Contents

Error Correction Rules ............................................................................................................................. 1

Selecting word in fill in the blanks ........................................................................................................ 10
Common Rules ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Sentence Ordering ................................................................................................................................ 17
Practice Questions with rules................................................................................................................ 20
Sentence Correction.............................................................................................................................. 24
Completing Sentences .......................................................................................................................... 30
Common Antonyms & Synonyms.......................................................................................................... 38

Syllabus

Total Questions – 25

Expected Time – 20 Mins

Topics –

• Word Completion
• Sentence Completion
• Error Identification
• Arrangement
• Meanings
• Fill in the Blanks
• Reading Comprehension

Error Correction Rules

1. Subject-Verb Agreement

Rule: A singular subject takes a singular verb, and a plural subject takes a plural verb.
Correct: She plays the piano.
Incorrect: She play the piano.
2. Incorrect Use of Tenses

Rule: The verb tense must match the time of action.

Correct: I saw him yesterday.
Incorrect: I see him yesterday.

3. Wrong Use of Articles (a, an, the)

Rule:

• Use ‘a’ before words that start with a consonant sound (e.g., a university).

• Use ‘an’ before words that start with a vowel sound (e.g., an apple).

• Use ‘the’ for specific things (e.g., the sun).

Correct: She is a doctor.

Incorrect: She is an doctor.

4. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

Rule: A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number and gender.
Correct: Every student must bring his or her ID card.
Incorrect: Every student must bring their ID card.

5. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

Rule: Modifiers should be placed next to the word they describe.

Correct: The man driving the car was wearing a red cap.
Incorrect: The man was wearing a red cap driving the car.

6. Parallelism (Consistency in Sentence Structure)

Rule: Items in a list or series should be in the same grammatical form.

Correct: He likes swimming, running, and cycling.
Incorrect: He likes swimming, running, and to cycle.

7. Double Negatives

Rule: Avoid using two negatives in a sentence.

Correct: She has nothing to say.
Incorrect: She doesn’t have nothing to say.

8. Incorrect Prepositions
Rule: Use appropriate prepositions as per context.
Correct: I am interested in music.
Incorrect: I am interested on music.

9. Redundant Words (Unnecessary Repetition)

Rule: Avoid using words that repeat the same idea.

Correct: He returned back home. ( Remove ‘back’)
Incorrect: He returned back home.

10. Confusing ‘Who’ vs. ‘Whom’

Rule:

• Who is used as a subject (like ‘he’).

• Whom is used as an object (like ‘him’).

Correct: Who is calling me?

Incorrect: Whom is calling me?

11. Incorrect Use of "Much" vs. "Many"

Rule:

• Use "much" for uncountable nouns.

• Use "many" for countable nouns.

Correct: There aren’t many books in the library.

Incorrect: There aren’t much books in the library.

Correct: She doesn’t have much patience.

Incorrect: She doesn’t have many patience.

12. Incorrect Use of "Less" vs. "Fewer"

Rule:

• Use "less" for uncountable nouns.

• Use "fewer" for countable nouns.

Correct: There are fewer students in the classroom today.

Incorrect: There are less students in the classroom today.

Correct: I drank less water today.

Incorrect: I drank fewer water today.
13. Incorrect Comparison (Comparative & Superlative Forms)

Rule:

• Use comparative adjectives (-er/more) when comparing two things.

• Use superlative adjectives (-est/most) when comparing three or more things.

Correct: This road is wider than that one. (Comparing two roads)
Incorrect: This road is widest than that one.

Correct: This is the most beautiful dress in the store. (Comparing multiple dresses)
Incorrect: This is the more beautiful dress in the store.

14. Incorrect Use of "Between" vs. "Among"

Rule:

• Use "between" for two things.

• Use "among" for more than two things.

Correct: The money was divided between John and Mary.

Incorrect: The money was divided among John and Mary.

Correct: The money was divided among the five workers.

Incorrect: The money was divided between the five workers.

15. Confusion Between "Since" vs. "For"

Rule:

• Use "since" with a specific point in time.

• Use "for" with a period of time.

Correct: I have lived here since 2010.

Incorrect: I have lived here for 2010.

Correct: I have lived here for 10 years.

Incorrect: I have lived here since 10 years.

16. Misuse of "Farther" vs. "Further"

Rule:

• Farther refers to physical distance.

• Further refers to metaphorical distance or progress.

 Correct: The school is farther than the library. (Physical distance)
Incorrect: The school is further than the library.

Correct: We need to discuss this topic further. (Metaphorical distance)

Incorrect: We need to discuss this topic farther.

17. Incorrect Use of "Each Other" vs. "One Another"

Rule:

• Use "each other" when referring to two people.

• Use "one another" when referring to more than two people.

Correct: John and Mary love each other.

Incorrect: John and Mary love one another.

Correct: The players in the team support one another.

Incorrect: The players in the team support each other.

18. Confusion Between "Who" vs. "That"

Rule:

• Use "who" for people.

• Use "that" for objects and animals.

Correct: The girl who won the race is my sister.

Incorrect: The girl that won the race is my sister.

Correct: The book that I borrowed is very interesting.

Incorrect: The book who I borrowed is very interesting.

19. Incorrect Use of "Lay" vs. "Lie"

Rule:

• "Lay" requires an object (something being placed).

• "Lie" does not take an object (refers to resting).

Correct: I lay the book on the table.

Incorrect: I lie the book on the table.

Correct: I need to lie down for a while.

Incorrect: I need to lay down for a while.

20. Confusing "Effect" vs. "Affect"

Rule:

• "Affect" is a verb (to influence).

• "Effect" is a noun (a result).

Correct: The new law will affect many people.

Incorrect: The new law will effect many people.

Correct: The new law had a positive effect on society.

Incorrect: The new law had a positive affect on society.

21. Incorrect Use of "Advice" vs. "Advise"

Rule:

• "Advice" is a noun (suggestion or recommendation).

• "Advise" is a verb (to give advice).

Correct: My father gave me good advice.

Incorrect: My father gave me good advise.

Correct: He advised me to study harder.

Incorrect: He advice me to study harder.

22. Confusion Between "Borrow" vs. "Lend"

Rule:

• "Borrow" means to take something temporarily.

• "Lend" means to give something temporarily.

Correct: Can I borrow your pen?

Incorrect: Can I lend your pen?

Correct: I will lend you my book.

Incorrect: I will borrow you my book.

23. Confusion Between "Raise" vs. "Rise"

Rule:

• "Raise" requires an object (something is lifted).

• "Rise" does not take an object (something moves up by itself).

Correct: She raised her hand.

Incorrect: She rose her hand.

Correct: The sun rises in the east.

Incorrect: The sun raises in the east.
24. Redundant Comparisons (Avoiding Double Comparatives & Superlatives)

Rule:

• Do not use double comparatives (e.g., "more better") or double superlatives (e.g., "most
fastest").

Correct: This car is better than that one.

Incorrect: This car is more better than that one.

Correct: He is the fastest runner in the team.

Incorrect: He is the most fastest runner in the team.

25. Incorrect Use of "Due To" vs. "Because Of"

Rule:

• "Due to" modifies nouns and usually follows a form of the verb "to be".

• "Because of" modifies verbs.

Correct: The cancellation was due to bad weather.

Incorrect: The cancellation was because of bad weather.

Correct: The match was postponed because of the rain.

Incorrect: The match was postponed due to the rain.

26. Incorrect Placement of "Only"

Rule: The word "only" should be placed next to the word it modifies.

Correct: She only eats vegetables. (Meaning: She eats only vegetables, nothing else.)
Incorrect: She eats only vegetables. (This may sound ambiguous.)

Correct: I have only one brother.

Incorrect: I only have one brother. (Can be misinterpreted.)

27. Incorrect Use of "So" vs. "Very"

Rule:

• "Very" is used to emphasize adjectives and adverbs.

• "So" is used when there is a result or consequence.

Correct: She is very tired.

Incorrect: She is so tired. (Needs a consequence, e.g., "...that she fell asleep.")

Correct: She is so tired that she cannot walk properly.

Incorrect: She is very tired that she cannot walk properly.
28. Incorrect Use of "Hard" vs. "Hardly"

Rule:

• "Hard" means difficult or with great effort.

• "Hardly" means barely or almost not.

Correct: He works hard every day.

Incorrect: He works hardly every day.

Correct: I could hardly hear her voice.

Incorrect: I could hard hear her voice.

29. Incorrect Use of "Who" vs. "Whose" vs. "Whom"

Rule:

• "Who" is used as a subject (similar to "he/she").

• "Whom" is used as an object (similar to "him/her").

• "Whose" is used to show possession.

Correct: Who is coming to the party?

Incorrect: Whom is coming to the party?

Correct: To whom did you give the book?

Incorrect: To who did you give the book?

Correct: Whose pen is this?

Incorrect: Who's pen is this? (Wrong use of "who’s" which means "who is")

30. Incorrect Use of "Beside" vs. "Besides"

Rule:

• "Beside" means next to.

• "Besides" means in addition to.

Correct: She sat beside me. (Meaning: She sat next to me.)
Incorrect: She sat besides me.

Correct: Besides English, he also speaks Spanish. (Meaning: In addition to English.)

Incorrect: Beside English, he also speaks Spanish.

31. Incorrect Use of "Like" vs. "As"

Rule:

• "Like" is used to compare nouns/pronouns.

• "As" is used before clauses (a phrase with a subject and verb).

Correct: He runs like a cheetah.

Incorrect: He runs as a cheetah.

Correct: Do it as I told you.

Incorrect: Do it like I told you.

32. Incorrect Use of "Say," "Tell," and "Speak"

Rule:

• "Say" does not take a direct object.

• "Tell" requires an object.

• "Speak" is more formal and used for languages or general communication.

Correct: He said that he was happy.

Incorrect: He told that he was happy.

Correct: He told me the truth.

Incorrect: He said me the truth.

Correct: He speaks English fluently.

Incorrect: He says English fluently.

33. Misuse of "Too" vs. "Very"

Rule:

• "Very" means to a great extent.

• "Too" means more than necessary (negative meaning).

Correct: The coffee is very hot. (General emphasis)

Incorrect: The coffee is too hot. (Unless you mean it's too hot to drink.)

Correct: The bag is too heavy for me to carry.

Incorrect: The bag is very heavy for me to carry.

34. Incorrect Use of "No Sooner... Than" vs. "Hardly... When"

Rule:

• "No sooner" is followed by "than".

 • "Hardly" is followed by "when".

Correct: No sooner had he left than it started raining.

Incorrect: No sooner had he left when it started raining.

Correct: Hardly had I reached home when it started raining.

Incorrect: Hardly had I reached home than it started raining.

35. Incorrect Use of "All Right" vs. "Alright"

Rule:

• "All right" is the correct form in formal writing.

• "Alright" is considered informal and incorrect in standard English.

Correct: The answer is all right.

Incorrect: The answer is alright.

Selecting word in fill in the blanks

1. Prepositions & Their Correct Usage

Prepositions (on, in, at, for, with, etc.) are often tested in such questions.

Examples:

• "He is interested in music." (Correct)

• "She is good at mathematics." (Correct)

Common Prepositional Phrases:

• Smile on/upon → "Fortune smiles on the brave."

• Abide by → "You must abide by the rules."

• Consist of → "The cake consists of flour and eggs."

Tip: Learn fixed prepositional phrases as they rarely change.

2. Collocations (Word Pairing Rules)

Certain words always go together in English.

Examples:

• "Make a decision" (Not "do a decision")

 • "Take a risk" (Not "make a risk")

• "Pay attention" (Not "give attention")

Tip: If unsure, try recalling natural word pairings used in English conversations.

3. Subject-Verb Agreement & Context

The verb must agree with the subject and maintain logical consistency.

Examples:

• "The team is ready for the match." (Singular subject: "team")

• "The students are working hard." (Plural subject: "students")

4. Conjunctions & Logical Connectors

Words like although, however, therefore, because, so define relationships between ideas.

Examples:

• "Although he was tired, he continued working."

• "She was late because of the traffic."

Tip: Choose the connector that best links the cause/effect or contrast.

5. Idiomatic Expressions

Many blanks in such questions are part of idiomatic phrases.

Examples:

• "He turned a blind eye to the mistake."

• "She is in charge of the event."

• "He was born with a silver spoon in his mouth."

Tip: Familiarize yourself with common idioms and their meanings.

6. Verb Forms & Tense Consistency

The tense and form of verbs must remain consistent with the sentence structure.

Examples:

• "I have been working here for five years." (Present Perfect Continuous)

• "She was sleeping when I arrived." (Past Continuous)

 Tip: Identify time markers like yesterday, since, for, already to choose the right tense.

7. Articles (A, An, The) Usage

Use a/an for general references, and the for specific ones.

Examples:

• "She is a doctor." (Any doctor)

• "He is the president of the country." (Specific president)

Tip: If a noun is being introduced for the first time, use a/an. If it has already been mentioned,
use the.

8. Pronoun Consistency

Pronouns should match their antecedents in number and gender.

Examples:

• "Each of the students has submitted his or her assignment."

• "All the players have received their trophies."

Tip: Singular subjects take singular pronouns; plural subjects take plural ones.

9. Degrees of Comparison

When comparing two things, use comparative (-er/more). For three or more, use superlative (-
est/most).

Examples:

• "She is taller than her sister." (Comparative)

• "He is the best player in the team." (Superlative)

Tip: Avoid double comparatives like "more better" (Incorrect).

10. Contextual Meaning & Logical Fit

Even if grammar seems correct, the word should make sense in the given context.

Examples:

• "The thief was caught red-handed." (Not "caught blue-handed")

• "She has a keen interest in music." (Not "sharp interest")

Tip: Read the sentence carefully and eliminate options that don’t make logical sense.
Practice Questions

1. Preposition-Based Questions

1. She is very fond ___ classical music.

(a) on (b) in (c) of (d) for

2. The teacher insisted ___ complete silence in the classroom.

(a) on (b) in (c) at (d) for

3. He is capable ___ solving complex problems.

(a) in (b) of (c) at (d) with

4. The book was written ___ a famous author.

(a) with (b) by (c) for (d) to

5. The students are working hard ___ their project.

(a) in (b) on (c) for (d) at

2. Collocation-Based Questions

6. She gave me some really ___ advice before my exam.

(a) big (b) large (c) valuable (d) heavy

7. The company is looking to ___ a decision soon about the merger.

(a) make (b) take (c) get (d) put

8. I need to ___ an appointment with the doctor.

(a) do (b) have (c) make (d) give

9. He always ___ excuses for being late.

(a) does (b) makes (c) takes (d) puts

10. We must ___ a deadline for the project submission.

(a) set (b) take (c) get (d) have

3. Tense-Based Questions

11. By the time we arrived, the show ___ started.

(a) has (b) had (c) was (d) will have

12. She ___ in this company for five years.

(a) works (b) is working (c) has been working (d) worked

13. When I was a child, I ___ go to bed early.

(a) use to (b) used to (c) was used to (d) would used to

14. While I ___ TV, my phone rang.

(a) watched (b) am watching (c) was watching (d) watch
 15. By next year, he ___ completed his degree.
(a) will (b) will have (c) has (d) had

4. Logical Meaning & Idioms-Based Questions

16. He was caught ___ while trying to steal the documents.

(a) red-handed (b) blue-handed (c) white-handed (d) dark-handed

17. She was feeling under the ___, so she took the day off.
(a) water (b) sun (c) clouds (d) weather

18. The new policy is still up in the ___.

(a) air (b) clouds (c) sky (d) wind

19. We will cross that bridge ___ we come to it.

(a) before (b) after (c) when (d) if

20. I couldn’t make ___ what he was saying due to the noise.
(a) away (b) out (c) in (d) off

Answer Key:

1. (c) of

2. (a) on

3. (b) of

4. (b) by

5. (b) on

6. (c) valuable

7. (a) make

8. (c) make

9. (b) makes

10. (a) set

11. (b) had

12. (c) has been working

13. (b) used to

14. (c) was watching

15. (b) will have

16. (a) red-handed

17. (d) weather

 18. (a) air

19. (c) when

20. (b) out

Common Rules
1. Identify the Part of Speech Needed

Before choosing an answer, determine whether the blank requires:

• Noun – "She gave me a wonderful ___." (gift)

• Verb – "He ___ to school every day." (goes)

• Adjective – "She wore a ___ dress." (beautiful)

• Adverb – "She speaks ___." (fluently)

Tip: Read the sentence carefully and check the surrounding words to identify the required word
type.

2. Check Subject-Verb Agreement

• Singular subjects take singular verbs (He is happy.)

• Plural subjects take plural verbs (They are playing.)

Example:

• "She wants to go to the park." (Not want)

• "The students have completed their work." (Not has)

3. Use Correct Tense & Verb Forms

Choose the correct tense based on time indicators like yesterday, already, since, next week etc.

Example:

• "He had finished his work before the guests arrived." (Past Perfect)

• "By next year, she will have completed her degree." (Future Perfect)

4. Learn Common Prepositions & Their Usage

Prepositions like in, on, at, by, for, from, with often appear in fill-in-the-blanks.

Examples:
 • "She is interested in science."

• "The book was written by a famous author."

5. Use Collocations (Word Pairs That Always Go Together)

Some words naturally go together in English.

Examples:

• Make a decision (Not "do a decision")

• Take an exam (Not "give an exam")

• Pay attention (Not "give attention")

Tip: Learn common collocations to improve accuracy.

6. Understand Context & Logical Meaning

Even if a word fits grammatically, it must make sense in the sentence.

Example:

• "The thief was caught red-handed." (Not blue-handed)

• "She has a keen interest in music." (Not sharp interest)

7. Identify Articles (A, An, The) Usage

• A/An → Used for general references ("I saw a dog.")

• The → Used for specific references ("I saw the Eiffel Tower.")

Examples:

• "She adopted an orphan from the shelter."

• "We visited the Taj Mahal last summer."

8. Use Correct Conjunctions & Logical Connectors

Words like although, because, however, therefore help link ideas correctly.

Examples:

• "Although he was tired, he continued working."

• "She stayed home because she was sick."

9. Check for Pronoun Consistency

Pronouns must match their antecedents in number and gender.

Examples:

• "Each of the students has submitted his or her assignment."

• "All the players have received their trophies."

10. Pay Attention to Degrees of Comparison

• Comparative (-er, more) → Used for two things (taller, more beautiful)

• Superlative (-est, most) → Used for three or more things (tallest, most beautiful)

Examples:

• "She is taller than her sister."

• "He is the best player in the team."

11. Look for Commonly Used Phrases & Idioms

Many blanks complete idiomatic expressions.

Examples:

• "He was caught red-handed while stealing."

• "She was feeling under the weather."

12. Eliminate Wrong Choices Systematically

If unsure, remove incorrect options first, then select the best one.

Tip: If two options seem correct, check grammatical correctness and contextual fit.

Sentence Ordering
1. Identify the Opening Sentence (General Statement)

The first sentence is often a general statement or an introduction to the topic.

It does not start with a pronoun like "he," "they," "it," or words like "this," "that," "these," etc.
It is usually independent and does not refer back to previous information.

Example:
(A) Many countries are now focusing on renewable energy.
(B) Solar energy, in particular, has gained popularity.
 (C) It helps reduce carbon emissions.
(D) Several projects are underway to improve solar technology.

Correct Order: A - B - D - C

Why? Sentence A is the most general and introduces the topic.

2. Identify the Closing Sentence (Conclusion or Summary)

The last sentence summarizes the paragraph or provides a conclusion.

It may start with "Therefore," "Thus," "Hence," or similar words.
It should not introduce new ideas.

Example:
(A) The government has taken many steps to improve road safety.
(B) Traffic signals and road signs have been updated.
(C) Awareness campaigns have been conducted.
(D) As a result, the number of accidents has decreased.

Correct Order: A - B - C - D

Why? Sentence D is the conclusion, as it describes the impact of the previous actions.

3. Look for Connecting Words (Linking Sentences Together)

Words like however, but, moreover, therefore, besides, although indicate relationships between
sentences.
A sentence with "this," "these," "that," "such," "it," "he," "she," "they," must refer to
something mentioned earlier.

Example:
(A) It has many health benefits, including reducing stress.
(B) Yoga has been practiced for centuries.
(C) Many people are now taking up yoga.
(D) This ancient practice improves flexibility and mental peace.

Correct Order: B - D - A - C

Why? Sentence B introduces yoga, and "This ancient practice" in D refers to yoga.

4. Chronological Order (Time-based Arrangement)

If the sentences describe events over time, arrange them in a logical past-to-present order.
Words like "then," "after that," "finally," "later," "in the past," "now" help indicate sequence.

Example:
(A) The Wright brothers conducted several tests.
 (B) They built the first successful airplane in 1903.
(C) Air travel has now become a global industry.
(D) People were once skeptical about flying.

Correct Order: D - A - B - C

Why? The passage moves from past to present, with D setting up the initial context.

5. Cause and Effect Relationship

Identify cause-and-effect sentences.

Sentences with "because," "as a result," "therefore," "thus," "consequently" usually follow a
cause.

Example:
(A) As a result, many birds lost their natural habitat.
(B) The forests were cleared for urban development.
(C) This led to a decline in bird populations.
(D) Deforestation is a serious environmental issue.

Correct Order: D - B - A - C

Why? Sentence D introduces the problem, and the other sentences explain its consequences.

6. Look for Articles ("A," "An," "The")

"A" or "An" introduces something for the first time.

"The" is used for something already mentioned.

Example:
(A) Later, the scientist published his findings.
(B) A scientist was conducting research on climate change.
(C) His research focused on global warming.
(D) He found that temperatures were rising worldwide.

Correct Order: B - C - D - A

Why? Sentence B introduces "A scientist," and later A refers back to him using "The scientist."

7. Identify Logical Pairs (Sentence Links)

Some sentences naturally follow one another.

Look for pronouns, repeated words, and linking ideas.

Example:
(A) This makes smartphones a powerful learning tool.
(B) Today, smartphones are widely used in education.
 (C) Students can access books and courses online.
(D) They provide instant access to information.

Correct Order: B - D - C - A

Why? Sentence B introduces smartphones in education, and D explains their usefulness.

Practice Questions with rules

1. Identify the Opening Sentence (General Statement)

Question:
(A) This has led to better accuracy in predictions.
(B) The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in weather forecasting is increasing.
(C) AI models analyze large amounts of data in real time.
(D) As a result, people get more reliable weather updates.

Correct Order: B - C - A - D

Rule Applied:

• B is the general statement introducing AI in weather forecasting.

• C explains how AI works.

• A describes the result.

• D concludes with the impact on people.

2. Cause and Effect Relationship

Question:
(A) Many species lost their natural habitat.
(B) The forest was cleared for farming and urban development.
(C) This led to a decline in biodiversity.
(D) Deforestation is a major environmental concern.

Correct Order: D - B - A - C

Rule Applied:

• D introduces the issue.

• B explains the cause (deforestation).

• A shows the immediate effect (habitat loss).

• C explains the final consequence (decline in biodiversity).

3. Chronological Order (Time-based Sequence)

Question:
(A) In 1903, the Wright brothers successfully flew the first airplane.
(B) Today, air travel is an essential mode of transportation.
(C) Over the decades, aviation technology improved.
(D) Initially, people doubted the possibility of flying.

Correct Order: D - A - C - B

Rule Applied:

• D sets up the historical context.

• A states the event (first flight).

• C follows with developments.

• B concludes with the present situation.

4. Identifying Logical Pairs

Question:
(A) People now use this technology in their daily lives.
(B) Mobile phones have changed the way we communicate.
(C) They allow instant messaging and video calls.
(D) As a result, communication has become easier and faster.

Correct Order: B - C - A - D

Rule Applied:

• B introduces mobile phones.

• C explains their features.

• A shows how people use them.

• D concludes with the impact.

5. Articles: "A" vs. "The"

Question:
(A) Later, the scientist shared his findings with the world.
(B) A scientist discovered a new species of plant.
(C) He studied its growth and behavior.
(D) His research helped in understanding plant evolution.

Correct Order: B - C - D - A

Rule Applied:

• B introduces "A scientist" for the first time.

 • C & D provide details about his work.

• A refers back to him as "The scientist" (specific now).

6. Identifying Connecting Words

Question:
(A) However, excessive use of technology can lead to social isolation.
(B) Technology has improved human communication.
(C) Many people now prefer online interactions over face-to-face conversations.
(D) It allows instant global connectivity.

Correct Order: B - D - A - C

Rule Applied:

• B is a general introduction.

• D expands on the benefit.

• A introduces contrast ("However").

• C provides a real-world example of the issue.

7. Pronouns and References

Question:
(A) It also prevents many waterborne diseases.
(B) Clean drinking water is essential for health.
(C) Many organizations work to provide safe water to communities.
(D) This helps in reducing infections and improving hygiene.

Correct Order: B - C - D - A

Rule Applied:

• B introduces the topic (clean water).

• C explains actions taken.

• D refers to the benefits ("This" = safe water).

• A provides a specific outcome (prevention of diseases).

8. No Sooner... Than / Hardly... When

Question:
(A) Hardly had he reached the station.
(B) He missed the train.
(C) When the train departed.
(D) He was disappointed.
Correct Order: A - C - B - D

Rule Applied:

• "Hardly... when" rule applies (A → C).

• B follows logically (missing the train).

• D provides the reaction.

9. Identifying the Concluding Sentence

Question:
(A) It allows us to express thoughts and ideas.
(B) Language is an important tool for communication.
(C) Without it, human interaction would be difficult.
(D) Every culture has its unique language and dialect.

Correct Order: B - D - A - C

Rule Applied:

• B introduces the topic (importance of language).

• D adds detail about different cultures.

• A explains the benefit of language.

• C concludes with a negative impact of not having language.

10. Using Transition Words to Determine Order

Question:
(A) As a result, companies are focusing more on cybersecurity.
(B) Cybercrime has increased in recent years.
(C) Several data breaches have been reported globally.
(D) This has raised concerns about data security.

Correct Order: B - C - D - A

Rule Applied:

• B introduces the problem (cybercrime increase).

• C gives evidence (breaches).

• D shows impact (concern about security).

• A provides the response (companies improving security).

Sentence Correction
1. Subject-Verb Agreement

The verb must match the subject in number (singular/plural).

Example:

• Incorrect: She go to school every day.

• Correct: She goes to school every day.

Tip: Ignore words between the subject and verb.

• Incorrect: The bouquet of flowers are beautiful.

• Correct: The bouquet of flowers is beautiful.

2. Tense Consistency

Ensure that verbs follow a logical sequence of time.

Example:

• Incorrect: Yesterday, she goes to the market.

• Correct: Yesterday, she went to the market.

Tip: Watch for signal words (yesterday → past, tomorrow → future).

3. Parallelism

When listing items or actions, maintain a consistent grammatical structure.

Example:

• Incorrect: She likes reading, swimming, and to jog.

• Correct: She likes reading, swimming, and jogging.

Tip: Maintain the same form of words in lists (all nouns, all verbs, etc.).

4. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

Modifiers should be placed near the word they modify.

Example:

• Incorrect: Driving to work, a dog ran across the street. (Who was driving?)
 • Correct: While driving to work, I saw a dog run across the street.

5. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

A pronoun must match its antecedent in number and gender.

Example:

• Incorrect: Every student must bring their books.

• Correct: Every student must bring his or her books.

Tip: Singular pronouns refer to singular antecedents.

6. Incorrect Comparisons

Comparisons must be logical and use correct words.

Example:

• Incorrect: This laptop is better than any laptop. (Illogical comparison)

• Correct: This laptop is better than any other laptop.

7. Use of Articles (A, An, The)

• A/An → General reference (an apple, a book)

• The → Specific reference (the sun, the president)

Example:

• Incorrect: I saw a moon last night.

• Correct: I saw the moon last night.

8. Idiomatic Expressions & Prepositions

Some phrases follow fixed prepositions.

Example:

• Incorrect: She is good in mathematics.

• Correct: She is good at mathematics.

9. Double Negatives

Avoid using two negative words in the same sentence.

Example:
 • Incorrect: I don’t need no help.

• Correct: I don’t need any help.

10. Redundancy & Wordiness

Avoid unnecessary repetition of words.

Example:

• Incorrect: The reason why he left was because he was sick.

• Correct: The reason he left was that he was sick.

11. Use of Correct Conjunctions

Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses logically.

Example:

• Incorrect: He is both intelligent as well as hardworking.

• Correct: He is both intelligent and hardworking.

Tip: Use "both...and," "either...or," and "neither...nor" correctly.

12. Correct Use of Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences express hypothetical situations.

Examples:

• Zero Conditional (Fact): If you heat ice, it melts.

• First Conditional (Future Possible): If you study, you will pass.

• Second Conditional (Unreal Present): If I were rich, I would travel the world.

• Third Conditional (Unreal Past): If he had studied, he would have passed.

Tip: In Second Conditional, use "were", not "was". (If I were you, I would apologize.)

13. Use of Correct Word Forms (Parts of Speech Errors)

Ensure the correct form of words (noun, verb, adjective, adverb).

Examples:

• Incorrect: She behaves very rude. (Adjective)

• Correct: She behaves very rudely. (Adverb)

• Incorrect: The company made a strongly decision. (Adverb)

• Correct: The company made a strong decision. (Adjective)

14. Avoiding Faulty Comparisons

Comparisons should be made logically and completely.

Examples:

• Incorrect: This house is bigger than any house in the neighborhood.

• Correct: This house is bigger than any other house in the neighborhood.

• Incorrect: She is smarter than anyone in her class.

• Correct: She is smarter than any other student in her class.

15. Correct Use of "Few," "Little," "Less," and "Fewer"

• Few/Fewer → Countable nouns

• Little/Less → Uncountable nouns

Examples:

• Incorrect: He has less friends than me.

• Correct: He has fewer friends than me.

• Incorrect: There are less people in the room.

• Correct: There are fewer people in the room.

• Incorrect: I have few money left.

• Correct: I have little money left.

16. Correct Use of "Much" vs. "Many"

• Much → Uncountable nouns

• Many → Countable nouns

Examples:

• Incorrect: He has much books.

• Correct: He has many books.

• Incorrect: There isn’t many water in the tank.

• Correct: There isn’t much water in the tank.

17. Correct Placement of Adverbs

Adverbs should be placed properly in a sentence.

 Examples:

• Incorrect: She only eats vegetables. (Does she do nothing except eat vegetables?)

• Correct: She eats only vegetables. (She does not eat anything other than vegetables.)

• Incorrect: He almost drove his car for a year. (Did he nearly drive the car?)

• Correct: He drove his car for almost a year. (He had the car for almost a year.)

18. Correct Usage of "Who," "Whom," "Which," and "That"

• Who → Subject (used for people)

• Whom → Object (used for people)

• Which/That → Used for things

Examples:

• Incorrect: The person whom won the race was my friend.

• Correct: The person who won the race was my friend.

• Incorrect: She is the woman who I met yesterday.

• Correct: She is the woman whom I met yesterday.

• Incorrect: The book who I borrowed was interesting.

• Correct: The book that I borrowed was interesting.

19. Correct Use of "Between" vs. "Among"

• Between → Two things

• Among → More than two things

Examples:

• Incorrect: The money was divided between the five friends.

• Correct: The money was divided among the five friends.

• Incorrect: The discussion was among two people.

• Correct: The discussion was between two people.

20. Avoiding Confusing Homophones

Words that sound alike but have different meanings should be used correctly.

Examples:

• Incorrect: Their going to the mall.

 • Correct: They’re going to the mall.

• Incorrect: I will accept the gift, except the flowers.

• Correct: I will accept the gift, except for the flowers.

• Incorrect: The dog lost its tail.

• Correct: The dog lost its tail. ("It's" = It is)

21. Avoid Unnecessary Use of "That"

The word "that" is often unnecessary and should be removed when possible.

Examples:

• Incorrect: She said that she will come tomorrow.

• Correct: She said she will come tomorrow.

• Incorrect: I think that he is right.

• Correct: I think he is right.

22. Correct Use of "Each" vs. "Every"

• Each → Individual members of a group

• Every → Group as a whole

Examples:

• Incorrect: Every of the students received a prize.

• Correct: Each of the students received a prize.

• Incorrect: Each student in the class were given a book.

• Correct: Every student in the class was given a book.

23. Avoid Repetitive or Redundant Phrases

Remove unnecessary words that do not add meaning.

Examples:

• Incorrect: Return back to the office.

• Correct: Return to the office.

• Incorrect: He shouted loudly.

• Correct: He shouted. (Shouting is already loud!)

24. Ensure Proper Use of "So…That" and "Such…That"

• So + Adjective + That

• Such + Noun + That

Examples:

• Incorrect: He was such tired that he slept immediately.

• Correct: He was so tired that he slept immediately.

• Incorrect: It was so a hot day that we stayed inside.

• Correct: It was such a hot day that we stayed inside.

25. Correct Placement of "Only"

"Only" should be placed near the word it modifies to avoid ambiguity.

Examples:

• Incorrect: I only love my parents. (Doesn’t love anyone else?)

• Correct: I love only my parents. (Specifies parents alone.)

• Incorrect: She only gave me $5. (Did nothing else but give?)

• Correct: She gave me only $5. (Clarifies the amount given.)

Completing Sentences
Rules for Completing Sentences

Sentence completion questions require choosing the best option to complete a sentence logically
and grammatically. These questions test vocabulary, logical reasoning, and an understanding of
sentence structure.

Below are key rules along with examples:

1. Identify the Logical Flow (Cause-Effect, Contrast, Continuation)

The sentence should follow a logical pattern:

• Cause → Effect

• Contrast (But, However, Despite, Yet, Though)

• Continuation (And, Moreover, Besides, Furthermore, Additionally)

Example:
Despite working hard, he _______.
(A) completed the task successfully
(B) struggled to achieve his goal
(C) enjoyed his break
(D) was praised by his manager

Correct Answer: B
Rule Applied: "Despite" suggests contrast, so we need a negative or unexpected outcome.

2. Understand Transitional Words (Despite, Although, Since, Because, So, Hence, Therefore,
Nevertheless, However)

Words like "despite," "although," "however," indicate contrast, while "because," "so," "therefore,"
indicate cause-effect relationships.

Example:
Although she had a fever, she _______.
(A) stayed in bed all day
(B) went to work as usual
(C) took her medicines on time
(D) consulted a doctor

Correct Answer: B
Rule Applied: "Although" shows contrast, so the sentence should indicate something
unexpected.

3. Pay Attention to Negative & Positive Connotations

Certain words convey positive or negative meanings. The sentence must remain consistent in tone.

Example:
His rude remarks _______.
(A) made everyone laugh
(B) were appreciated by all
(C) hurt everyone’s feelings
(D) showed his kindness

Correct Answer: C
Rule Applied: "Rude remarks" have a negative connotation, so the answer must also be
negative.

4. Identify the Subject's Tone & Context

• Formal or Informal?

• Positive or Negative?

• Factual or Hypothetical?
 Example:
The scientist's discovery _______.
(A) led to a breakthrough in medicine
(B) was completely useless
(C) had no impact on the world
(D) was criticized by everyone

Correct Answer: A
Rule Applied: "Discovery" is usually positive, so A fits best.

5. Use Elimination Technique

Remove illogical or grammatically incorrect options.

Example:
He was so tired that he _______.
(A) went for a long walk
(B) slept immediately
(C) started working harder
(D) attended a party

Correct Answer: B
Rule Applied: "So tired" suggests exhaustion, making B the most logical choice.

6. Be Careful with Idioms & Phrasal Verbs

Some sentences require knowledge of idioms or phrasal verbs.

Example:
She has a habit of blowing things out of proportion, which means she _______.
(A) remains calm in all situations
(B) exaggerates things
(C) ignores details
(D) solves problems efficiently

Correct Answer: B
Rule Applied: "Blowing things out of proportion" means exaggerating.

7. Use Grammatical Consistency

The sentence should maintain verb tense and subject agreement.

Example:
By the time we reached the stadium, the match _______.
(A) had already started
(B) will start soon
(C) starts immediately
(D) is going to start

Correct Answer: A
Rule Applied: "By the time" suggests past perfect tense (had + past participle).

8. Recognize Parallel Structure

Ensure similar grammatical structures are used in lists or comparisons.

Example:
She enjoys _______ and _______.
(A) reading books, cooking meals
(B) read books, cooking meals
(C) reading books, cook meals
(D) read books, cook meals

Correct Answer: A
Rule Applied: Both verbs should be in the same form (gerunds: "reading" and "cooking").

9. Pay Attention to Keywords

Some words hint at the expected answer.

Example:
Being an introvert, he _______.
(A) enjoys public speaking
(B) prefers solitude
(C) loves being in large crowds
(D) is always surrounded by people

Correct Answer: B
Rule Applied: "Introvert" implies someone who prefers being alone.

10. Check for Commonly Confused Words

Words like affect/effect, principle/principal, accept/except can alter meaning.

Example:
The new policy will _______ everyone’s daily routine.
(A) affect
(B) effect

Correct Answer: A
Rule Applied: "Affect" is a verb, meaning to influence.

Practice Questions
Q1: Even though she was late, she _______.
(A) apologized sincerely
(B) ignored everyone's reaction
(C) arrived early
(D) stayed at home

Correct Answer: A ("Even though" shows contrast, so she must have taken a responsible action.)

Q2: I was so thirsty that I _______.

(A) ate a full meal
(B) drank two glasses of water
(C) took a nap
(D) skipped dinner

Correct Answer: B (Being "thirsty" logically leads to drinking water.)

Q3: Since it was raining heavily, _______.

(A) we carried an umbrella
(B) we went for a picnic
(C) we played outside
(D) we took sunblock

Correct Answer: A ("Since" indicates reason, and rain logically leads to using an umbrella.)

Q4: The project deadline was strict, so the team _______.

(A) worked overtime
(B) took a break
(C) ignored the deadline
(D) postponed the project

Correct Answer: A (A "strict deadline" means extra effort was needed.)

Q5: The teacher scolded him because he _______.

(A) completed his homework
(B) misbehaved in class
(C) helped a friend
(D) answered all questions correctly

Correct Answer: B ("Scolded" indicates a negative action, so "misbehaved" fits best.)

Here are more examples and explanations to help you understand the logic behind sentence
completion.

1. Cause & Effect Rule

Look for cause-effect relationships indicated by words like because, since, so, therefore, as a
result.

Question:
The streets were flooded because _______.
(A) it hadn’t rained for weeks
(B) there was a heavy downpour
(C) the sun was shining brightly
(D) people were walking on the road

Correct Answer: B
Explanation: "Flooded" indicates water, and a heavy downpour is the cause.

2. Contrast Rule (Despite, Although, However, But)

When the sentence begins with "despite" or "although," the second part should express
contrast (unexpected outcome).

Question:
Although he was very tired, _______.
(A) he went to sleep early
(B) he continued working late into the night
(C) he took a day off
(D) he rested for hours

Correct Answer: B
Explanation: "Although" indicates contrast, so the outcome should be opposite of being tired.

3. Logical Sequence Rule

The sentence should logically progress from one idea to the next.

Question:
She was worried about the exam, so she _______.
(A) studied hard
(B) watched TV all night
(C) ignored her books
(D) slept the whole day

Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Being "worried about the exam" logically leads to "studying hard."

4. Chronological Order Rule

When dealing with time-based events, maintain the correct order.

Question:
First, he introduced himself to the audience, and then _______.
(A) he left the meeting
(B) he gave a detailed presentation
(C) he said goodbye and walked out
(D) he sat quietly in his seat
 Correct Answer: B
Explanation: After introducing himself, the next logical step is to give a presentation.

5. Subject-Verb Agreement Rule

Ensure that the subject and verb match in singular/plural form.

Question:
Neither of the boys _______ present in the class.
(A) were
(B) was
(C) is
(D) are

Correct Answer: B
Explanation: "Neither" is singular, so we use "was."

6. Idioms & Phrasal Verbs Rule

If the sentence uses an idiom, ensure that it makes sense with the sentence.

Question:
His habit of _______ often gets him into trouble.
(A) keeping a low profile
(B) speaking without thinking
(C) being silent
(D) helping others

Correct Answer: B
Explanation: "Gets him into trouble" suggests a negative habit, so "speaking without thinking"
fits best.

7. Elimination Technique Rule

If you're unsure, eliminate illogical or grammatically incorrect options.

Question:
We were unable to visit the museum _______.
(A) because it was closed
(B) since we bought tickets
(C) but we had a great time inside
(D) and enjoyed looking at paintings

Correct Answer: A
Explanation: "Unable to visit" means we could not enter, so the museum being closed is the
logical reason.
8. Parallel Structure Rule

When a sentence lists multiple actions, they should be in the same grammatical form (e.g., all
verbs should be in the same tense).

Question:
She enjoys _______ and _______.
(A) reading books, cooking meals
(B) read books, cooking meals
(C) reading books, cook meals
(D) read books, cook meals

Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Both verbs ("reading" and "cooking") are in the same -ing form.

9. Vocabulary & Word Choice Rule

Choose words that fit the tone of the sentence.

Question:
The CEO’s decision to fire employees was met with _______.
(A) happiness
(B) widespread criticism
(C) celebration
(D) enthusiasm

Correct Answer: B
Explanation: "Firing employees" is generally negative, so "widespread criticism" fits best.

10. Context Clues Rule

Look for hints in the sentence to predict the correct answer.

Question:
She wore a thick jacket because _______.
(A) it was hot outside
(B) the weather was freezing
(C) she wanted to go swimming
(D) she was feeling sleepy

Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Wearing a thick jacket is logically connected to cold weather.

More Practice Questions

Q11: Since the train was late, _______.

(A) we reached on time
(B) we had to wait at the station
(C) we boarded it early
(D) we missed our flight

Correct Answer: B (A late train means passengers wait at the station.)

Q12: The meeting was scheduled at 10 AM, but it _______.

(A) started late
(B) ended early
(C) was canceled
(D) both A and C

Correct Answer: D (A meeting can start late or be canceled.)

Q13: The teacher scolded him because _______.

(A) he was listening carefully
(B) he misbehaved in class
(C) he helped a friend
(D) he answered correctly

Correct Answer: B ("Scolding" happens due to misbehavior.)

Q14: The movie was so boring that _______.

(A) we left the theater before it ended
(B) we watched it again
(C) we enjoyed every scene
(D) we recommended it to friends

Correct Answer: A (A "boring" movie makes people leave early.)

Q15: Being an introvert, he _______.

(A) enjoys public speaking
(B) prefers solitude
(C) loves being in large crowds
(D) is always surrounded by people

Correct Answer: B (An "introvert" prefers being alone.)

Common Antonyms & Synonyms

1. Common Synonyms & Antonyms
Word Synonym Antonym

Happy Joyful, Cheerful Sad, Miserable

Fast Quick, Speedy Slow, Sluggish

Big Large, Huge Small, Tiny

Strong Powerful, Sturdy Weak, Feeble

Rich Wealthy, Affluent Poor, Destitute

Cold Chilly, Freezing Hot, Warm

Easy Simple, Effortless Difficult, Hard

Old Aged, Ancient Young, New

Bright Shiny, Radiant Dull, Dim

Hard Tough, Rigid Soft, Gentle

2. Advanced Synonyms & Antonyms

Word Synonym Antonym

Brave Courageous, Fearless Cowardly, Timid

Smart Intelligent, Clever Dumb, Stupid

Fake Artificial, Imitation Real, Genuine

Shy Timid, Introverted Outgoing, Bold

Thin Slim, Lean Fat, Obese

Modern Contemporary, New Ancient, Outdated

Lazy Idle, Inactive Hardworking, Diligent

Deep Profound, Intense Shallow, Superficial

Polite Courteous, Respectful Rude, Impolite

Heavy Weighty, Massive Light, Feathery

3. Action-Related Synonyms & Antonyms

Word Synonym Antonym

Buy Purchase, Acquire Sell, Trade

Give Donate, Offer Take, Receive

Start Begin, Commence Stop, Halt

Love Adore, Care for Hate, Despise

Build Construct, Create Destroy, Demolish

Win Succeed, Triumph Lose, Fail

Open Uncover, Unlock Close, Shut

Push Press, Shove Pull, Drag

Laugh Giggle, Chuckle Cry, Weep

Rise Ascend, Climb Fall, Descend

4. Descriptive Words Synonyms & Antonyms

Word Synonym Antonym

Beautiful Pretty, Attractive Ugly, Unattractive

Quiet Silent, Peaceful Noisy, Loud

Tired Exhausted, Weary Energetic, Lively

Famous Well-known, Renowned Unknown, Obscure

Expensive Costly, Pricey Cheap, Inexpensive

Lucky Fortunate, Blessed Unlucky, Unfortunate

Clean Neat, Spotless Dirty, Messy

Neat Tidy, Orderly Messy, Disorganized

Bitter Sour, Acrid Sweet, Pleasant

Honest Truthful, Sincere Dishonest, Liar

5. Emotion-Related Synonyms & Antonyms

Word Synonym Antonym

Angry Furious, Enraged Calm, Peaceful

Fear Terror, Dread Courage, Confidence

Sad Unhappy, Miserable Joyful, Cheerful

Proud Confident, Self-respecting Ashamed, Humble

Lonely Isolated, Solitary Social, Friendly

Greedy Selfish, Covetous Generous, Charitable

Bold Daring, Fearless Shy, Timid

Patient Tolerant, Understanding Impatient, Irritable

Kind Generous, Compassionate Cruel, Mean

Stubborn Headstrong, Obstinate Flexible, Adaptable

6. Abstract Concept Synonyms & Antonyms

Word Synonym Antonym

Truth Reality, Fact Lie, Fiction

Freedom Liberty, Independence Captivity, Slavery

Success Achievement, Victory Failure, Defeat

War Conflict, Battle Peace, Harmony

Love Affection, Care Hate, Loathe

Wisdom Knowledge, Insight Ignorance, Foolishness

Justice Fairness, Equity Injustice, Bias

Strength Power, Might Weakness, Fragility

Future Tomorrow, Destiny Past, History

Light Brightness, Radiance Darkness, Gloom