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Class – 8
OSI Model
OSI MODEL OSI (Open system interconnection) model
Ø OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. Open stands to say non-proprietary. It is a 7-
layer architecture with each layer having specific functionality to perform. All these 7 layers
work collaboratively to transmit the data from one person to another across the globe. The
OSI reference model was developed by ISO – ‘International Organization for
Standardization ‘, in the year 1984. The OSI model provides a theoretical foundation for
understanding network communication.
It is a seven layered Model.

The seven layers of OSI model are:

1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer

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Functions of Layers
Physical layer
Ø It is responsible for the actual physical connection between the devices. The physical layer
contains information in the form of bits. It is responsible for transmitting individual bits
from one node to the next.
Ø Hub, Repeater, Modem, and Cables are Physical Layer devices
Ø Function of physical layer
1. Bit synchronization
2. Bit rate control
3. Physical topologies
4. Transmission mode

Data Link Layer

Ø The data link layer is responsible for the node-to-node delivery of the message. The main
function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is error-free from one node to another,
over the physical layer. Packet in the Data Link layer is referred to as Frame.
Ø Data Link layer is handled by the NIC (Network Interface Card) and device drivers of host
machines.
Ø Switch & Bridge are Data Link Layer devices.
The Data Link Layer is divided into two sublayers:
• Logical Link Control (LLC)
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• Media Access Control (MAC)

Functions of the Data Link Layer
1. Framing
2. Physical addressing
3. Error Control
4. Flow Control
5. Access control
Network layer
Ø The network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the other located in
different networks. It also takes care of packet routing i.e. selection of the shortest path to
transmit the packet, from the number of routes available. Segment in the Network layer is
referred to as Packet. Network layer is implemented by networking devices such as routers
and switches.
Functions of the Network Layer
1. Routing
2. Logical Addressing
Transport layer
Ø The data in the transport layer is referred to as Segments. It is responsible for the end-to-
end delivery of the complete message. The transport layer is called as Heart of the OSI
model.
Ø Device or Protocol Use : TCP, UDP NetBIOS, PPTP
Fact:
Ø Network Layer, Data Link Layer, and Physical Layer are also known as Lower Layers or
Hardware Layers
Functions of the Transport Layer
• Segmentation and Reassembly
• Service Point Addressing
Services Provided by Transport Layer
• Connection-Oriented Service

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• Connectionless Service
1. Connection-Oriented Service: It is a three-phase process that
Includes:
• Connection Establishment
• Data Transfer
• Termination/disconnection
In this type of transmission, the receiving device sends an acknowledgment, back to the source
after a packet or group of packets is received. This type of transmission is reliable and secure.
2. Connectionless service: It is a one-phase process and includes Data Transfer. In this type of
transmission, the receiver does not acknowledge receipt of a packet. This approach allows for
much faster communication between devices.
Session layer
Ø This layer is responsible for the establishment of connection, maintenance of sessions, and
authentication, and also ensures security.
Ø Device or Protocol Use : NetBIOS, PPTP.
Functions of the Session Layer
1. Session Establishment, Maintenance, and Termination
2. Synchronization
3. Dialog Controller
Presentation layer
Ø The presentation layer is also called the Translation layer . The data from the application
layer is extracted here and manipulated as per the required format to transmit over the
network.
Ø Device or Protocol used:
Ø JPEG, MPEG, GIF
Functions of the Presentation Layer
1. Translation
2. Encryption/ Decryption
3. Compression
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Application Layer
Ø It provides a user interface or platform to transmit or receive the date. Eg: web browser,
skype, messenger. This layer also serves as a window for the application services to access
the network and for displaying the received information to the user.
Ø Functions of the Application Layer
1. Network Virtual Terminal (NVT)
2. File transfer access and management (FTAM)
3. Mail Services
4. Directory services.
Protocols and standards work on OSI Layers

Layer Layer Name Responsibility Information Device or Protocol

No. Form
(Data Unit)
7 Application Helps in identifying the Message SMTP
Layer client and synchronizing
communication.
6 Presentation Data from the application Message JPEG , MPEG , GIF
Layer layer is extracted and
manipulated in the required
format for transmission.
5 Session Layer Establishes Connection, Message (or Gateway
Maintenance, Ensures encrypted
message)

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Authentication and Ensures
security.
4 Transport Take Service from Network Segment Firewall
Layer Layer and provide it to the
Application Layer.
3 Network Layer Transmission of data from Packet Router
one host to another, located
in different networks.
2 Data Link Node to Node Delivery of Frame Switch , Bridge
Layer Message.
1 Physical Layer Establishing Physical Bits Hub , Repeater , Modem ,
Connections between Cables
Devices.

TCP/IP model
Ø TCP/IP protocol (Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ) was created by U.S.
Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1970s.
Ø Some key differences between the OSI model and the TCP/IP Model are:
v TCP/IP model consists of 4 layers but OSI model has 7 layers. Layers 5,6,7 of the OSI
model are combined into the Application Layer of TCP/IP model and OSI layers 1 and 2
are combined into Network Access Layers of TCP/IP protocol.

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