Py Ry + CRo Rapy Ry 4+ CR2R2RYy G Fe ate 2 uttkena, Ry COneren vor hago pce TEER Catan a Ru)+ sel] Ale Ti(Ry4) + wot fo. ToRo B= 4.61 +65 ge OG aeE- Fy: Jury "B= I5R3 = a0 Eo +£y“Pdvartoges 3 wed -for wide coe a valtres | Measurement Tinductance. Over a ar wed tnslead % ard hence cert Compl’ More Accerecie | *K Fated capacttor vanable copacctor pv veduced «ard we get Results | can bo wed for Meastierent o) capacrtance interms q fey inductance *« Balancing Equations are ‘inchperdent , 44 we cheese Ry OR VEables, ‘Daedvontages 7K wed only “tb meosme low © coul 5 Nodes are Requtred + complexity & more ath ‘ d Point “e’ aeRearnement Q Rutqes eve me 3 Capeertance * fieurg ~*~ Tesourty %& Madtyied Tesnuty copecctante [eapacetante Budge x Tony beetge & tweed only yor Weal cox | he thee & 0 Drelectne loss (ep tows hee capacttoy xModty ied Tegfouty wkd Yor | Woetial cae ke thre Prelecine Rey 10 capacelos x Daxpaten Sect Tt oincentes Lew acer tm a Capatetoy Poe 6 Betoed oy Tangent & lokS ange Dr ~ Tang; C35 Lewsatngte] De wer, HK TE is dened = OS ReetMocal Q © Factor D:4 Meoanement §— | —% Copacttonce oy ; Acheung “Brtdge ' je, J het cy = unkrowon Copacetance [Whose copacetance to be measrredl] = unknown — Resistance A Copaceore 2 = known Atandaxd copacctor Ry = known Resutance Ry = av known Vowable Rerestonce kn Own, Vvarca ble copocetance step@23> Rg Ay. R y : all “wot “hy: Re [Ge Re tl Jeoey eae By Re ee Swey My Ry Jwey I+ Ry Tevey Tewcy, Slep@ undey Botanced Ccondiltsn Ip =o Aw + hes 4ubsuilute Zyk4/%2,23 Values IN Above Equuction- ( +t ); (2_ Ry Swe “Ot Ry Te RT) = | cecal] | “CS ee Tuoe reel ( FJeocy Ru] Ruy + Ry ~ & + Tweyry ers Twe, Tocg - Fury Sep Q’ compare Real and imaginary “TermsRent ler my = CBU co yi Co Rg 2. Fron erany clerno Ry R35 Jue! Twa cron Mutuply +the Above ey CikSe = Re ce ce Rs unknown — Copacctor Rua 2 R3 Measurement Durtpatuon actor Dustpation Factor - voces, Substitute —e8/c] ey iM Above ea, CR s]eo Ls 5] | (P= ey aspMépatitenfent; Sy Descuity Breage pA ae i Be % MedavtveteAyy a, / Capacctance/ by peau ageAe Measurement OF Capocctance *y Peau Freel e | | | | £ Step O° y= Teoc} Fos at Teweg = RB a= Ry Step oO: under Balenced Condetion Ip =o ZRy = AoZ2 Fubstttute 2,24 (2% VOlues in Above eouation icles ! (sala) = Geyer |Ruy o Rs yar yor. Ry = R3 Cy ca Ci= Ruta Ra Fidve Tre Budge is botanced 4 we Chase. os either Rg (or) Ry axe variable Adve es *k Batancén equntons Ore Simple “Doadvantnge ak The umitatin = the Budge & to meastie the Capacttance dent ¢copacctor- (Free spom dielectric tow] BD Meesurement “Desipatton actor Dy, = waryPhasor chagnom : K Measurement a Capacttance Py Moeliied keE RRa axe the Serien Restsiance —Connectel “to the capacitor cy; and Co | MT are the Lows Component | | Copacttoy Crand Co.} step © 1 Rea Ri+_t +8 Tuc 4o- Ros _l +00 Jwt2 %3= ERe Ry > ity Ru. step © lanced Condition Brctge ti undex aol substitute 2120,23/Zy Values In Above en, R 1 = Ro+—l a mt) Ry ( 2 F Seats. € #2) BB PURI + RY a yipy = RaR3 + Re 4 Ry Jwe, TJuoca sep @! | Compare Real and dey, erms. Rent term | RuRi +m Ry = RARZ +T2R3 | ee Ra [Ratt] | | | Ry = R2+t2 =O | rx RB R44)Imaginary err pu _ 22, ux FID Rue Oh + B® ey, 0 tom D ord @ By wige th Le Saree A Py 2 Toke ft 2 Botte oy +r Cod, Muttepia Above 20 p40 ton cian] = ole+ro] C1Ri4 CB = CoRa 4 Cox ot A hx Comr- Crt) = CIR) Cory Mu, ply oO both ~— tex, we - 28> wos, = w[ere, = Cars] D2- 0D 7 : [err - CoRoJ Wwe know haeyc Ry ~~ +o P5; | Substdlurte cy volute wn above eqpottion wfRues Re, — ¢ aon oy stoke C2 as Common D Do- D1 D2- DO) = wee [ Bika Rg Ty ore the Dexsstpation — actor ts Kron the Dusatpocion Jjactor Q Other Capacttoy can be coleurlortod Phasor dhogram 4 Eee TRi+ Ty +e Tuc) fo = TbRo + Tow + Jo weg Ea = 7BR3 3 euAe ON | Ri > vorrable Ab gS A/ Resstance | C1 > variable capacctance. C2 > Known capacttance Ro, R3. Ry > known Resusonces ater R= R|| — ! ill Teots - Rr 1 | | Tuocy | — Rye | Tue;T ) = Ri t+ Jeve yRy a= Ro ee ol Tw eo | 3g= Ry | | Ry~ Ry ger @: At Balanced —corektron Aly = Wes Gubstelate -Z1%a., %3,-Zy VOlues in Above egy a Ry = |R2 +4 Ra | HTw01 RI Jwca Re = /Ret it aba © | ®3 Twla | R a eee eee = Jwe2 R | a = I Juocy RR) + Tea Ra. — wPeycoRiRy R 3 ee TJwl2R,JuCrRy 4 Tuts Ro 5 Ry _! ai J t 1 = Weep, = swore Ry jute RT Funes Ry \ 5 i P99) RO eo Wejeo ep, RB teoce RI Co Ri Teo 2Ry flep ©: Traginory ~leyms compare Real ard red Real tevin Ry Seer age ea R3 C2 R) Ima qrey aah = stereo. Perak Hse CrOMs Muttiply —Above eay AMER //2 | W109 RP Ro. ue = I —— CiCa RRsw- ame ont. « le VR RoC Co. I OT AR IRD Cico, i, we choote R= Ro = R Cl = 3 = Teo if tl eee ee Phaser dng ror < < ie 1 ’ B= DR = Tes 5 Ae f= IpRo+To_! , fa. Ey duce’ : 32 Taps E= E+ & (0 fo1ky : 7 Eqs FER) Ty Ry-,R4 3 Ths Iy T= Ip+ IeApphahons Ths Bridge & wed jor Mecsuverens 10O0HZ + 4 Seeqperey 4 -the ser sfom Z “ty WOOKH * Feemacy w& between Ol to Os y * The Bruda e ts Used to mere the SHAE Or tn Audio range *%* TE con -Abo used ser Meastivement y copacctanc e * Wed eB Noch Filey in howrenie, distortion Analyzer:Laat Deynitien : | ytre ene: fered cbvice wed — 40r ea dhe Eavth [Link] prom “the Bridges oo oe type wed to Rechte tre = Enor which = ercers because 4 shou Capacitance ° The eet Earth device. provedes high accuracy “to the. Budge oy od Divuder crveeut between the Brielge Elemersts , €pound and iene te a Oe Be . The, Ato Elerrent tawes te Error in Ore CY the w a mat these, Ecclosed = He, Bridge Another =| o “the = Meatusemerst. copacttances too Element nto He = Ahield Eliminating Here abou copantane t& fo place Fosth cbvice Between = the Elements oy the ner “the bridge : * eohtv *® consiruction bat ak Earthira cewce, ‘ “The carck ckagvorm aq the vengrer Earth cbvice & Bheon in He sequre Above | Ktonsider 4, , Ra, %Z Ry aoe i impedances —_a.xmn__aj__=tlee haath set high veges Atya Copacitorre = 8 induced | | | |na Ges a ont he ae tea “two Voringy, | | wmpedorees 4 the weonney Earth chuce | ger. Car C3 and cy are the aio covpocy oy tre Bridge xe The contse pont = OF} the wangee device is Earthed ae the impedance a Mone Simitar to the Forth | Foxth device one ts Abs Of the. Bridge - The impedance a, copacttan es 4he Arm Consus, the | | Restore and | | Cz and cy Eyects the. Budge Balance | | Condition oO I3 ¢ SPieeaeeeslep + Ta due lo the | changing currents e, Cy § Ca- | | fo tp Sod this problem “yuretion bad | Froud be ok tre = Ground polerstiat under | Balorced condttin thi, dere by vongner Rovthing | Dewre je Operoteon | ak connect Sto d (it acts ktke & Normal br | dee) and a mo Gi aq Ab. Gee Balance 1 e — minmury Sourd in head phone c | > conneC! = 10 ond Ady ust As & Zy to Get minimum = Sound in headphones: J see |pRepeot the above Aleps — until Ai lerre uw. - OHorned dfd when S & connected to d Ond 4ilerxe oy | minimum dound with Aawiteh on & under apes conditian ct and D ave at the Neowliy gear gotta! and hence 0 eheck Oo ¢2 ecy. Problers U the impedance a, AC Budge %p= won at a0 “Angle a, 50, 2 = 2002 at an “Angle au, 42 gool=-8° and %y= Yoo”. Find — whether the. Bridge & Balanced Under -+his Condition or | Not - At Balanced condition grace Ry = %Q22 | ndulton UOOxUGD = YOOX 200 t€00 = 1600 | Magnitude condttion Potesyics she “Balanced condrltonThese “Angle Condeteon * | to 1 LOY = 4094 103 50 +20 « “0 + 50) 7 6+ -10 hase. ae Condition Nok Saltyces Palonced — Condittan a Oo ese the Thus re Brides 8 NOY trBalanced The impedance Bowe Ae Brelae are | Zi= solise , Zo= 20Ll0, %3= ROL? . Coleulote the Constant = Unknown impedance | £0 20, eee conditton i ps os Rey = Izy MHS 3a 25 : zl = 2650x200 ©) | —. 50 A= woo Phose “Ange Condition 4 + ly = Lo5 +LO3 'p + ley = 9 430 Oy = 2a- 185 = - ten? tOo FY= too L-5d where ~ vesigninatica tes IE 8 dopatifoged Capocilive in Natere -