Distortion Energy (DE) Failure Theory
⚫ Also known as:
◦ Octahedral Shear Stress
◦ Shear Energy
◦ Von Mises
◦ Von Mises – Hencky
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Distortion Energy (DE) Failure Theory
⚫ Originated from observation that ductile materials stressed
hydrostatically (equal principal stresses) exhibited yield
strengths greatly in excess of expected values.
⚫ Theorizes that if strain energy is divided into hydrostatic
volume changing energy and angular distortion energy, the
yielding is primarily affected by the distortion energy.
Fig. 5–8
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Distortion Energy (DE) Failure Theory
⚫ Theory: Yielding occurs when the distortion strain energy per
unit volume reaches the distortion strain energy per unit volume
for yield in simple tension or compression of the same material.
Fig. 5–8
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Deriving the Distortion Energy
⚫ Hydrostatic stress is average of principal stresses
⚫ Strain energy per unit volume,
⚫ Substituting Eq. (3–19) for principal strains into strain energy
equation,
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Deriving the Distortion Energy
⚫ Strain energy for producing only volume change is obtained by
substituting av for 1, 2, and 3
⚫ Substituting av from Eq. (a),
⚫ Obtain distortion energy by subtracting volume changing
energy, Eq. (5–7), from total strain energy, Eq. (b)
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Deriving the Distortion Energy
⚫ Tension test specimen at yield has 1 = Sy and 2 = 3 =0
⚫ Applying to Eq. (5–8), distortion energy for tension test
specimen is
⚫ DE theory predicts failure when distortion energy, Eq. (5–8),
exceeds distortion energy of tension test specimen, Eq. (5–9)
Von Mises Stress
⚫ Left hand side is defined as von Mises stress
⚫ For plane stress, simplifies to
⚫ In terms of xyz components, in three dimensions
⚫ In terms of xyz components, for plane stress
Distortion Energy Theory With Von Mises Stress
⚫ Von Mises Stress can be thought of as a single, equivalent, or
effective stress for the entire general state of stress in a stress
element.
⚫ Distortion Energy failure theory simply compares von Mises
stress to yield strength.
⚫ Introducing a design factor,
⚫ Expressing as factor of safety,
Sy
n
Failure Theory in Terms of von Mises Stress
⚫ Equation is identical to Eq. (5–10) from Distortion Energy
approach
⚫ Identical conclusion for:
◦ Distortion Energy
◦ Octahedral Shear Stress
◦ Shear Energy
◦ Von Mises
◦ Von Mises – Hencky
Sy
n
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DE Theory Compared to Experimental Data
⚫ Plot von Mises stress on
principal stress axes to
compare to experimental
data (and to other failure
theories)
⚫ DE curve is typical of data
⚫ Note that typical equates to
a 50% reliability from a
design perspective
⚫ Commonly used for
analysis situations
⚫ MSS theory useful for
design situations where Fig. 5–15
higher reliability is desired
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Shear Strength Predictions
⚫ For pure shear loading, Mohr’s circle shows that A = −B =
⚫ Plotting this equation on principal stress axes gives load line for
pure shear case
⚫ Intersection of pure shear load line with failure curve indicates
shear strength has been reached
⚫ Each failure theory predicts shear strength to be some fraction of
normal strength
Fig. 5–9 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Example 5-1
Example 5-1
Example 5-1
Example 5-1
Fig. 5−11 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Mohr Theory
⚫ Some materials have compressive strengths different from
tensile strengths
⚫ Mohr theory is based on three simple tests: tension,
compression, and shear
⚫ Plotting Mohr’s circle for each, bounding curve defines failure
envelope
Fig. 5−12
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Coulomb-Mohr Theory
⚫ Curved failure curve is difficult to determine analytically
⚫ Coulomb-Mohr theory simplifies to linear failure envelope using
only tension and compression tests (dashed circles)
Fig. 5−13
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Coulomb-Mohr Theory
⚫ From the geometry, derive
the failure criteria
Fig. 5−13
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Coulomb-Mohr Theory
⚫ To plot on principal stress axes, consider three cases
⚫ Case 1: A ≥ B ≥ For this case, 1 = A and 3 = 0
◦ Eq. (5−22) reduces to
⚫ Case 2: A ≥ ≥ B For this case, 1 = A and 3 = B
◦ Eq. (5-22) reduces to
⚫ Case 3: 0 ≥ A ≥ B For this case, 1 = and 3 = B
◦ Eq. (5−22) reduces to
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Coulomb-Mohr Theory
⚫ Plot three cases on principal stress axes
⚫ Similar to MSS theory, except with different strengths for
compression and tension
Fig. 5−14
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Coulomb-Mohr Theory
⚫ Incorporating factor of safety
⚫ For ductile material, use tensile and compressive yield strengths
⚫ For brittle material, use tensile and compressive ultimate
strengths
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Coulomb-Mohr Theory
⚫ Intersect the pure shear load line with the failure line to
determine the shear strength
⚫ Since failure line is a function of tensile and compressive
strengths, shear strength is also a function of these terms.
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Example 5-2
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Example 5-2
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Example 5-3
Fig. 5−16 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Example 5-3
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Example 5-3
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Example 5-4
Fig. 5−17
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Example 5-4
Fig. 5−17 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Example 5-4
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Example 5-4
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Failure of Ductile Materials Summary
⚫ Either the maximum-shear-stress
theory or the distortion-energy
theory is acceptable for design and
analysis of materials that would fail
in a ductile manner.
⚫ For design purposes the
maximum-shear-stress theory is
easy, quick to use, and
conservative.
⚫ If the problem is to learn why a part
failed, then the distortion-energy
theory may be the best to use.
⚫ For ductile materials with unequal
yield strengths, Syt in tension and
Syc in compression, the Mohr
theory is the best available.
Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory for Brittle Materials
⚫ The maximum-normal-stress (MNS)
theory states that failure occurs whenever
one of the three principal stresses equals
or exceeds the ultimate strength.
⚫ For a general stress state in the ordered
form σ1 ≥ σ2 ≥ σ3. This theory then
predicts that failure occurs whenever
where Sut and Suc are the ultimate tensile
and compressive strengths, respectively,
given as positive quantities.
⚫ MNS theory is not very good at predicting
failure in the fourth quadrant of the A,
B plane. Hence not recommended for
use (has been added for historical reason!)
Maximum Normal Stress Theory
⚫ Theory: Failure occurs when the maximum principal stress in a
stress element exceeds the strength.
⚫ Predicts failure when
⚫ For plane stress,
⚫ Incorporating design factor,
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Brittle Coulomb-Mohr
⚫ Same as previously derived, using ultimate strengths for failure
⚫ Failure equations dependent on quadrant
Quadrant condition Failure criteria
Fig. 5−14
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Brittle Failure Experimental Data
⚫ Coulomb-Mohr is
conservative in 4th quadrant
⚫ Modified Mohr criteria
adjusts to better fit the data
in the 4th quadrant
Fig. 5−19
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Modified-Mohr
Quadrant condition Failure criteria
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Example 5-5
Fig. 5−16
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Example 5-5
Table A24,
P1046
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Example 5-5
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Selection of Failure Criteria
⚫ First determine ductile vs. brittle
⚫ For ductile
◦ MSS is conservative, often used for design where higher
reliability is desired
◦ DE is typical, often used for analysis where agreement with
experimental data is desired
◦ If tensile and compressive strengths differ, use Ductile
Coulomb-Mohr
⚫ For brittle
◦ Mohr theory is best, but difficult to use
◦ Brittle Coulomb-Mohr is very conservative in 4th quadrant
◦ Modified Mohr is still slightly conservative in 4th quadrant, but
closer to typical
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Selection of Failure Criteria in Flowchart Form
Fig. 5−21
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