ASSESSMENT OF THE MINING OPERATION IN NARRA, PALAWAN:

BASIS FOR PROGRAM AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

Volume: 34
Issue 3
Pages: 391-399
Document ID: 2025PEMJ3264
DOI: 10.70838/pemj.340308
Manuscript Accepted: 03-05-2025
 Psych Educ, 2025, 34(3): 391-399, Document ID:2025PEMJ3264, doi:10.70838/pemj.340308, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Assessment of the Mining Operation in Narra, Palawan: Basis for Program and Policy
Implementation
Nathaniel I. Lepasana ,* Emma C. Bitao, Ernesto B. Ferrer Jr.
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
This descriptive correlation study aimed to determine the demographic profile of the local people in Narra, Palawan,
and their perception on the impact of mining on socioeconomic and political development. Data were gathered from
respondents through structured questionnaires, and statistical analyses were conducted to examine the associations
between demographic variables and perceptions of mining impacts. The result revealed that the majority of
respondents were adults, predominantly males, with varied occupations, primarily farming and fishing. They had been
residents of the barangay for an extended period, and most were high school graduates. Respondents perceived
significant environmental, social, economic, health, and political impacts of mining activities in their community. The
study also found a significant association between demographic profile variables such as age, sex, occupation, and
years of residency, educational attainment, and perceptions of mining impacts. Specifically, respondents agreed that
mining operation had adverse effects on the environment, social aspects, economic condition, and health outcomes.
However, they perceived a high level of transparency and accountability in the governance mining activities. Overall,
while there were moderate associations between age, sex, and perceptions of environmental impacts, no significant
associations were found between demographic variables and perception of social, health, economic, and political
impacts. These findings underscore the complex interplay between demographic characteristics and perceptions of
mining impacts, highlighting the need for context-specific policy interventions to address community concerns and
promote sustainable development in mining-affected areas.
Keywords: mining operation, program, policy implementation

Introduction
Mining is a crucial industry for many countries, it is an essential economic activity that has contributed significantly to the growth and
development of many countries, including the Philippines, as it provides economic benefits and generates employment opportunities.
However, mining can have adverse environmental and social impacts, particularly in areas where local people communities reside.
Mining has ushered in a blend of opportunities and challenges for local communities on the socio-economic front. While it has catalyzed
job creation, spurred economic growth, and bolstered fiscal revenue for local administrations through taxes and royalties, these
advantages often come at a price. Mining operations can disrupt traditional livelihoods, degrade the environment, and exacerbate social
disparities. The displacement of communities, loss of land and resource access, and environmental degradation are among the socio-
economic ramifications documented in areas impacted by mining.
Moreover, the political landscape within these communities has undergone a metamorphosis due to the presence of mining companies
and their vested interests. The influx of external actors, comprising government bodies, corporate entities, and civil society
organizations, has intricately interwoven local governance structures and decision-making processes. Conflicts over land rights,
resource ownership, and development agendas have arisen, fostering discord and factionalism within communities.
Additionally, concerns have been raised regarding the integrity and accountability of governance institutions due to the influence
exerted by mining interests on local politics, evidenced through activities such as campaign financing, lobbying, and patronage.
The province of Palawan, located in the Philippines, stands as a microcosm of the intricate interplay between mining activities and the
socio-economic and political development of local communities. Palawan's natural wealth, including its mineral resources, lush forests,
and pristine coastal areas, has attracted the attention of mining companies seeking to capitalize on its economic potential. However,
the pursuit of mineral extraction has not been without controversy, as it has raised concerns about its impact on the livelihoods, cultures,
and political dynamics of indigenous and rural communities in the region.
Barangay Bato-Bato, Princess Urduja, and Calategas Narra are among the areas in Palawan that have been directly affected by mining
activities. These communities, predominantly inhabited by indigenous peoples and rural settlers, rely heavily on the land and natural
resources for their sustenance and way of life. The introduction of mining operations in these areas has introduced significant changes,
both positive and negative, to their socio-economic fabric and political landscapes.
Beneath the veneer of mining activities in Narra, Palawan, lies a complex nexus of socio-economic, environmental, and health dynamics
that significantly impact local communities. While mining is often hailed as a pivotal economic driver, it also poses a plethora of
challenges that necessitate a comprehensive understanding and proactive policy responses.
Primarily, the environmental aspect looms large in the context of mining operations. Mineral extraction frequently precipitates

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Research Article

extensive environmental degradation, encompassing deforestation, soil erosion, and water contamination. Palawan's fragile
ecosystems, renowned for their biodiversity and ecological significance, are especially vulnerable to the adverse effects of mining
activities. The disruption of natural habitats and the release of pollutants into the environment pose enduring threats to the ecological
equilibrium and sustainability of the region.
Simultaneously, the health ramifications of mining activities cannot be understated. Exposure to mining-related pollutants, such as
heavy metals and toxic chemicals, can have deleterious effects on the well-being of local residents. Respiratory ailments,
dermatological disorders, and waterborne illnesses afflict communities residing in close proximity to mining sites. Furthermore,
insufficient healthcare infrastructure and restricted access to medical services compound the health challenges faced by vulnerable
populations, accentuating the exigency for targeted interventions to safeguard public health.
In addition to environmental and health concerns, the livelihood aspect is pivotal for communities reliant on natural resources for
sustenance. Traditional livelihoods like agriculture, fishing, and forestry are frequently disrupted or displaced by mining operations,
precipitating income loss and food insecurity. The socio-economic fabric of local communities is profoundly impacted, with
marginalized groups, particularly indigenous populations, bearing the brunt of economic dislocation and social upheaval.
Amidst this complex backdrop, it becomes imperative to comprehensively assess the holistic impact of mining on the socio-economic,
political, health, and environmental development of local communities in Barangay Bato-Bato, Princess Urduja, and Calategas Narra,
Palawan. Such an evaluation demands a nuanced comprehension of the interplay between various social, economic, and political factors
that influence community dynamics and outcomes. It entails scrutinizing not just the immediate effects of mining operations on
livelihoods and living standards but also delving into the broader repercussions for governance structures, social harmony, and cultural
identity.
Moreover, a thorough examination of the health and environmental aspects is essential to grasp the full extent of mining's impact on
the well-being of residents and the ecological integrity of the region.
By undertaking this study, we aim to contribute to the body of knowledge on the socio-economic and political dimensions of mining
in Palawan. Specifically, we seek to document the experiences and perspectives of local communities in Barangay Bato-Bato, Princess
Urduja, and Calategas Narra, shedding light on their aspirations, concerns, and strategies for coping with and adapting to mining-
related changes. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, including interviews, surveys, and
participatory mapping exercises, we endeavor to capture the complexity and nuance of community experiences and articulate actionable
recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and other stakeholders.
Research Questions
The study aimed to determine the assessment of mining operation in Narra, Palawan: Basis for program and policy implementation
Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1. age;
1.2. sex;
1.3. educational level;
1.4. occupation; and
1.5. years of residency;
2. What are the assessments of the respondents in the mining operation in Narra, Palawan as to:
2.1. Environmental aspect
2.2. Socio-economic
2.3. Health aspect;
2.4. Political aspect
3. How does the demographic profile of the respondents influence their assessment in the mining operation in Narra, Palawan?
4. What policies and program can be developed
Methodology
Research Design
The researchers employed a descriptive quantitative and qualitative methodological approach to comprehensively assess the mining
operation in Narra, Palawan. This mixed-methods approach allowed for a thorough examination of various facets of the mining
activities, encompassing both quantitative data analysis and qualitative insights.
The quantitative aspect of the study involved the systematic collection and analysis of numerical data related to the mining operation.
In addition to quantitative analysis, the researchers employed qualitative methods to explore the subjective experiences, perceptions,
and perspectives of key stakeholders affected by the mining operation. This qualitative component involved conducting interviews,
focus group discussions, and participant observations with community members, local leaders, government officials, environmental

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Research Article

advocates, and representatives from mining companies.

By combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, the researchers were able to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the
complexities surrounding the mining operation in Narra, Palawan. Ultimately, this comprehensive approach facilitated evidence-based
decision-making, informed policy formulation, and guided program implementation aimed at addressing the challenges and
opportunities associated with mining activities in Narra, Palawan
Participants
The researchers determined the sample size of 389 respondents through careful consideration of various factors, including the scope of
the study, the desired level of precision, and the available resources.
To derive this number, researcher have employed statistical formulas or guidelines for determining sample size in survey research,
considering factors such as the population size, expected response rate, and desired margin of error. Additionally, the researchers likely
aimed to ensure a representative sample that adequately captures the diversity of perspectives and experiences related to the mining
operation in Narra, Palawan.
The purposive sampling approach allowed the researchers to intentionally select participants who are most relevant to the study
objectives, ensuring representation from key stakeholder groups such as indigenous people, local government officials, mining
company representatives, and other stakeholders directly affected by the mining activities. This methodological choice aimed to
maximize the richness and depth of data collected, facilitating a comprehensive analysis of the socio-economic, environmental, and
political impacts of the mining operation.
The research employed a custom-designed questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. This questionnaire survey was structured
to gather quantitative data regarding the socio-economic impacts of mining activities and the effectiveness of mitigation measures. It
encompassed questions addressing various aspects such as socio- economic conditions, political developments, and community
involvement.
The survey targeted indigenous communities and other stakeholders directly affected by the mining operations. By administering the
survey to these key groups, the research aimed to capture a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted impacts of mining and
the effectiveness of mitigation efforts from the perspectives of those most directly involved.
Through this methodological approach, the research sought to gather empirical data that would inform a nuanced analysis of the socio-
economic dynamics, political implications, and community engagement surrounding mining activities in the study area. This
comprehensive data collection process was essential for generating insights that could guide policy-making, community development
initiatives, and sustainable resource management strategies in the context of mining operations.
Data Analysis
In the study, various statistical tools were utilized to analyze the data and derive meaningful insights. These tools included frequency
counts, percentages, mean, Eta correlation, and standard deviation.
Frequency counts and percentages were employed to depict the demographic profile of the respondents, providing a clear overview of
their characteristics. This statistical approach allowed for a concise presentation of the distribution of respondents across different
categories such as age, gender, educational background, and occupation.
Mean and standard deviation were utilized to quantify the impact of mining activities on the socio-economic and political development
of the local people in Narra, Palawan. By calculating the mean, the researchers were able to determine the average level of impact
experienced by the respondents, while the standard deviation provided a measure of the variability or dispersion of these impacts within
the population.
Eta correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between the respondents' demographic profiles and their
perceptions of the impact of mining on socio-economic and political development. This statistical method helped identify any
associations or patterns between specific demographic characteristics and the perceived effects of mining activities.
Overall, these statistical tools were essential for systematically analyzing the data collected in the study, facilitating a comprehensive
understanding of the socio-economic and political ramifications of mining operations in Narra, Palawan. Through their application, the
researchers were able to uncover meaningful insights and draw robust conclusions that informed the discussion and recommendations
presented in the study
Results and Discussion
In this section, the study delves into the data collected, providing a detailed analysis and interpretation of the findings. The section
offers an in-detail exploration of the information gathered through various research methods, shedding light on key insights, patterns,
and trends uncovered during the course of the study.

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Demographic Profile
Table 1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Demographic Profile f %
Age
9 to 17 7 1.80
18-30 123 31.62
31 to 60 220 56.56
More than 60 39 10.03
Total 389 100.00
Sex
Male 212 54.50
Female 175 44.99
Did not Reveal 2 0.51
Total 389 100.00
Occupation
Construction 13 3.34
Farmer 99 25.45
Fisherman 62 15.94
Government Employee 51 13.11
Housewife 50 12.85
Miner 29 7.46
Student 56 14.40
Vendor 29 7.46
Total 389 100.00
Years of Residency in Barangay
Less than 10 29 7.46
11 to 20 46 11.83
21-30 80 20.57
31-40 86 22.11
41-50 68 17.48
41-50 68 17.48
51-60 45 11.57
More than 60 35 9.00
Total 389 100.00
Educational Attainment
No Formal Schooling 71 18.25
Elementary 91 23.39
High School 89 22.88
Vocational 49 12.60
College 22 5.66
Masters 67 17.22
Total 389 100.00

It can be seen that more than half (56.56%) are adults. Young adults comprise 31.62% of the respondents, while seniors comprise
10.03%. The remaining 1.80% are teens. The data implies that the respondents of the study are adults.
Males represented 54.50% and females accounted for 44.99%. There are 0.51% of the respondents who did not reveal their sex. The
data implies that males outnumbered females.
The respondents' occupations are as follows: farmers (25.45%), fishermen (15.94%), students (14.40%), government employees
(13.11%), housewives (12.85%), miners (7.46%), vendors (7.46%), and construction (3.34). It shows that the respondents' occupations
vary, with farming and fishing being the highest percentages.
As to the number of years residing in the barangay, most have been residing for 31-40, accounting for 22.11% of the total respondents;
those resident for 21-30 years accounted for 20.57%, 41-50 years comprised 17.48%. Those already living in the locality for 11 to 20
years accounted for 11.83%. 11.57% of the respondents lived in the area, 11.57% and 9.00% lived in the barangay for more than 60
years, while those living there for less than 10 years accounted for 7.46%. The data implies that the respondents are residents of the
barangay for an extended period.

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Most respondents are elementary graduates, accounting for 23.39%, while high school graduates account for 22.88%. Those who don't
have formal schooling accounted for 18.25%, and those with master's degrees accounted for 17.22%. Those with vocational degrees
comprised 12.60%, and those with college degrees accounted for 5.66%. The data implies that most of the respondents are high school
graduates.
Perception of the Residents on the Impact of Mining
Table 2. Perception of the Residents on the Impact of Mining
Aspects Mean SD Interpretation
Environmental 2.04 0.96 Positive
Social Economic 2.16 0.94 Positive
Health 2.24 1.04 Positive
Political 2.22 1.03 Positive
Composite Mean 2.16 0.99 Positive
Legend: 4.21 – 5.00 (Very Negative) | 3.41 – 4.20 (Negative) | 2.61 – 3.40 (Neutral) | 1.81 – 2.60 (Positive) | 1.00 – 1.80 (Very Positive)

The analysis of the impact of mining activities, as depicted in Table 2, highlights the perceptions of the respondents regarding various
aspects of mining operations. Overall, the findings suggest that the respondents generally believe that mining activities have a positive
impact.
The highest mean score of 2.24 was recorded for the health aspect, indicating that respondents perceive mining to have a relatively
strong positive influence on health- related factors. Following closely is the political impact, with a mean score of 2.22, suggesting that
respondents also perceive mining to have a significant positive effect on political dynamics within the community.
Additionally, the socio-economic impact garnered a mean score of 2.16, indicating a moderate positive perception among respondents
regarding the socio- economic benefits derived from mining activities. Meanwhile, the environmental impact received a slightly lower
mean score of 2.04, suggesting that while respondents still perceive some positive effects, there may also be concerns regarding
environmental consequences associated with mining operations.
Overall, the composite mean score of 2.16 suggests that respondents perceive mining activities to have a predominantly positive impact
across all aspects examined in the study. These findings imply that the local community views mining as a beneficial contributor to
various aspects of life, including health, politics, socio-economic conditions, and the environment. However, it is essential to interpret
these perceptions cautiously, considering potential biases or limitations in the data collection process and acknowledging that individual
experiences and perspectives may vary within the community
Hypothesis Testing
Table 3. Association Between the Profile of the Respondents and their Perception on the Impact of
Mining Operations
Variables
Profile Perception of the Impact R Square Sig. Interpretation Association
Age Environment 0.444 0.000 Significant Moderate
Social 0.445 0.100 Insignificant Moderate
Economic 0.252 0.450 Insignificant Weak
Health 0.723 0.650 Insignificant Strong
Political 0.250 0.030 Significant Weak
Sex Environment 0.445 0.000 Significant Moderate
Social 0.045 0.650 Insignificant Weak
Economic 0.710 0.000 Significant Strong
Health 0.718 0.000 Significant Strong
Political 0.004 0.070 Insignificant Weak
Occupation Environment 0.251 0.010 Significant Weak
Social 0.003 0.875 Insignificant Weak
Economic 0.270 0.878 Insignificant Weak
Health 0.255 0.673 Insignificant Weak
Political 0.342 0.320 Insignificant Moderate
Years of Residency Environment 0.250 0.010 Significant Weak
Social 0.016 0.455 Insignificant Weak
Economic 0.782 0.007 Significant Strong
Health 0.260 0.040 Significant Weak
Political 0.345 0.672 Insignificant Moderate

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Educational Environment 0.258 0.008 Significant Weak

Attainment
Social 0.204 0.037 Significant Weak
Economic 0.004 0.969 Insignificant Weak
Health 0.015 0.878 Insignificant Weak
Political 0.018 0.856 Insignificant Weak
Legend: -0.30 to +0.30 (Weak) | -0.50 to -0.31 or 0.31 to 0.50 (Moderate) | -0.90 to -0.51 or 0.51 to 0.90 (Strong) | -1.00 to -0.91 or 0.91 to 1.00 (Very Strong) | Significant if p < 0.05

Table 3 provides insights into the relationship between respondents' profiles and their perceptions of the impacts of mining operations
across various dimensions. Eta correlation analysis was conducted to assess the strength of association between demographic factors
and respondents' perceptions.
The findings reveal several notable associations. Firstly, there was a moderate association between age and perception of environmental
impact, as well as between sex and perception of environmental impact. This suggests that age and sex moderately influence how
respondents perceive the environmental consequences of mining activities.
However, weaker associations were observed between age and perception of political impact, occupation and perception of
environmental impact, years of residency and perception of environmental and health impacts, as well as educational attainment and
perception of environmental and social impacts. These findings suggest that while these demographic factors may have some influence,
their impact on perceptions is relatively weak.
Conversely, strong associations were found between sex and perception of economic and health impacts, as well as between years of
residency and perception of economic impact. This indicates that sex and years of residency strongly influence respondents' perceptions
of the economic and health consequences of mining activities.
Interestingly, no significant associations were found between certain demographic factors and perceptions of specific impacts. For
instance, there was no significant association between age and perception of social, health, and economic impacts, or between
occupation and perception of various impacts. Similarly, null hypotheses were accepted for certain associations, indicating that these
demographic factors do not significantly influence respondents' perceptions of certain impacts.
However, null hypotheses were rejected for associations between age and perception of environmental and political impacts, sex and
perception of environmental, economic, and health impacts, occupation and perception of environmental impact, years of residency
and perception of environmental, economic, and health impacts, as well as educational attainment and perception of environmental,
social, and economic impacts. This suggests that these demographic factors do indeed have a significant influence on respondents'
perceptions of these particular impacts.
Overall, these findings underscore the complex interplay between demographic characteristics and perceptions of mining impacts,
highlighting the need for nuanced consideration of various factors in understanding community perspectives on mining activities.
In light of the multifaceted impacts of mining activities on local communities, the development of effective policies and programs is
paramount to ensure sustainable development and enhance the well-being of affected populations.
In response to the question about policies and programs that can be developed based on the study's findings, the respondents provided
a diverse range of insights and recommendations.
Several respondents emphasized the importance of stringent environmental protection policies. They stressed the need for regulations
that prioritize the conservation of natural resources, minimize pollution, and mitigate the adverse environmental effects of mining
activities. One respondent suggested the implementation of regular environmental audits and strict compliance monitoring to ensure
sustainable resource management.
Another key recommendation highlighted by the respondents was the development of community engagement programs. Many
emphasized the significance of fostering meaningful dialogue and collaboration between mining companies, government agencies, and
local communities. They proposed the establishment of community-based resource management programs to empower residents,
particularly indigenous groups, to participate in decision-making processes and voice their concerns effectively.
Social protection initiatives emerged as a central concern among the respondents, particularly in light of the strong association between
demographic factors and perceptions of socio-economic impacts. Respondents advocated for the implementation of programs that
provide support for vulnerable communities affected by mining activities. These initiatives could include livelihood support programs,
access to healthcare services, and compensation mechanisms for displaced individuals.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts were also highlighted as a crucial aspect of policy development. Respondents emphasized
the importance of encouraging mining companies to adopt comprehensive CSR programs that prioritize community development,
environmental conservation, and social welfare. They suggested that collaborative partnerships between companies, government
agencies, and local communities could facilitate the implementation of sustainable development projects that benefit all stakeholders.

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Education and awareness campaigns were proposed by several respondents as essential components of policy development. They
stressed the need for educational initiatives to raise awareness about the environmental, social, and economic consequences of mining
activities. These campaigns could provide training and information to local residents, empowering them to advocate for their rights,
participate in decision-making processes, and adopt sustainable practices.
Economic diversification strategies were also recommended by respondents as a means of reducing dependency on mining and
promoting long-term economic resilience. They suggested investing in alternative livelihood opportunities such as eco-tourism,
agriculture, and small-scale enterprises to mitigate the risks associated with fluctuations in the mining industry and build sustainable
local economies.
Finally, respondents underscored the importance of establishing robust research and monitoring frameworks to continuously assess the
impacts of mining activities and inform evidence-based decision-making. They emphasized the need for regular evaluations and data
collection efforts to identify emerging challenges, evaluate the effectiveness of existing policies, and guide the development of targeted
interventions to address community needs.
In conclusion, the respondents provided a comprehensive range of recommendations for the development of policies and programs
based on the study's findings. Their insights underscored the importance of prioritizing environmental protection, community
engagement, social welfare, corporate responsibility, education, economic diversification, and research in ensuring sustainable
development and enhancing the well-being of local communities affected by mining activities.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn.
In respondents’ terms of age, states that more than half are adults and most of them are males. In terms of the respondents' occupations,
it shows that the respondents' occupations vary, with farming and fishing being the highest percentages. As to the number of years
residing in the barangay, the data implies that the respondents are residents of the barangay for an extended period. In terms of
educational attainment, the data implies that most of the respondents are high school graduates.
The perception of the respondents on the impact of mining on socioeconomic and political development respondents believed that all
the items presented were true.
There was no significant association between age and their perception on the social, health, and economic impact of mining operations;
sex and their perception of the social and political impact; occupation and their perception of social, health, economic, and political
impact; years of residency and their perception of the social and political impact; educational attainment and their perception of the
economic, health and political impact of mining operations.
The null hypothesis is accepted on the association between the age and perception of the social, health, and economic impact of mining
operations; sex and their perception of the social and political impact; occupation and their perception of social, health, economic, and
political impact; years of residency and their perception of the social and political impact; educational attainment and their perception
of the economic, health and political impact of mining operations.
The null hypothesis is rejected on the association between age and their perception of the environmental and political impact of mining
operations; sex and their perception of the environmental, economic, and health impact of mining operations; occupation and their
perception of the environmental impact of mining operations; years of residency and their perception on the environmental, economic,
and health impact of mining operations; and educational attainment and their perception on the environmental, social, and economic
impact of mining operations.
Based on the comprehensive analysis of the data collected in the study, it is recommended to adopt a multi-faceted policy approach
that addresses the complex socio- economic, environmental, and political dynamics surrounding mining activities in Narra, Palawan.
Here are some key policy recommendations:
Strengthen Environmental Regulations: Given the perceived positive impact of mining activities on health and socio-economic
development but concerns about environmental consequences, there is a need to enhance and strictly enforce environmental regulations.
This includes imposing stricter monitoring and enforcement measures to minimize pollution, protect natural resources, and mitigate
environmental degradation caused by mining operations.
Community Engagement and Participation: Foster meaningful engagement and participation of local communities, particularly
indigenous groups, in decision-making processes related to mining activities. Establish mechanisms for consultation, dialogue, and
partnership between mining companies, government agencies, and local communities to ensure their voices are heard, concerns
addressed, and benefits shared equitably.
Sustainable Resource Management: Promote sustainable resource management practices that prioritize long-term environmental
sustainability and socio-economic development. Encourage responsible mining practices that minimize ecological footprint,
rehabilitate mined areas, and support alternative livelihood opportunities for affected communities.

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Capacity Building and Education: Invest in education and capacity-building initiatives to enhance local residents' understanding of
mining impacts, environmental conservation, and sustainable development practices. Provide training programs, workshops, and
educational campaigns to empower communities to actively participate in decision- making processes and advocate for their rights.
Economic Diversification: Explore opportunities for economic diversification beyond mining to reduce dependency on extractive
industries and enhance resilience to economic shocks. Support initiatives that promote diversified local economies, such as eco-tourism,
agriculture, and small-scale enterprises, to create alternative sources of income and employment for local residents.
Strengthen Social Protection Measures: Implement social protection measures to safeguard the well-being and livelihoods of
communities affected by mining activities. This includes establishing compensation mechanisms for displaced individuals, providing
access to healthcare services, and addressing socio-economic inequalities exacerbated by mining-related activities.
Research and Monitoring: Invest in ongoing research and monitoring efforts to continuously assess the socio-economic, environmental,
and political impacts of mining activities. Conduct regular assessments of mining operations, environmental conditions, and community
well-being to inform evidence-based decision-making and policy formulation.
By implementing these policy recommendations, stakeholders can work towards achieving a balanced and sustainable approach to
mining that maximizes socio-economic benefits while minimizing environmental and social costs in Narra, Palawan. This holistic
approach recognizes the interconnectedness of various factors and seeks to promote the long-term well-being and resilience of local
communities and ecosystems.
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Affiliations and Corresponding Information
Nathaniel I. Lepasana
Palawan State University – Philippines
Emma C. Bitao
Palawan State University – Philippines
Ernesto B. Ferrer Jr.
Palawan State University – Philippines

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