POWER CCONTROL CENTER (PCC)

CHAPTER :01

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

An introduction to power Control Centers:

In the intericate web of modern energy distribution, the Power Control Center stands as a pivotal
nerve center, orchestrating the flow of electricity with precision and efficiency. As the heartbeat of
any electrical network, these centers serve as the command hubs where monitoring, management,
and control coverage to ensure seamless operation and optimal performance.
At its core, a Power Control Center (PCC) is a sophisticated facility equipped with advanced
technology and software systems, designed to monitor, protect, and regulate the flow of electrical
power across diverse infrastructures. Whether managing a small local grid or overseeing a
sprawling network spanning regions, PCCs play a crucial role in maintaining reliability, stability,
and safety in power supply.
The functions of a PCC are multifaceted, encompassing real-time monitoring of electrical
parameters, fault detection, load management, and response coordination during emergencies.
Through integrated control systems, operators can remotely manage distribution switches, circuit
breakers, and other critical components, ensuring prompt intervention in case of
anomalies or disturbances.
Furthermore, PCCs serve as data repositories, accumulating vast troves of information regarding
power consumption patterns, grid performance metrics, and historical trends. This wealth of data
not only aids in predictive maintenance and system optimization but also faciliates informed
decision-making for future infrastructure upgrades and expansions.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 1

POWER CCONTROL CENTER (PCC)

1.2 SCOPE OF CAPSTONE:

The scope of a capstone project for a Power Control Center (PCC) can be wide-ranging and can
encompass various aspects of the center's operation, optimization, and improvement.
Here’s a breakdown of potential areas within the scope within the scope of such a project:

[Link] Design and Archcitecture: Students could explore the design and architecture of a
Power Control Center, including the hardware and software components involved. This could
involve studying existing systems, understanding their functionalities, and proposing
improvements or optimizations.

Data Analysis and Visualization: Given the wealth of data generated by PCCs, a project
could focus on analyzing this data to extract valuable insights. Students could develop
algorithms to analyze power consumption patterns, identify anomalies.

[Link] Maintenance: Predictive maintenance is crucial for ensuring the reliability and
efficiency of PCCs, A capstone project could involve developing predictive maintenance models
using machine learning algorithms to anticipate equipment failures or performance degradation
based on historical data.

3. Energy Management and Optimization: Optimizing energy usage and distribution is a

key goal of PCCs. Students could work on projects aimed at optimizing energy dispatch strategies,
minimizing transmission losses, or integrating renewable
energy sources into the grid.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 2

POWER CCONTROL CENTER (PCC)

4. Cyber security: With the increasing digitization of power systems, cyber security is a
growing concern; A capstone project could focus on assessing the cyber security risks faced by
PCCs and developing strategies to mitigate these risks, such as implementing secure
communication protocols or intrusion detection systems.
5. Human-Machine Interface (HMI) Design: The interface through which operators interact
with the PCC is critical for effective control and monitoring. Students could work on designing
intuitive and user-friendly HMIs that provide operators with the necessary information and controls
to efficiently manage the power grid.

6. Simulation and Training: Developing realistic simulations of PCC operations can be

invaluable for training operators and testing new control strategies. A capstone project could
involve developing simulation tools that accurately model the behavior of power systems and allow
operators to practice various scenarios in a safe environment.

7. Regulatory Compliance: Power systems are subject to various regulatory requirements

and standards. Students could work on projects aimed at ensuring that
PCCs comply with relevant regulations and standards, such as those related to grid reliability, cyber
security, or environmental impact.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 3

POWER CCONTROL CENTER (PCC)

Chapter:2

CAPSTONE PROJECT PLANNING

2.1. Work breakdown structure (WBS)

i. Project management:

• Project Initiation
• Planning and Scheduling
• Resource Allocation
• Risk Management
• Quality Management

ii. Site Preparation:

• Site Survey
• Land Clearing and Grading
• Utilities Installation (Water, Electricity)

iii. Construction:

• Foundation Construction
• Structure Erection
• Enclosure Installation
• HVAC System Installation
• Electrical Wiring and Connections
• Fire Suppression System Installation

iv. Equipment Installation:

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 4

POWER CCONTROL CENTER (PCC)

• Control Panels Installation

• Power Distribution Units Installation
• Backup Power Systems Installation
• Communication Systems Installation

v. Testing and Commissioning:

• Functionality Testing
• Performance Testing
• Integration Testing
• User Acceptance Testing

vi. Training and Documentation:

• Training Program Development

• Operator Training
• Maintenance Staff Training
• Documentation Preparation

2.2. Timeline Development-Schedule

WEEKS TASK
START END
DATE DATE

01 December-10 December-13
Planning and preparation

02 December-16 December-21
Planning and preparation

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 5

POWER CCONTROL CENTER (PCC)

03 December-21 December-28
Panel fabrication and pre
installation

04 December-30 January-04
Panel fabrication and pre -
installation

05 Installation and wiring January-06

January-11

06 Installation and wiring January-13

January-18

07 January-20
Installation and wiring January-25

08 January-27 February-01
Testing and commissioning

09 February-03 February-08
Testing and commissioning

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 6

POWER CCONTROL CENTER (PCC)

10 February-10 February-15
Testing and commissioning

11 February-17 February-22
Training and documentation

12 February-24 March-01
Training and documentation

13 March-03 March-08
Testing and

Documentation

14 March-10 March-15
Final checks and handover

March-17 March-22
15 Final checks and handover

16 March-24 March-29
Final checks and handover

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 7

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

2.3 Cost breakdown structure(CBS)

Particulars Quantity Rate Amount
Main Power Switch. 01 5000 5000
Circuit Breakers. 02 750 1500
Bus Bar. 01 3000 3000
PCC Control Pannel. 01 10000 10000
Surge Protectors. 01 2000 2000
Contactors. 02 500 1000
Relays. 02 850 1700
Grounding System. 01 1500 1500
Ventilation System 01 2300 2300
Pannel Board 01 5000 5000
Fabrication.
Total 33,000

2.4. Capstone project risks assessment:

1. Technical Risks

• Complexity of system integration: Integrating various hardware and software

components may pose technical challenges.

• Compatibility issues: Ensuring compatibility among different equipment and

systems can be a risk.

• Software bugs: Development of software applications may encounter bugs or errors

that could impact system functionality.

Page 8
 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

• Performance limitations: Hardware or software components may not perform as

expected, leading to system performance issues.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan.

2. Schedule Risks

• Delays in procurement: Procuring equipment and materials may take longer than
anticipated, leading to project schedule slippage.
• Construction delays: Unforeseen site conditions or weather-related delays could
impact construction timelines.
• Integration and testing complexities: Integration and testing phases may take longer
than planned due to technical challenges or unforeseen issues.

3. Resource Risks

• Skilled labour shortages: Availability of skilled labour for construction, installation,

and software development may pose a risk.
• Equipment availability: Delays in equipment delivery or shortages of critical
components could impact project progress.
• Budget constraints: Insufficient funding or cost overruns could lead to resource

constraints during project execution.

4. Safety and Regulatory Risks

• Non-compliance with safety regulations: Failure to adhere to safety standards

and regulations could result in accidents or legal penalties.

• Environmental risks: Environmental regulations and compliance

requirements may impact project execution, especially during site
preparation and construction.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 9

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

5. Quality Risks

• Quality control issues: Ensuring the quality of construction, installation, and

software development may pose a challenge.

• Testing inadequacies: Inadequate testing procedures or coverage may lead to

undetected defects or performance issues.

6. Stakeholder Risks

• Misalignment of expectations: Stakeholders may have differing expectations

regarding project scope, timeline, or deliverables.
• Communication breakdowns: Poor communication among project stakeholders

could lead to misunderstandings or conflicts.

7. External Risks

• Market volatility: Fluctuations in the market for equipment or materials could impact
project costs and availability.

• Political or economic instability: Political or economic factors in the project location

could affect project execution and viability.

8. Cyber security Risks

• Vulnerabilities in software or communication systems: Cyber security threats such

as hacking or malware could compromise the security of the power control center.

9. Mitigation Strategies

• Conduct thorough risk analysis and develop a risk management plan.

• Allocate contingency reserves for schedule, budget, and resource risks.
• Implement must quality assurance and control processes.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 10

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

• Ensure compliance with safety regulations and environmental standards.

• Maintain open communication channels with stakeholders and address concerns
proactively.

• Monitor project progress regularly and adjust plans as needed to mitigate emerging
risks.

Requirement specification:

Functions :

1. Monitor and Control Electrical Equipment: The primary function of a PCC is to

monitor and control electrical equipment such as transformers, switchgear, circuit
breakers, and distribution panels. This includes monitoring parameters such as voltage,
current, frequency, power factor, and energy consumption.

2. Load Management: A PCC allows for efficient management of electrical loads by

monitoring demand and allocating power to different loads based on priority, scheduling,
or demand response programs. This helps optimize energy usage and prevents overload
conditions.

3. Fault Detection and Protection: PCCs are equipped with protection relays and sensors
to detect faults such as short circuits, overloads, and earth faults. When a fault is detected,
the PCC isolates the affected equipment to prevent damage and ensure the safety of the
electrical system.

4. Voltage Regulation: PCCs often include voltage regulation functions to maintain stable
voltage levels within acceptable limits, especially in systems with fluctuating loads or
voltage variations due to network conditions.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 11

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

5. Energy Management: PCCs facilitate energy management by providing real-time data

on energy consumption, demand patterns, and power quality. This information enables

operation to identify energy saving opportunities, optimize system performance, and

implement energy conservation measures.

6. Remote Monitoring and Control: Many PCCs support remote monitoring and control
capabilities, allowing operators to access system data and perform control actions from a
central location or via remote devices such as computers or rnobile phones.

7. Data Logging and Reporting: PCCs collect and store historical data on system
performance, events, and alarms. This data can be used for analysis, troubleshooting,

compliance reporting, and decision-making purposes.

8. Alarm and Event Management: PCCs generate alarms and notifications in response to
abnormal conditions, equipment failures, or system events. Operators can configure alarm
thresholds and escalation procedures to ensure timely response to critical events.

9. Integration With SCADA Systems: PCCs are often integrated with Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems to provide comprehensive monitoring and control
of the entire electrical network. This integration enables centralized management of
multiple PCCs and interoperability with other SCADA-compatible devices and systems.

10. Emergency Backup Power Management: In facilities with emergency backup power
systems such as generators or uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), the PCC may include
functions for monitoring and controlling these systems to ensure seamless switchover
during power outages.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 12

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Non Functional:

1. Reliability: The PCC should operate reliably under normal operating conditions and
during unexpected events such as power outages or equipment failures. It should
have redundancy and failover mechanisms to minimize downtime.

2. Availability: The PCC should be available for use whenever needed, with high
uptime and minimal maintenance downtime. Availability targets may include metrics
such as system uptime percentage over a given period.

3. Scalability: The PCC should be scalable to accommodate future growth in the

electrical system, including additional equipment, increased loads, or expanded
functionality. It should support modular expansion without significant disruption to
existing operations.

4. Performance: The PCC should perform efficiently, with fast response times for
monitoring, control, and data processing tasks. Performance metrics may include
throughput, latency, and processing speed.

5. Safety: The PCC should adhere to relevant safety standards and regulations to ensure
the safety of personnel, equipment, and the environment. It should have built-
in safety features and fail-safe mechanisms to prevent accidents or hazardous
conditions

6. Security: The PCC should be secure against unauthorized access, cyber threats, and
malicious attacks. It should implement authentication, encryption, access control,
and other security measures to protect sensitive data and prevent system tampering.

7. Interoperability: The PCC should be interoperable with other systems and devices
in the electrical network, including legacy equipment, third-party devices, and

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 13

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

communication protocols. It should support industry-standard interfaces and

protocols for seamless integration.

8. Usability: The PCC should be user-friendly, with intuitive interfaces and navigation
that enable operators to easily monitor and control the system. It should provide clear
feedback, alerts, and notifications to assist users in understanding system status and
responding to events.

9. Maintainability: The PCC should be easy to maintain, with clear documentation,

diagnostic tools, and troubleshooting procedures. It should support remote
monitoring and diagnostics to facilitate proactive maintenance and minimize
downtime.

10. Compliance: The PCC should comply with relevant regulatory requirements,
industry standards, and best practices governing power distribution, electrical safety,
and data privacy. Compliance may include certifications such as ISO 9001, ISO
27001, or IEC61850.

User input;

1. Control Commands: Users may ned to input commands to control various aspects of
the power distribution system, such as switching equipment on or off, adjusting voltage
or frequency settings, or activating emergency backup power sources.

2. Set point Adjustments: Users may need to adjust setpoints for parameters such as
voltage, current, power factor, or frequency to optimize system performance or respond
to changing operational conditions.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 14

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

3. Configuration Settings: Users may need to configure the PCC's settings parameters,
and operating modes according to specific requirements or preferences. This could
include setting up alarm thresholds, defining control strategies, or configuring
communication protocols.

4. Scheduling: Users may need to input schedules or time-based commands to automate

certain operations or load-shedding strategies. This could inyolve scheduling
equipment maintenance, implementing demand response programs, or managing peak
load periods.

5. Data Input: Users may need to input data or information related to the electrical
system such as load profiles, energy consumption data, equipment specifications, or
system topology diagrams.
6. Alarm Acknowledgment: Users may need to acknowledge alarms or alerts general by
the PCC's monitoring and control functions. This could inyolve confirming receipt of
alarm notifications and taking apropriate actions to resolve or mitigate the reported
issues,

7. Password or Authentication: Users may need to input passwords, PINs, or other

authentication credentials to access the PCC's control interface or perform certain
privileged operations. This helps ensure security and prevent unauthorized access to
critical system failures.

8. Data Query and Reporting: Users may need to input queries or requests to retrieve
specific data or generate reports on system performance, historical trends, or alarm
logs. This could involve specifying parameters, time ranges, or data formats for the
requested information.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 15

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

9. Emergency Override: Users may need to input emergency override commands to

bypass normal operating procedures and take immediate control of critical system
functions in emergency situations.

10. Feedback and Confirmation: Users may need to provide feedback or confirmation in
response to system prompts, messages, or dialog boxes to verify successful completion
of
requested actions or acknowledge system status change.

Technical Calculation:

1. Physical Space: The available space for installing the PCC equipment may be limited,
constraining the size, layout, and configuration of the control center. This can impact the
selection and arrangement of components, as well as accessibility for maintenance and
operation.

2. Electrical Load: The maximum electrical load that the PCC can handle is a critical
constraint. The PCC must be designed to accommodate the anticipated load requirements
while ensuring that equipment ratings and capacities are not exceeded.

3. Voltage and Frequency Compatibility: The PCC must be compatible with the voltage
and frequency characteristics of the electrical network it serves. It must support the
required voltage levels (e.g., low voltage, medium voltage) and frequency standards (e.g.,
50 Hz, 60 Hz) to ensure compatibility with connected equipment.

4. Equipment Compatibility: The PCC components, including control panels, relays,

switches, and communication devices, must be compatible with each other and with
existing infrastructure. Compatibility issues can arise due to differences in protocols,
standards, or hardware specifications.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 16

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

5. Communication Protocols: The PCC must support communication protocols and

interfaces for integrating with other systems, such as Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA) systems, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), or Buildings
Management Systems (BMS). Compatibility with industry-standard protocols (e.g., Mod
Bus< DNP3, IEC 61850) is essential for interoperability.

6. Reliability and Redundancy: The PCC must be designed for high reliability to minimize
the risk of downtime and system failures. Redundant components, backup power sources,
and failover mechanisms may be required to ensure continuous operation in the event of
equipment failures or power outages.

7. Environmental Conditions: The PCC must be able to operate reliably in the

environmental conditions present at the installation site, including temperature extremes,
humidity, dust, and vibration. Environmental constraints may require additional
protective measures or equipment enclosures to maintain performance and longevity.

8. Regulatory Compliance: The PCC must comply with relevant regulatory standards,
codes, and safety requirements governing electrical systems and control centers.
Compliance with standards such as NFPA 70 (National Electrical Code) and IEEE

standards is essential for ensuring safety and reliability.

9. Cyber security: The PCC must incorporate cyber security measures to protect against
unauthorized access, data breaches, and cyber threats. This includes implementing secure
communication protocols, access control mechanisms, encryption, and regular security
updates.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 17

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

10. Budget and Cost Constraints: Budget limitations can constrain the selection of
components, technologies, and features for the PCC. Cost-effective solutions must be
prioritized while balancing performance, reliability, and functionality requirements.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 18

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Chapter 3:

3.1 Approach and methodology:

1. Requirement Analysis: Conduct a thorough analysis of the requirements and objectives

of the PVC project, including functional requirements, technical specifications, and
regulatory compliance.

2. System Design: Develop a comprehensive design for the PCC, including the layout of
control panels, selection of components (such as switchgear, relays, meters, and
communication devices), and integration with existing electrical systems.

3. Equipment Procurement: Procure the necessary equipment, components, and

materials for the PCC project, ensuring compatibility, quality, and compliance with
specifications and standards.

4. Installation and Wiring: Install and wire the control panels, equipment, and devices
according to the design specifications, taking into account safety requirements, electrical
codes, and best practices.

5. Software Development: Develop or configure software applications for data

acquisition, monitoring, control, and visualization of electrical parameters and system
status in the PCC.

6. Testing and Commissioning: Conduct comprehensive testing and commissioning of

the PCC system to verify functionality, performance, and interoperability with other
systems. This includes functional testing, integration testing, and acceptance testing.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 19

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

7. Training and Documentation: Provide training for operators, maintenance personnel,

and end-users on the operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of the PCC system.
Develop documentation, manuals, and procedures for reference and training purposes.

8. Deployment and Operation: Deploy the PCC system into operational use, ensuring
smooth transition and handover from the project team to the end-users. Monitor and
operate the PCC system, addressing any issues or concerns that arise during initial
operation.

9. Maintenance and Support: Implement a proactive maintenance program for the PCC
system, including preventive maintenance, predictive maintenance, and corrective
maintenance. Provide ongoing technical support and troubleshooting assistance as
needed.

10. Continuous Improvement: Continuously evaluate the performance, reliability, and

efficiency of the PCC system, identifying opportunities for optimization, upgrades, or
expansion to meet evolving requirements and objectives.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 20

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

CHAPTER 4 :

Test and Validation:

1. Test plan

1. Introduction

• Purpose: Describe the purpose and objectives of the test plan.

• Scope: Define the scope of testing, including the components and functionalities
covered.

• Roles and Responsibilities: Identify the stakeholders involved in testing and their
roles.

2. Test Objectives

• Functional Testing: Verify the functionality of the PCC system components and
features.
• Performance Testing: Evaluate the performance and responsiveness of the
• PCC system under different load conditions.
• Reliability Testing: Assess the reliability and stability of the PCC system over time.
• Integration Testing: Ensure interoperability and compatibility with other systems and
devices.

3. Test Environment

• Hardware: Specify the hardware components and configurations required for testing,
including control panels, switchgear, relays, meters, and communication devices.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 21

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

• Software: Identify the software applications, tools, and platforms needed for testing,
including SCADA systems, monitoring software, and communication protocols.
• Data: Define the test data and scenarios to be used during testing, including simulated
load profiles, fault conditions, and performance metrics.

4. Test Cases

• Functional Test Cases: Define test cases to verify the functionality of individual PCC
system components, such as circuit breakers, relays, meters, and commUnication
interfaces.

• performance Test Cases: Outline test cases to evaluate the performance of the PCC
system under normal and peak load conditions, including response time, throughput,
and resource utilization.

• Reliability Test Cases: Describe test cases to assess the reliability and availability of
the PCC system, including fault tolerance, failover capabilities, and recovery
procedures.

• Integration Test Cases: Specify test cases to verify the interoperability and
compatibility of the PCC system with other systems and devices, such as generators,
transformers, and distribution networks.

5. Test Procedures

• Test Setup: Describe the setup procedures for configuring the test environment,
including hardware installation, software configuration, and data preparation.

• Test Execution: Outline the steps for executing each test including inputs, expected
outcomes, and verification criteria.

• Test Data Collection: Define the data collection procedures for capturing test results,
performance metrics, and system logs during testing.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 22

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

• Test Reporting: Specify the format and content of test reports, including summaries
of test results, issues encountered, and recommendations for improvement.

6. Risk Management

 Identify potential risks and challenges associated with testing the PCC system,
such as hardware failures, software bugs, or communication errors.
 Develop mitigation strategies and contingency plans to address risks and minimize
their impact on testing activities.
• Define the timeline and schedule for conducting testing activities, including
milestones, deadlines, and dependencies.

• Allocate resources, including personnel, equipment, and budget, needed to carry out
testing effectively.

7. Acceptance Criteria

• Establish acceptance criteria for each test case, specifying the conditions that must
be met for the PCC system to pass testing.

• Define thresholds and benchmarks for performance metrics, reliability indicators,

and functional requirements.

8. Documentation and Traceability

• Maintain comprehensive documentation of test plans, test cases, test procedures, and
test results throughout the testing process.

• Ensure traceability between test cases and requirements, ensuring that each
requirement is covered by corresponding test cases.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 23

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

9. Review and Approval

• Review the test plan with stakeholders, including project managers, engineers, and

end-users, to ensure alignment with project objectives and requirements.

▪ Obtain approval and sign-off from relevant stakeholders before proceeding with
testing activities.

2. Test Approach

1. Requirement and approval

• Understand the functional and non-functional requirements of the PCC system.

• Analyze user stories, use cases, and system specifications to identify testing needs.

2. Test Strategy definition:

• Define the overall testing strategy, including the scope, objectives, and priorities.
• Determine the testing levels (unit, integration, system, acceptance) and types
(functional, non-functional) to be performed.
• Identify the resources, tools, and environments required for testing.

3. Test Design:

• Develop test scenarios, cases, and scripts based on requirements and use cases.
• Define test data, including input values, boundary conditions, and expected
outcomes.
• Create traceability matrices to link test cases to requirements for coverage analysis.

4. Test Environment Setup

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 24

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

• Set up the testing environment, including hardware, software, networks, and data.
• Configure test environments to mimic production conditions as closely as possible.

5. Test Execution:

• Execute test cases according to the defined test plan and schedule.
• Record test results, including pass/fail Status, actual outcomes, and any deviations
from expected results.
• Capture screenshots, logs, and other artifacts to aid in defect diagnosis and
troubleshooting.

6. Defect Management:

• Report defects promptly in a defect tracking system, including detailed descriptions,

steps to reproduce, and severity levels.
• Prioritize defects based on severity, impact, and risk to the project.
• Monitor defect resolution progress and verify fixes during retesting.

7. Regression Testing:

• Conduct regression testing to ensure that changes or fixes do not introduce new
defects or regressions.
• Reuse existing test cases and data to validate the stability and integrity of the
• PCC system across releases.

8. Performance Testing:

• Perform performance testing to evaluate the scalability, responsiveness, and

throughput of the PCC system under different load conditions.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 25

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

• Measure key performance indicators (KPIs) such as response time, throughput,

resource utilization, and scalability.

9. Security Testing:

• Conduct security testing to identify vulnerabilities, weaknesses, and threats in the

PCC system.

• Verify compliance with security standards and best practices, including

authentication, authorization, encryption, and data protection.

10. User Acceptance Testing (UAT):

• Collaborate with end-users and stakeholders to conduct user acceptance testing.

• Validate that the PCC system meets user requirements, expectations, and usability
criteria.

11. Documentation and Reporting:

• Document test plans, test cases, test results, and defect reports for future reference
and audit purposes.

• . prepare test summary reports and metrics to communicate testing progress,

coverage, and quality to stakeholders.

12. Continuous Improvement:

• Gather lessons learned from testing activities to identify areas for improvement in
processes, tools, and methodologies.

• Implement feedback and recommendations to enhance the efficiency and

effectiveness of future testing efforts.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 26

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

3. Features not Instead:

1. Fault Handling and Recovery: Testing scenarios where the PCC detects and
appropriately responds to various types of faults, such as power outages,
equipment failures, or communication errors.

2. Emergency Shutdown Procedures: Verifying that the PCC can initiate

emergency shutdown procedures effectively in critical situations, ensuring the safety
of personnel and equipment.

3. Redundancy and Failover Mechanisms: Testing the failover capabilities of

redundant components (e.g., controllers, communication links) to ensure
seamless operation and minimal downtime in case of failures.

4. Security Controls and Access Permissions: Assessing the effectiveness of

security controls, authentication mechanisms, and access permissions to

prevent unauthorize Al access or malicious attacks on the PCC system.

5. Scalability and Performance Under Load: Testing the scalability and

performance of the PCC system under heavy loads or increased demand to
ensure it can handle peak operational conditions without degradation in
performance.

6. Integration with External Systems: Verifying interoperability and data

exchange capabilities with external systems, such as SCADA systems, energy
management systems, or building automation systems.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 27

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

7. Data Logging and Audit Trails: Ensuring that the PCC accurately logs and
stores operational data, alarms, events, and audit trails for compliance,
troubleshooting, and historical analysis.

8. User Interface Accessibility and Usability: Assessing the accessibility,

usability, and user experience of the PCC's graphical user interface (GUI) or webbased
interface for operators and administrators.

9. Remote Monitoring and Control: Testing remote monitoring and control

capabilities, including communication reliability, latency, and responsiveness for
remote access to the PCC system.

10. Firmware and Software Updates: Validating procedures for applying

firmware updates, software patches, or configuration changes to the PCC
system without disrupting normal operation or introducing new issues.

11. Compliance with Standards and Regulations: Verifying compliance with

relevant industry standards, regulatory requirements, and safety codes
governing electrical systems, data communication, and cyber security.

12. Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity: Testing disaster recovery plans
and business continuity procedures to ensure rapid recovery and resumption of
PCC operations in case of catastrophic events or disruptions.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 28

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

4. Findings
1. Configuration Errors: Incorrect settings or configurations in the PCC, such as Improper
relay settings, communication parameters, or control logic, leading to operational
inefficiencies or malfunctions.

2. Communication Failures: Issues with communication links or protocols between the

PCC and external systems, such as SCADA systems, resulting in data loss, delays, or
inaccuracies in monitoring and control.

3. Equipment Failures: Malfunctions or failures of components within the PCC, such as

relays, contactors, sensors, or communication devices, impacting system reliability and
performance.

4. Inadequate Redundancy: Insufficient redundancy or failover mechanisms in critical

components of the PCC, increasing the risk of downtime or service interruptions during
equipment failures or maintenance activities.

5. Security Vulnerabilities: Weaknesses or vulnerabilities in the PCC system's security

controls, authentication mechanisms, or access permissions, exposing it to potential cyber
threats or unauthorized access.

6. Non-compliance with Standards: Deviations from industry standards, regulatory

requirements, or safety codes governing electrical systems, data communication, and
cyber security, posing compliance risks and legal liabilities.

7. Operational Inefficiencies: Suboptimal operational practices or procedures in the

management and operation of the PCC, leading to energy waste, increased costs, or subpar
performance.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 29

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

8. User Interface Issues: Usability issues or deficiencies in the PCC's graphical user
interface (GUI) or web-based interface, hindering operator productivity, understanding, or
effectiveness in managing the system.

9. Documentation Gaps: Incomplete or outdated documentation for the PCC system,

including manuals, procedures, drawings, or specifications, impeding effective
maintenance, troubleshooting, or training efforts.

10. Environmental Concerns: Environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, dust,

or vibration, affecting the reliability, performance, or lifespan of the PCC components or
equipment.

11. Training Needs: Lack of adequate training or proficiency among operators, maintenance
personnel, or end-users in operating, maintaining, or troubleshooting the PCC system
effectively.

12. Performance Degradation: Degradation in the performance or efficiency of the PCC

system over time due to wear and tear, aging components, or inadequate maintenance
practices.

5. Inference

1. Operational Efficiency: If the PCC is well-configured, properly maintained, and

effectively operated, it can contribute to improved operational efficiency, energy savings,
and system reliability.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 30

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

2. Reliability and Safety: A robust and properly designed PCC can enhance the reliability and
safety of electrical systems by providing accurate monitoring, control, and protection
functions.

3. Compliance and Standards: Compliance with industry standards, regulatory

requirements, and best practices is essential for ensuring the integrity and legality of PCC
operations.

4. Risk Mitigation: Identifying and addressing issues, vulnerabilities, or deficiencies in the

PCC system can mitigate risks, reduce downtime, and enhance resilience to potential
failures or disruptions.

5. Optimization Opportunities: Opportunities for optimization, improvement, or innovation

may exist to enhance the performance, efficiency, or functionality of the PCC system.

6. Training and Knowledge Gaps: Identifying training needs or knowledge gaps among
operators, maintenance personnel, or end-users can lead to targeted training programs to
improve competency and effectiveness in PCC operations.

7. Investment Priorities: Prioritizing investments in upgrades, enhancements, or

modernization of the PCC system based on identified deficiencies, critical issues, or
strategic objectives.

8. Environmental Impact: Assessing the environmental impact of PCC operations, such as

energy consumption, carbon emissions, or waste generation, can inform sustainability
initiatives and environmental stewardship efforts.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 31

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

9. Cost-Benefit Analysis: Conducting a cost-benefit analysis to evaluate the return on

investment (ROI) of PCC improvements, upgrades, or maintenance activities compared to
potential benefits in terms of efficiency gains, cost savings, or risk reduction.

10. Continuous Improvement: Recognising the importance of continuous improvement,

monitoring, and review process to ensure the ongoing effectiveness, reliability, and
relevance of the PCC systemin meeting organizational goals and objectives.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 32

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Chapter-5

Advantages and Applications

ADVANTAGES:

• Centralized Power Control: They allow centralized control and monitoring of

electrical power distribution, making management easier.

• Improved Safety: Equipped with protective devices like circuit breakers, relays, and
fuses to ensure the safety of equipment and personnel.

• Efficient Load Management: Help balance and manage electrical loads efficiently,
preventing overloading and improving system reliability.

• Modular Design: Usually modular, making them easier to upgrade, expand, and
maintain.

• Enhanced Monitoring: Modern PCC panels can include meters and digital displays for
real-time monitoring of voltage, current, power factor, etc.

• Customization: Can be tailored to meet specific project or industry requirements, such

as motor control, lighting, HVAC, etc.

• Durability: Built to withstand harsh industrial environments, with robust enclosures and
insulation.

• Compliance with Standards: Designed as per IEC, IS, or other relevant electrical
standards to ensure quality and safety.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 33

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

APPLICATIONS:

• Industrial Plants: Used to control and distribute power to machinery, equipment, and
lighting in manufacturing units, refineries, chemical plants, and more

• Commercial Buildings: Found in malls, office complexes, and hospitals for managing
electrical loads like lighting, HVAC, elevators, and emergency systems.

• Power Plants: Essential in thermal, hydro, and renewable energy plants for distributing
generated power to various auxiliary systems.

• Data Centers: Used for precise load management and uninterrupted power distribution
to servers and networking equipment.

• Infrastructure Projects: Applied in airports, metro stations, and railway systems for
controlling power supply to various systems.

• Oil & Gas Industry: Used in onshore and offshore facilities for distributing power to
drilling systems, safety equipment, and monitoring systems.

• Textile & Paper Industries: Used to power and control various processing and
finishing machines.

• Automotive Industry: Powering robotic lines, conveyor systems, and other automated
production machinery.

• Mining Sector: Distributes power to heavy-duty machinery and ensures safe operation
in hazardous environments.

• Water Treatment Plants: Controls and distributes power to pumps, filtration units, nd
automation systems.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 34

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Chapter 6:

INSTALLATION OF PROJECT PICTURES

Making of the project

PHOTO GALLERY

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 35

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 36

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 37

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 38

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Chapter 7

Business aspects:

▪ Describe the market and economic outlook of the capstone

project for the industry:

1. Growing Demand for Energy Efficiency: With increasing emphasis on energy efficiency
and sustainability, there is a rising demand for advanced control and monitoring solutions like
PCCs. Industries, commercial buildings, and utilties are seeking ways to optimize energy
usage, reduce costs, and minimize environmental impact, driving the adoption of PCC
systems.
2. Expansion of Industrial Automation: The trend towards industrial automation and smat
manufacturing is driving demand for PCCs in industrial facilities. These systems play a
critical role in monitoring and controlling electrical distribution networks, optimizing power
factor, and ensuring efficient operation of machinery and equipment.
3. Renewable Energy Integration: The integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar
and wind power, into the electrical grid presents both challenges and opportunities for PCCs.
These systems need to manage the variability of renewable generation and maintain grid
stability, driving demand for advanced control and monitoring capabilities.
4. Infrastructure Investments: Ongoing investments in infrastructure modernization and
upgrade projects, particularly in emerging markets and developing economies, are fuelling
demand for PCCs. These systems are essential for improving the reliability, efficiency, and
safety of electrical distribution networks in various sectors.

5. Tecnological Advancements: Rapid advancements in technology, including of ( Internet of

Things), data analytics, and cloud computing, are enabling the development of more
sophisticated and intelligent PCC solutions.

Page 39
 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER 2024-25

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan.

6. Regulatory Environment: Regulatory mandantes and standards related to energy efficiency,
grid reliability, and safety influence the market for PCCs. Compliance with regulations and
adherence to industry standards are essential consideraicons1o stake holders in the power
industry.
7. Competitive Landscape: The market for PCCs is characterized by a competitive landscape
with numerous payers offering a wide range of products and solutions.
Differentiation through innovation, reliability, and customer support is crucial/or companies
to maintain a competitive edge in the market

▪ Highlight the novel features of the service:

1. Predictive Maintenance: Implementing advanced predictive maintenance algorithms and

analytics to anticipate potential equipment failures or maintenance needs in
the PCC system, enabling proactive maintenance scheduling and minimizing downtime.

2. Machine Learning Integration: Integrating machine leaming algorithms into the PCC
service to analyze historical data, identify patterns, and optimize control strategies
for improved energy efficiency, load management, and power factor correction.

3. Real-time Optimization: Providing real-time optimization capabilities in the

PCC service to dynamically adjust capacitor bank configurations, control settings, and load
shedding strategies based on changing operating conditions and demand profiles.

4. Cloud-based Monitoring and Control : Offering cloud-based monitoring and control

functionalities for PCC systems, allowing operators to access real-time data, pattern remote
diagnostics, and implement control actions from anywhere with internet connectivity.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 39

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER 2024-25

5. Integration with Renewable Energy Sources: Enabling seamless integration with

renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, by incorporating advanced
forecasting algorithms, grid synchronization capable, and dynamic load balancing features
into the PCC service.

6. Cyber security Enhancements: lmplementing about cyber security measure and protocols
to safeguard PC systems against cyber threats, unauthorized access and data breaches,
ensuring the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of crucial infrastructure.

7. Customizable Alerts and Notifications: Allowing users to customize alerts and notifications
based on predefined thresholds, operational parameters, or specific events, ensuring timely
awareness of abnormal conditions and enabling prompt response actions.

8. Energy Efficiency Recommendations: Providing personalized energy efficiency

recommendations and optimization strategies tailored to customers unique
operational requirements, equipment configurations, and performance goals.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 39

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER 2024-25

Chapter 8

Operation

1. For DIO ACB remove the Transportation Cushion (2 Nos.) & it

Keeping OFF button pressed, open the Racking Shutter. In case ACB is out of the panel or
the pannel door is open, gently press Racking Interlock to defeat it. Rack-out the ACB to
Disconnected position.

Note: Once racking shutter is opened, the ACB can not be closed, even by an electrical closing

2. Pull the ACB out using pull-out handles.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 39

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER 2024-25

 ABC Interlocks:
ON-OFF Button padlocking.

To prevent unauthorized access, ON / OFF buttons can be padlocked or sealed, together or

individually.
Sealing the Release cover:
Protection setting for Release can be secured using a standard lead seal.

 Safety shutter padlocking:

Users can padlock top or bottom part of the Safety shutter to secure access to Line
and/or load side.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 39

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER 2024-25

 Operation:
Racking shutter padlocking:
Tools required: Screw Driver(Tip width 3 mm)
To prevent inadvertent racking operation, racking shutter can be padlocked, when ACB is in
distinct Service, Test or Isolated positions and racking shutter is closed. Upto 3 padlocks can
be used at a time.

 H Locking OFF button:

ACB can be locked in POFFK condition to prevent unauthorized PONK
operation. This feature is mainly used for interlocking with other ACBs or
electrical devices in an electrical scheme.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 39

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER 2024-25

Press the POFFK button and turn the key. When key is Removed, the ACB remains locked in
OFF position. For switching the ACB PONK, reinsert the key & turn to release OFF button.

 H Door Interlock defeat:

Tools required: Philips Head Screw driver (Tip number 2) or

Screw driver (Tip width 6 mm)

If the ACB is equipped with Door interlock, panel door can be opened when ACB is in
Service condition.

If it is necessary to open the panel door with ACB in Service condition,

Door Interlock can be defeated as illustrated here with.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 39

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER 2024-25

 Warning:
Opening panel door when ACB terminals are live, may lead to electric shock and personal
injury.

 Racking Interlock defeat:

Tools required: None
Racking interlocking prevents opening of racking shutter and thus, racking in / out of the
ACB When pannel door is open. If it is necessary to rack-out the ACB with pannel door open,
racking interlocking can be defeated. For opening racking shutter with pannel door open,
gently push the racking interlock lever in addition to keeping “OFF” button pressed.

 Warning
It is recommended to carry-out racking operation only with panel door closed.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 39

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER 2024-25

*ACB Panel Indications

• ACB panel has following indications on it I

• Green indicating lamp - Breaker POFFK

• Red indicating lamp - Breaker PONK
• Amber indicating lamp - PAUTO TRIPK
• Blue indicating lamp - PSPRING CHARGEDK ，R, Y, B Phase indications.
• ACB front facial indication A
• OFF /ON Indication.
• Spring Charged indication with Yellow colour
• Discharge indication with black colour.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 39

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER 2024-25

Chssapter 9

Maintenance;

1. Regular Inspections: Schedule routine inspections to check for any signs of wear and
tear, loose connections, overheating, or corrosion. This should include visual inspections as well
as using tools like thermal imaging cameras to detect any anomalies.

2. Cleaning: Keep the power control center clean and free from dust, it, and dirt. Regularly
clean the interior and exterior surfaces, as accumulation of it can lead to insulation breakdown
and overheating.

3. Tightening Connections: Check and tighten all electrical connections regularly to

prevent arcing, which can cause damage to equipment and pose safety hazards.

[Link]: Conduct periodic testing of protective devices such as circuit breakers, relays, and
surge protectors to ensure they are functioning properly. This may include insulation
resistance testing, ground fault testing, and operational testing of breakers.

5. Temperature Monitoring: Monitor the temperature o f critical components within

the power control center using sensors or thermal imaging to detect any overheating issues early
on.

[Link] Maintenance: If the power control center includes battery backup

systems, perform regular inspections and maintenance of batteries to ensure they are properly
charged and in good condition.

[Link] Updates: If the power control center is equipped with monitoring or control
software, ensure that it is kept up to date with the latest firmware and security patches.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 39

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER 2024-25

[Link]: Maintain accurate documentation of maintenance activities,

inspections, and any repairs or modifications made to the power control center. This
can help track the history of the system and identify any recurring issues.

[Link]: Ensure that personal responsible for operating and maintaining the power control
center are properly trained in safety procedures and best practices for maintenance.

[Link] Preparedness: Have a contingency plan for dealing with power outages or
emergencies, including backup power sources and procedures for safety shutting down or
isolating equipment if necessary.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 39

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER 2024-25

Chapter 10

Benefits;

1. Centralized Control: PCCs provide a centralized location for monitoring and controlling
various aspects of the power distribution system. This centralized control enhances
efficiency and facilitates quick responses to any issue or emergencies.

2. Enhanced Safety: By centralizing control, PCCs help ensure the safety of personnel and
equipment. They enable operators to monitor voltage levels, current flows, and other critical
parameters, allowing for timely intervention in case of abnormalities or faults.

3. Improved Reliability: PCCs often incorporate redundancy and backup systems to

enhance the reliability of the power distribution network They can automatically switch to
backup power sources or isolate faulty sections, minimizing downtime and disruptions.

4. Optimized Energy Management: PCCs enable efficient energy management by providing

real-time data on energy consumption, demand patterns, and system performance. This
information allows operators to identify opportunities for optimization and implement
strategies to reduce energy waste and costs.

5. Remote Monitoring and Control: Many modern PCCs are equipped with remote
monitoring and control capabilities, allowing operators to oversee the system from
anywhere with internet access. This feature is particularly valuable for large-scale or
geographically dispersed facilities, enabling proactive management and troubleshooting.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 39

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER 2024-25

6. Integration with Smart Grid Technologies: PCCs can be integrated with smart grid
technologies, such as advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and distributed energy
resources(DERSs). This integration facilitates grid modernization efforts, improves grid
resilience, and supports the integration of renewable energy sources.

7. Scalability and Flexibility: PCCs are designed to accommodate future expansion and
modifications to the power distribution system. They can make be scaled up or reconfigured
as needed to meet changing requirements, making them a flexible solution for evolving
electrical for evolving electrical infrastructures.

8. Compliance and Reporting: PCCs help organizations comply with regulatory

requirements and industry standards by providing data logging, reporting, and auditing
capabilities. This ensures transparency and accountability in power management practices.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 39

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER 2024-25

Chapter 11

Emergency stop controls:

1. Emergency Stop Button: Install a large, prominently labelled emergency stop button
that is easily accessible to operators. This button should be strategically located where
it can be quickly reached in case of an emergency.

2. Redundancy: Implement redundancy in the emergency stop system to ensure

reliability. This might include redundant buttons or multiple emergency stop circuits1o
prevent single points of failure.

3. Locking Mechanism: Consider incorporating a locking mechanism to prevent

accidental or unauthorized operation of the emergency stop button. This can help
prevent unintentional shutdowns and ensure that only authorized personnel can reset
the system after an emergency stop.

4. Visual and Audible Alarms: Install visual and audible alarms that are triggered when
the emergency stop button is activated. This alerts operators and nearby personnel to
the emergency situation.

5. Integration with Control Systems: Integrate the emergency stop controls with the
power control center's overall control system. This allows for coordinated shutdown
procedures and ensures that all relevant equipment is safely stopped in an emergency.

6. Testing and Maintenance: Regularly test and maintain the emergency stop controls to
ensure they are functioning properly. This includes testing the functionality of the

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 39

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER 2024-25

emergency stop button, checking for any signs of wear or damage, and verifying the
integrity of the locking mechanism.

7. Training: Provide training to personnel on the proper use of the emergency stop
controls and the procedures to follow in case of an emergency. This ensures that
operators are prepared to respond effectively in emergency situations.

Dept of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. Rajeev Polytechnic, Hassan. Page 39