Sum and Multiplication by Scalars

Two matrices can be added together iff they have the same dimension. Their sum is
obtained by summing each element of one matrix to the corresponding element of the
other matrix.

A + B = [aij ]mxn +[b ij ] mxn=[a ij +b ij ] mxn

A= [ a11 a12
a21 a22 ]
B= [ b11 b 12
b21 b 22 ]
A+B= [ a11 a12
a21 a22
+][
b11 b 12
b21 b 22
= ][
a 11 +b11 a12+ b12
a21 +b21 a22+ b22 ]
EXAMPLE:

1. Let A = [ 43 72]
1 2 3
And, B = [ ]
5 7 9

Solution:
A + B matrix cannot be defined, as the order of matrix A is 2x2 and the order of matrix B is
3x2. So, matrices A and B cannot be added together.

2. Suppose,
2 4 3
P =[ 5 7 8 ]
9 6 7
3 5 7
And Q = [ 8 3 4 ]
5 7 8

Solution:
P + Q matrix can be found out by adding elements of P to the corresponding elements of Q.
So, value of P+Q is
2+3 4+ 5 3+7
P + Q = 5+8 7+3 8+ 4 ]
[
9+5 6+7 7 +8
5 9 10
P+Q==[ 13 10 12 ].
14 13 15

The term scalar multiplication refers to the product of a real number and a matrix. In scalar
multiplication, each entry in the matrix is multiplied by the given scalar. Let x be a scalar and

A= [ a11 a12
a21 a22 ]
The scalar multiple of matrix A would be given as

xA = x [ a11 a12
a21 a22
= ][
xa11 xa12
xa21 xa22
. ]
Example:
1. For the following matrix A, find 2A and -1A

A= [ 13 24]
Solution:

2A = 2 [ 13 24]
=[ 22 xx 13 22 xx 24]
=[
6 8]
2 4

-1A = -1 [ 13 24]
= [−1 x1
−1 x 3
−1 x 2
−1 x 4 ]
 = [ −1 −2
−3 −4 ]
2. For the following Matrix B, find 5B.
3 5 7
B = 8 3 4]
[
5 7 8

Solution:
3 5 7
5B = 5[ 8 3 4 ]
5 7 8
5x 3 5x 5 5 x7
= [5 x 8 5 x 3 5 x 4 ]
5x 5 5x 7 5 x8
15 25 35
= [ 40 15 20 ]
25 35 40

Mmxn (F) is a Vector Space : This are simple the 10 axioms of the vector space which has
been explained earlier. Ensure to go through it via the materials given previously and the
main course material.

New Matrices From Old

Transpose
The transpose of a matrix is gotten by interchanging its rows into columns or columns into
rows. The transpose of a matrix is denoted by using the letter ‘T’ in the superscript of the
given matrix.

a b c
Suppose A = [ ]
d e f
Then the transpose of A is given as
a d
T
A =[ b e ]
c f
The A matrix has been transposed from a 2x3 matrix to a 3x2 matrix.

Example:
Find the transpose of the given matrix
2 −9 3
13 11 −17
R=[ ]
3 6 15
4 13 1
Solution:
Given a matrix of the order 4x3, the transpose of the matrix is given interchanging the rows
and columns.
2 13 3 4
T
R =[−9 11 6 13 ]
3 −17 15 1

Conjugate
In Mathematics, Conjugates are defined as a pair of binomials with identical terms but
parting opposite arithmetic operators in the middle of these similar terms.
It is possible to find the conjugate for a matrix by replacing each element of the matrix with
its complex conjugate.
Mathematically, a conjugate matrix is a matrix A obtained by replacing the complex
conjugate of all the elements of the matrix A.

Example:
Find the conjugate matrix of the matrix

A= [ 1−50 i 0
6+7 i ]
Solution:
Now the conjugates of each of the elements of matrix A are
Conjugate of 0 is 0
Conjugate of 1-5i is 1 + 5i
Conjugate of 6 + 7i is 6 – 7i
Therefore, the conjugate of A is
A=
[ 1+5 i
0
0
6−7 i ]
2. What is the conjugate of [ 12 13]
Solution:
Note that this matrix has only real entries. Thus, the complex conjugate of each entry is
itself. This means that the conjugate of this matrix is itself.

Conjugate Transpose
Given a matrix, we form a matrix B by taking the conjugate of AT . Then B = AT , is called the
Conjugate transpose of A.

Example:

Find AT where A =
1 i
2+i −3−2i[ ]
Solution:

A=
[ 1i −3−2
2+ i
i]

A = [ i −3+2 i ]
T 1 2−i

Matrix multiplication
Matrix multiplication, also known as matrix product and the multiplication of two matrices,
produces a single matrix. It is a type of binary operation.
If A and B are the two matrices, then the product of the two matrices A and B are denoted
by:
X = AB

Example:
1. Consider the matrices

A= [ 34 79] and B = [ 65 28]

AB 12= 3x2 + 7x8 = 62

AB21= 4x6 + 9x5 = 69

AB22= 4x2 + 9x8 = 80

Therefore

AB = [ 5369 6280]
12 8 4 5 19 3
2. A = [ 3 17 14 ], B = [ 6 15 9 ]
9 8 10 7 8 16
Solution:
AB11= 12x5 + 8x6 + 4x7 = 136

AB 12 = 12x9 + 8x5 + 4x8 = 380

AB 13 = 12x3 + 8x9 + 4x16 = 172

AB21 = 3x5 + 17x6 + 14x7 = 215

AB22 = 3x19 + 17x15 + 14x8 = 424

AB23 = 3x3 + 17x9 + 14x16 = 386

AB 31 = 9x5 + 8x6 + 10x7 = 163

AB 32 = 9x19 + 8 x15 + 10x8 = 371

AB 33 = 9x3 + 8x9 + 10x16 = 259

Therefore,
136 380 172
AB = 215 424 386 ]
[
163 371 259

1 0 0
3. let A = [ 7 0 8 ], B = 2 1
¿ ¿
0 0 9
Find AB
Solution;
 1 0 0
2 1 1.2+0.3+ 0.4 1.1+ 0.5+0.0 2 1
AB = [ 7 0 8 ] = =
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
0 0 9

Inverse of a matrix
If A is a non-singular square matrix, there is an existence of nxn matrix A−1, which is called
the inverse matrix of A such that it satisfies the property:

AA
−1
= A−1 A=I , where I is the identity matrix

Note: This part and the Matrix of change of Basis would be further looked into in other units
as they are explained more there.