Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont.

9766101059

Basics of Mechanics
 Newton’s First Law- Every body continues its state of rest or motion if external
force is not applied on it.
 Newton’s second law- Motion of body (movement) is in the direction of force and
it is directly proportional to force.
 Newton’s Third Law- For every action there is equal and opposite reaction.
 Newton Law of Gravitation- The force of attraction between two bodies is
directly proportional to product of their masses and inversely proportional to square
of distance between them.

M1M 2 M M
 F 2
 F  G 1 2 2 ------- Where G is gravitation constant.
r r

 Mass of Body- Matter possessed by body is called its mass. Its unit is kilogram. It
is scalar quantity having only magnitude. It does not depend on gravity force. It
remains constant on all planets everywhere. Mass center and geometric center of a
body are exactly same.
 Weight of Body- It is downward gravity force of earth on body. Its unit is Newton.
It is vector quantity having magnitude and direction. It is not constant. It changes
as distance of body changes from center of earth. Weight center and geometric
centers are not exactly same. Weight center lies below the geometric center.
Weight of body is different on different planets.
 Acceleration Due to Gravity (g) - Rate of increase of velocity during downward
motion or rate of decrease of velocity during upward motion of body due to gravity
force is called acceleration due to gravity. Its unit is m/s2. It is constant having
constant value as 9.8 m/s2.
 Types of Engineering Material
1) Fluid – Liquids & gases both are have tendency to flow and get shape of their
containers are called fluid.
2) Solid – Materials having definite shape, size & dimensions are called solids.
They do not get shape of their container.
 Types of Solids – 1) Rigid Body, 2) Elastic Body, 3) Plastic Body
 Rigid Body – This body does not change its shape, size, and dimensions due to
application or removal of forces. This property of body is called rigidity.
 Elastic Body - This body changes its shape, size, and dimensions due to
application of forces but regains its original shape, size & dimensions after removal
of forces. This property of body is called elasticity.

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 Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

 Plastic Body - This body changes it’s shape, size, and dimensions due to
application of forces but does not regains its original shape, size & dimensions after
removal of forces. This property of body is called plasticity.
 Mechanics- It is study of bodies under the action of forces. There are two sub
branches of mechanics.
A] Fluid Mechanics- It is study of forces on liquids and gases.
B] Rigid Body Mechanics- It is study of forces on rigid body.
 Rigid body mechanics is again classified in to two branches as below.
1) Statics- Study of rest rigid bodies under the action of forces.
2) Dynamics- Study of moving rigid bodies under the action of forces.
 Dynamics again classified into two branches as below.
a) Kinematics- Study of moving body without considering forces on it. It means
study of displacement, distance, velocity, speed, acceleration, time & jerk
without consideration of any force.
b) Kinetics- Study of moving bodies with consideration of forces on it. It means
study of displacement, distance, velocity, speed, acceleration, time & jerk with
consideration of any force.
 Force & its Representation- It is a physical quantity required to change the state
of body. It is vector quantity having Magnitude, direction, point of application, line
of action, and sense of force (pull or push).

 Zero Force System or Equilibrium System- It is two equal, opposite and

collinear force system.

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 Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

 Law of Superposition- It states that “we can add or subtract zero force system
from any system without any effect.”

 Law of Transmissibility of Force- It states that “we can transfer any force along
its line of action from one point of application to another in same direction without
any effect.”

 Equilibrant- It is a force which when added to given force system, resultant of

given force system becomes zero. Magnitudes of equilibrant and resultant are
same. Both are exactly opposite to each other. Both are collinear. Both are
together forms zero force system.

 Moment of a Force (M) - It is rotation effect of a force at a point in the system.

 Definition of Moment- Moment at a point due to force is product of force and
perpendicular distance of its line of action from this point.
 The point at which we are calculating the moment is moment center.

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 Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

 Moment is vector quantity having magnitude and direction. It can be clockwise and
anticlockwise. Clockwise moment is positive and anticlockwise is negative. Moment
due to force at a point is not a free vector. It depends on distance of force from
point. As moment center changes, distance also changes hence moment at another
point also changes. So moment due to force is bound to the moment center.
 Representation of Moment- It states that “if base of triangle represents a force
and its height represents perpendicular distance of force from apex then two times
area of this triangle represents moment of force about apex”.

 Couple (Direct Moment) - Two equal opposite and non collinear forces having
different lines of actions is called couple.

 Properties of Couple - Sum of two forces of couple is always zero. So don’t

consider couple in force calculation. Consider it only in moment calculation. Couple
does not translate the body. It only rotates the body in clockwise or anticlockwise
direction. It provides only moment effect (rotation of body). Moment of couple at
any point is equal to product of one force out of two and perpendicular distance
between them. Moment of couple does not depend on moment center that is couple
moment is always constant at any point so it is called free vector and it can act
anywhere in the system. Couple is vector quantity which gives direct moment.

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 Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

 Proof of couple is free vector.

 Since couple vector does not depends on distance X from point O that is it does not
depend on location of point O or Point O so it is called free vector.
 Moment of couple can be zero if and only if forces are zero or distance between
them is zero.
 Force Couple Principle- Any force can be transfer from its line of action to
another parallel line of action in same direction but while transferring to another
line of action it produces its previous moment about transferred line.

 Varignon’s Theorem- It states that “Algebraic sum of moments of all given forces
at any point is equal to moment of resultant force about same point”.

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 Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

 Types of force system

A) Coplanar or 2D Force System.
B) Space or 3D Force System.
 Types of coplanar force system
1. Concurrent – All forces passes from same point of concurrency.

2. Parallel- All forces are parallel to each other.

Like Parallel and Unlike Parallel

3. General – All forces are not concurrent and not parallel.

Syllabus of First Online Exam

Unit-I 1) Resultant of Coplanar Force System.

2) Center of Gravity.

Unit-II 1) Rectilinear Motion.

2) Work Energy Principle.

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 Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

UNIT –I CHAPTER I
Resultant of Coplanar Force System.
(Vector addition of forces to find their combined effect)
 Composition of Forces- It is resultant calculation process with its magnitude,
direction and point of application.

 A] Resultant of concurrent force systems.

 Methods- a) Parallelogram law
b) Sine rule
c) Resolution method.
 Parallelogram law- It states that ”If two concurrent forces represents two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram then diagonal passing through the same point
represents resultant”.

By Parallelogram Law
R P 2  Q 2  2 PQ cos  -------- Magnitude of R
Q sin
tan  
P  Q cos 
 Q sin  
  tan 1   ------Direction of R with Q.
 P  q cos  
P sin 
tan  
Q  P cos 

 P sin  
   tan 1  
 Q  P cos  

 Note- In such problems two concurrent forces and angle between them will be
given directly or indirectly.

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 Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

 Sine Rule (For resultant (R) of two concurrent forces P and Q using triangle
geometry).

P R Q
 
sin  sin  sin 

 Sine Rule For resultant Distances in triangle.

AB AC BC
 
sin  sin  sin 

 Problems on Resultant by Parallelogram Law and Sine Rule - Two forces

acting as shown in fig. find their resultant with its magnitude and direction.

 Resolution- It is process of calculation of two components of a force along given

two directions.
 Types of Resolution
A] Non Perpendicular Resolution (Use sine rule or parallelogram law)- It is
resolution along two non perpendicular lines(Directions).
B] Perpendicular or Orthogonal or Rectangular Resolution (Use cosine and
sine functions) - It is resolution along two perpendicular lines(Directions).
C] Parallel Resolution (Use R=  F and Varignon’s theorem) - It is resolution
along two parallel lines (Directions).

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 Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

 Problems on Non Perpendicular Resolution

 Problems on Perpendicular Resolution

 Problems on Parallel Resolution

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 Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

B] Resultant of Concurrent Force System by Resolution Method.

F X   FX 1  FX 2  FX 3  FX 4

F Y   FY 1  FY 2  FY 3  Fy 4

By Pythagoras Theorem

F F
2 2
R2  X  Y

R  F X
2
 F y
2
---- Magnitude.

 FY 
  tan 1 
 
 ----Direction of R with X-axis
 FX 

 Steps
1) Resolve all forces along X & Y axis using cosine & sine tricks. For this we requires
angle of forces at least X or Y axis. Angles may be given directly or indirectly.
2) Take addition of all X components of forces to find  FX . While adding X
components take right word components positive & left word component negative.
3) Take addition of all Y components of forces to find  FY . While adding Y
components take up word components positive & down word components negative.
4) Then find magnitude of resultant by using R  F X
2
 F
y
2
.

 FY 
5) Then find angle  by   tan 
1
 
.
 FX 

6) While calculating  don’t consider the signs of  F &  FY .

X

7) Resultant of concurrent force system passes through the same concurrent point
from which all forces passes.
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 Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

 Location of Resultant in Quadrant.

1) If F
X & F
Y both are positive then resultant lies in first quadrant.

2) If F
X is negative & F Y is positive then resultant lies in second quadrant.

3) If F
X & F
Y both are negative then resultant lies in third quadrant.

4) If F
X is positive &  FY is negative then resultant lies in fourth quadrant.

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 Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

 Notes
1)  FX is X component of resultant &  FY is Y component of resultant.

By Pythagoras theorem

 
2 2
R2  FX  FY

R 2  ( R cos  )2  ( R sin  )2

R2  R2 cos 2   R2 sin2 

R 2  R 2 (cos 2   sin 2  )

R 2  R 2 (1)  (cos 2   sin 2  )  1

R2  R2  R  R
Hence Proved

 In perpendicular resolution if force is horizontal or on X axis then its X

component is same force & Y component is zero.
 In perpendicular resolution if force is vertical or on Y axis then its Y component
is same force & X component is zero.
 If resultant is horizontal then  FX =R,  FY = 0.
 If resultant is vertical then F X =0, F Y = R.
 If resultant is zero then F X =0, F Y = 0.
 Resultant parallel force system

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 Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

 Steps
1) Consider one proper direction as positive & another direction as negative.
2) Take addition of all forces to find magnitude & direction of resultant. As R = F
 R = - P4 + P1 - P2 + P3
3)Resultant may be positive or negative.
4)If resultant becomes positive then its direction is to words positive direction.
5)If resultant is negative then its direction is to words negative direction.
6)Then show proper direction of resultant and remove its sign in final system.
7)Then draw final system as below & use varignon’s theorem to find point of
application of resultant from any given point (Distance of resultant from that
point).
8) Resultant of parallel force system is parallel to given force system.
 Note
1) Resultant of like parallel force system is also like with given force system.
2) Resultant of unlike parallel force system is also unlike with given force system.
Then final system becomes

 Resultant of General force system

 Steps
1) Resolve all forces along X & Y axis using cosine & sine tricks.
2) For this we requires angle of forces at least X or Y axis. Angles may be given
directly or indirectly.
3) Take addition of all X components of forces to find  FX . While adding X
components take right word components positive & left word component
negative.
4) Take addition of all Y components of forces to find  FY . While adding Y
components take up word components positive & down word components
negative.
5) Then find magnitude of resultant by using R  F
X
2
 F
y
2
.

1  FY 
6) Then find angle  by   tan   .
 FX 
7) While calculating  don’t consider the signs of F & F
X Y .

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 Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

8) Then draw final system & use varignon’s theorem to find point of application of
resultant from any given point (Distance of resultant from that point).
 Problems on concurrent force system.

21. In fig. a, if resultant is 100N and acting along X axis find force P and angle θ.
22. In fig. b, if resultant is 200N and vertical find force P & Q.
23. In fig. c, if resultant is zero find force P & Q.
24. In fig. d, if resultant is 100N on first quadrant inclined at angle 30 0 to positive X
axis. Find force P &θ.
25. In fig. e, if resultant 200N in third quadrant inclined to Y axis at 40 0. Find forces P
&Q
26. In Fig. f, if resultant is 100N and acting along X axis find force P and angle θ.

27. Problems on parallel force system.

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 Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

UNIT-I, CHAPTER 2
CENTER OF GRAVITY
 Center of Gravity (Centroid) - It is a point on the body or outside the body at
which total weight of body is supposed to be concentrated.
 Note – In this chapter we will discuss to find the coordinates of centroid of
irregular rods (one dimensional length) & irregular figures (two dimensional areas)
by Varignon’s theorem.
 Areas & centroids of basic geometric figures.

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 Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

 Steps for locating the centroid of irregular figures

1) If X & Y axis are not given then locate X axis on lower horizontal side of figure &
Y axis on left vertical side of figure so that figure becomes in first quadrant.
2) Divide the given irregular figure in regular geometric figures by drawing some
construction doted lines.
3) Fine the individual areas & co-ordinates of centroids of individual areas.
4) Use Varignon’s theorem to find the co-ordinates of centroid if given irregular
figure as below
 A X  A X  A X 
X 1 1 2 2 3 3
A1  A2  A3      
 A1Y1  A2Y2  A3Y3      
Y
A1  A2  A3      
5) If any area has to remove then consider it as negative in formula.
6) If figure is symmetric about line then its centroid becomes on this line of
symmetry.

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Mechanics BEE, SOM, SA & FM Classes by Dhavale Sir, cont. 9766101059

7) If line is symmetric about horizontal line then consider same horizontal line as X
axis so that centroid becomes on X axis having Y co-ordinate zero.
8) If line is symmetric about vertical line then consider same vertical line as Y axis
so that centroid becomes on Y axis having X co-ordinate zero.
9) If thickness or density of some portion is given n times of other portion then
consider n times area of this portion in formula.

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