Lesson-by-Lesson Review

7-1 Multiplication Properties of Exponents

Simplify each expression. _ Example1 !

9. x • x 3 • x 5 10. (2xy)( -3x 2y 5) Simplify (sx 2y3){2x 4y).

11. ( -4ab 4)( -5a 5b 2) 12. (6x 3y 2)
2
(5x 2y 3) ( 2x 4y)
13. [ (2r't) f
3
14. ( -2u 3)(5u) = (5 • 2)(x 2• x4)(y 3 • y) Commutative Property

15. (2x 2 ) 3 (~) 3 16. !(2x 3)

3 = 10x 6y4 Product of Powers
---,

_ Example2
17. GEOMETRY Use the formula V = 7r-r 2h to find the
J

volume of the cylinder. Simplify (3a 2b4)3.

3x (3a2b4)3 = 33(a2)3(b4)3 Power of a Product

rl ~
= 27a 6b12 Simplify.

7-2 Division Properties of Exponents

Simplify each expression. Assume that no denominator 1- -
Example3
equals zero. 2 3
Simplify k:m . Assume that no denominator equals zero.
18. (~~
0
19. (3;;-'r 4
2k m3
4k m
=(I)(
k4)( m3)
Group powers with
4k2m 4 ~ m the same base.
12y-4
20. 3y-5 21. a- 3 b0 c 6
= (!)k4-2 m3-1 Quotient of Powers
(3x-1)-2 - k2m2
23. - --2- Simplify.
(3x2)-

)o
. ( 6xyl1z9
(~)(;, )(~:)
I-
24 25. Example4
48x6yz- 7
t4 -2
Simplify t -~: 7 • Assume that no denominator equals zero.
26. GEOMETRY The area of a rectangle is 25x 2y4 square 4 2 Group the powers
feet. The width of the rectangle is 5xy feet. What is the t uv- = (_r_)(J!....)(
c3 ul
v-2)
t-3u7 w1th the same base.
length of the rectangle?
= (t4+3)(u1-7)(v-2) Quot1ent of Powers

5xy = t7 u-6v-2 Simplify.

tl
- u6v2 Simplify.

476 I Chapter 7 I Study Guide and Review

7-3 Rational Exponents
Simplify. ExampleS I
2
27. {1343 I 28. ifi29 Simplify 1253.
2
1
)l 1253 = ({1125) 2 b~= (Vb)m
29. 6254 I 30. ( 27
8 3
= (~s:-s-=-sr 125 =5 3
3 2
31. 2564 I 32. 325 = 52 or25 Simplify.

33. 3433
4

I 34. ( 49
4 2 )l ~

_ Example&
-
I
Solve gx- 1 = 729.
Solve each equation.
9x- 1 = 729 Original equation
35. 6x=m6 36. 44x-l = 32 9x-1 = 93 Rewrite 729 as 93.
I
x-1=3 Power Property of Equality
x=4 Add 1to each side.
I

7-4 Radical Expressions

Simplify. Example7
2
37. y36x2/ 38. V20ab 3 Simplify
4
+ {3'
39. V3 . ..j6 40. 2V3 . 3W _2_
Original expression
4+V3
4t (4- VS) 2 42. (1 + v2}
2 4-V3
Rationalize the denominator.
43. @"
v; 44. ff·ff = 4+V3.4-V3

- 2(4) -2V3
3 1 s {a - b)( a + b) = a2 - b2
45.~ 46.~ -42- (V3)2
2-v5 v7+6
- 8-2V3
47. V6- V54 + 3W + 5V3 16-3
( v'3)2 = 3

48. 2V6- V48 8-2V3

=-13- Simplify.
49. 0.(5 + 3V3) 1-
ExampleS
5o. (2V3- V5Hv'W + 4V6) Simplify 2VG- ViA.
5t (6VS + 2)(40. + V3) 2V6- V24 = 2V6- V4=6 Product Property

52. MOTION The velocity of a dropped object when it hits = 2V6- 2V6 Simplify.

the ground can be found using v = -j29d, where vis the =0 Simplify.
I~
velocity in feet per second, g is the acceleration due to
Example9
gravity, and dis the distance in feet the object drops.
Find the speed of a penny when it hits the ground, after Simplify ( V3- Vi)( V3 + 2V2).
being dropped from 984 feet. Use 32 feet per second (V3- v'2)( V3 + 2v'2)
squared for g.
= (V3) (V3) + (V3) (2v'2) + (-v'2)( V3) + (v'2)(2v'2)
= 3 + 2V6- V6 + 4
=7+V6

[Link] 477
 7-5 Exponential Functions
Graph each function. Find they-intercept, and state the Example10
domain, range, and the equation of the asymptote. Graph y = 3x + 6. Find they-intercept, and state the
53. y= 2x domain and range.
~
54. y= 3x + 1 1
14
y
12
55. y= 4x + 2 -3 3-3 + 6 6.04 I
10
56. y= 2x- 3 -2 3-2 +6 6.11 8 ,I
-1 3- 1 +6 6.33 """'v
4
5l BIOLOGY The population of bacteria in a petri dish 0 3°+6 7 2
increases according to the model p = 550(2.7)[Link],
31 +6 9 -8-6-4-20 2 4 6 8X
where tis the number of hours and t = 0 corresponds
to 1:00 P.M. Use this model to estimate the number of
bacteria in the dish at 5:00 P.M. They-intercept is (0, 7). The domain is all real numbers,
and the range is all real numbers greater than 6.

7-6 Transformations of Exponential Functions

Describe the transformation g(x) as it relates to the parent Example11
function ~x). Compare the graphs of ~x) = 2x and g(x) = 1(2X).
58. ~x) = 2x; g(x) = 5(2)X y
~ 4.
J I
59. f(x) = 3x; g(x) = -0.5(3)X- 2
60. Compare the key features of f(x) = 2x, l/
I
~ """"' tl"
, j

g(x) = 2x - 3, and p(x) = 2x + 4. 0 X

61. Write the function g(x) given that g(x) is a reflection For both functions, the asymptote is y = 0. The function f(x)
and vertical dilation of f(x) = 4x. has y-intercept 1and g(x) has y-intercept Both functions 1·
are increasing as x ----t oo. Compared to f(x), g(x) is vertically
compressed.

478 I Chapter 7 I Study Guide and Review

7-7 Writing Exponential Functions
62. Write an exponential function in the form y = atr for Example12 I
the graph. Write an exponential function for the graph.
y
iT I I I I I tY I I I I I
J
7 1
17 7
Tf IT
fi(3, 4) fl
II J
17
--_y
0 X

Write an exponential function for a graph that passes 1 = ab0 Use the points (0. 1) and (2, 9) to write a
through the given points. 9=atf system of equations.

63. (1, 12) and (2, 36) 1 =a ·1 Simplify the first equation and solve for a.
64. (2, 20) and (4, 80) a=1

65. Find the final value of $2500 invested at 9=1·tf Substitute in the second equation and solve
an annual interest rate of 2% compounded monthly 9 = tf for b.
for 10 years. 3=b
66. COMPUTERS Zita's computer is depreciating at a rate of y=alr
3% per year. She bought the computer for $1200. y= 1• 3x
a. Write an equation to represent this situation. y = 3x Wnte the exponential function.

b. What will the computer's value be after 5 years? ,~

Example13
Find the final value of $2000 invested at an interest rate of
3% compounded quarterly for 8 years.

A= P(1 + ~rt Compound interest equation

P= 2000. r = 0.03,
= 2000 (1 + 0:3)4(8)
n = [Link] t=8
~ $2540.22 Use a calculator.
I

7-8 Transforming Exponential Expressions

67. First Bank's savings accounts have an interest rate of Example14 T
0.15% compounded monthly. Main Street Bank has a What is the effective annual interest rate for a credit card
1.5% yearly rate. Compare the yearly rates for both that has a monthly compounded interest rate of1.8%?
banks.
A(t) = (1.018) 12t, where tis the time in years
68. What is the effective daily interest rate for a credit card
that has a 24% yearly interest rate? = (1.Q1812)t Product of Powers

69. Mark deposits $2000 in a savings account with an ~ 1.239t Stmplify.

interest rate of 1.75% compounded annually. Find the
effective quarterly interest rate. The effective annual interest rate is about 23.9%.

[Link] 479
 7-9 Geometric Sequences as Exponential Functions
1- -F~nd the next three terms in each geometric sequence. - ~- Example 15 ;
70. -1' 1' -1' 1' ... Find the next three terms in the geometric sequence
2, 6, 18, ....
71. 3, 9, 27, ...
72. 256, 128, 64, ...
fim Find the common ratio. Each number is
3 times the previous number, so r = 3.

Write the equation for the nth term of each geometric fiM Multiply each term by the common ratio to find
sequence. the next three terms.
73. -1, 1, -1, 1, ... 18 X 3 =54, 54 X 3 = 162,162 X 3 = 486
The next three terms are 54, 162, and 486.
74. 3, 9, 27, ...
1-
75. 256,128,64, ... Example16
Write the equation for the nth term of the geometric
76. SPORTS A basketball is dropped from a height of
sequence -3, 12, -48, ....
20 feet. It bounces to± its height after each bounce.
The common ratio is -4. So r = -4.
Draw a graph to represent the situation.
an= a1 r n-1 Formula for the nth term
an= -3(-4) n -1 a1 = -3and r= -4

7-10 Recursive Formulas

r--Find the first five terms of----------------------~
each sequence. Example17

n = 11, an= an -1- 4, n;:::: 2

a1 Write a recursive formula for 3, 1, -1, -3, ....

78. a1 = 3, an= 2an _ 1 + 6, n;:::: 2 fim First subtract each term from the term that follows it.
1-3 = -2, -1-1 = -2,-3- (-1) = -2
Write a recursive formula for each sequence. There is a common difference of -2. The sequence
79. 2, 7, 12, 17, .. . is arithmetic.

80. 32, 16, 8, 4, .. .

fiM Use the formula for an arithmetic sequence.
an= an _ 1 + d Recursive formula
81. 2, 5, 11, 23, .. . an= an_ 1 + (-2) d= -2
f1m The first term a1 is 3, and n ;::: 2.
A recursive formula is a1 = 3, an= an _ 1 - 2, n;::: 2.

480 I Chapter 7 I Study Guide and Review