5 Shunt Admittance

of Overhead and
Underground Lines

The shunt admittance of a line consists of the conductance and the capacitive suscep-
tance. The conductance is usually ignored because it is very small compared to the
capacitive susceptance. The capacitance of a line is the result of the potential differ-
ence between conductors. A charged conductor creates an electric field that emanates
outward from the center of the conductor. Lines of equipotential are created that are
concentric to the charged conductor. This is illustrated in Figure 5.1.
In Figure 5.1, a difference of potential between two points (P1 and P2) is a result
of the electric field of the charged conductor. When the potential difference between
the two points is known, then the capacitance between the two points can be com-
puted. If there are other charged conductors nearby, the potential difference between
the two points will be a function of the distance to the other conductors and the
charge on each conductor. The principle of superposition is used to compute the total
voltage drop between two points and then the resulting capacitance between the
points. Understand that the points can be points in space or the surface of two con-
ductors or the surface of a conductor and ground.

FIGURE 5.1 Electric field of a charged round conductor.

DOI: 10.1201/9781003261094-5 93
94 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

FIGURE 5.2 Array of round conductors.

5.1 GENERAL VOLTAGE DROP EQUATION

Figure 5.2 shows an array of N positively charged solid round conductors. Each con-
ductor has a unique uniform charge density of q C/meter.
The voltage drop between conductor i and conductor j as a result of all of the
charged conductors is given by

1  D1 j D RD j D 
Vij   q1 ln  qi ln ij  q j ln  qN ln Nj  (5.1)
2   D1i RDi Dij DNi 

Equation 5.1 can be written in a general form as


1 N Dnj
Vin  qn ln , (5.2)
2  n 1 Dni

where
ε = ε0εr = permittivity of the medium,
ε0 = permittivity of free space = 8.85 × 10−12 (F/meter),
εr = relative permittivity of the medium,
qn = charge density on conductor n (C/m),
Dni = distance between conductor n and conductor i (feet),
Dnj = distance between conductor n and conductor j (feet),
Dnn = radius (RDn) of conductor n (feet).

5.2 OVERHEAD LINES
The method of conductors and their images is employed in the calculation of the
shunt capacitance of overhead lines. This is the same concept that was used in
Chapter 4 in the general application of Carson’s equations. Figure 5.3 illustrates the
conductors and their images and will be used to develop a general voltage drop equa-
tion for overhead lines.
In Figure 5.3, it is assumed that

qi  qi

qj  q j (5.3)
Shunt Admittance of Overhead and Underground Lines 95

FIGURE 5.3 Conductors and images.

1  Sii RDi S D 
Vii   qi ln  qj ln  q j ln ij  qj ln ij  (5.4)
2   RDi Sii Dij Sij 

Because of this, the assumptions of Equation 5.3, Equation 5.4 can be simplified to:

1  Sii RDi S D 
Vii   qi ln  qi ln  q j ln ij  q j ln ij 
2   RDi Sii Dij Sij 

1  Sii S S S 
Vii   qi ln  qi ln ii  q j ln ij  q j ln ij 
2   RDi RDi Dij Dij 

1  Sii S 
Vii   2qi ln  2q j ln ij  (5.5)
2   RDi Dij 

where
Sii = distance from conductor i to its image i′ (feet),
Sij = distance from conductor i to the image of conductor j (feet),
Dij = distance from conductor i to conductor j (feet),
RDi = radius of conductor i in (feet).

Equation 5.5 gives the total voltage drop between conductor i and its image. The
voltage drop between conductor i and ground will be one-­half of that given in
Equation 5.5.

1  Sii S 
Vig   qi ln  q j ln ij  (5.6)
2   RDi Dij 
96 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

Equation 5.6 can be written in general form as

Vig  Pii  qi  Pij  q j , (5.7)

where Pii and Pij are the self and mutual “potential coefficients”.
For overhead lines, the relative permittivity of air is assumed to be 1.0 so that

 air  1.0  8.85  10 12 F/meter,

 air  1.4240  10 2  F /mile (5.8)

Using the value of permittivity in μF/mile, the self and mutual potential coeffi-
cients are defined in Equations 5.9 and 5.10.

S
Pˆii  11.17689  ln ii (5.9)
i RD

S
Pˆij  11.17689  ln ij mile/ F (5.10)
Dij

Note: The values of RDi, Sii, Sij, and Dij must all be in the same units. For overhead
lines, the distances between conductors are typically specified in feet while the value
of the conductor diameter from a table will typically be in inches. Care must be taken
to assure that the radius in feet is used in applying the two equations.
For an overhead line of ncond conductors, the “primitive potential coefficient
matrix”  P̂primitive  can be constructed. The primitive potential coefficient matrix will
be an ncond × ncond matrix. For a four-­wire grounded wye line, the primitive coef-
ficient matrix will be of the form

 Pˆaa Pˆab Pˆac . Pˆan 

 
 Pˆba Pˆbb Pˆbc . Pˆbn 
ˆ 
 Pca Pˆcb Pˆcc . Pˆcn 
 Pprimitive   
ˆ ... . .  (5.11)
   
 Pˆna Pˆnb Pˆnc . Pˆnn 

Equation 5.11 shows the partition of the matrix between the third and fourth rows
and columns. In partitioned from Equation 5.11 becomes

  Pˆij   Pˆin  
 Pˆprimitve       
(5.12)
   ˆ   Pˆnn  
  Pnj    
Shunt Admittance of Overhead and Underground Lines 97

Because the neutral conductor is grounded, the matrix can be reduced using the
“Kron reduction” method to an n-­phase × n-­phase phase potential coefficient matrix
[Pabc].

1
 Pabc    Pˆij    Pˆin   Pˆnn   Pˆ jn  (5.13)

The inverse of the potential coefficient matrix will give the n-­phase × n -phase
capacitance matrix [Cabc].

1
Cabc    Pabc   F /mile (5.14)

For a two-­phase line, the capacitance matrix of Equation 5.14 will be 2×2. A row
and column of zeros must be inserted for the missing phase. For a single-­phase line,
Equation 5.14 will result in a single element. Again, rows and columns of zero must
be inserted for the missing phase. In the case of the single-­phase line, the only non-­
zero term will be that of the phase in use.
Neglecting the shunt conductance, the phase shunt admittance matrix is given by

 yabc   0  j Cabc   S /mile, (5.15)

where

  2 f  376.9911

Example 5.1: Determine the shunt admittance matrix for the

overhead line of Example 4.1. Assume that the neutral conductor is 25
feet above ground.

The diameters of the phase and neutral conductors from the conductor table
(Appendix A) are as follows:

Conductor: 336,400 26/7 ACSR dc = 0.721 in., RDc = 0.03004 ft

4/0 6/1 ACSR dn = 0.563 in., RDn = 0.02346 ft

Using the Cartesian coordinated in Example 4.1, the image distance matrix is
given by

Sij  di  d j

98 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

where

d j  the conjugate of d j

For the configuration, the distances between conductors and images in matrix
form are

58.0000 58.0539 58.4209 54.1479 

 S   58.0539 58.0000 58.1743 54.0208  ft
58.4209 58.1743 58.0000 54.0833
 
54.1479 54.0208 54.0833 58.0000 

The self-­primitive potential coefficient for phase a and the mutual primitive
potential coefficient between phases a and b are

58
Pˆaa  11.17689  ln  84.5600mile/ F ,
0.03004

58.0539
Pˆab  11.17689  ln  35.1522mile/ F
2 .5

Using Equations 5.9 and 5.10, the total primitive potential coefficient matrix
is computed to be

84.5600 35.1522 23.7174 25.2469 

Pˆprimitive    35.1522 84.5600 28.6058 28.3590  mile/ F
  
 23.7174 28.6058 84.5600 26.6231
 
 25.2469 28.3590 26.6231 84.5600 

Since the fourth conductor (neutral) is grounded, the Kron reduction method is
used to compute the “phase potential coefficient matrix”. Because only one row
and column need to be eliminated, the P̂nn  term is a single element so that the
 
Kron reduction equation for this case can be modified to

Pˆij  Pˆij
Pij  Pˆij  ,
Pˆij

where i = 1,2,3 and j = 1, 2, 3.

For Example 5.1, the value of Pcb is computed to be

Pˆ  Pˆ
Pcb  Pˆ32  34 42  19.7957
Pˆ44

Following the Kron reduction, the phase potential coefficient matrix is

Shunt Admittance of Overhead and Underground Lines 99

77.1194 26.7944 15.8714

Pabc    26.7944 75.1720

19.7957  mile/ F
15.8714 19.7957 76.2923

Invert [Pabc] to determine the shunt capacitance matrix:

 0.015 0.0049 0.0019

 abc    0.0049 
1
C  P  0.0159 0.0031 mile/ F
 0.0019 0.0031 0.0143 

Multiply [Cabc] by the radian frequency to determine the final three-­phase

shunt admittance matrix.

 j 5.6711  j1.8362  j 0.7033

 
yabc   j376.9911 Cabc     j1.8362 j 5.9
9774  j1.1690   S /mile
  j 0.7033  j1.1690 j 5.3911 

5.2.1 The Shunt Admittance of Overhead Parallel Lines

The development of the shunt admittance matrix for parallel overhead lines is similar
to the steps taken to create the phase impedance matrix. The numbering of the con-
ductors must be the same as was used in developing the phase impedance matrix. To
develop the shunt admittance matrix for overhead lines, it is necessary to know the
distance from each conductor to ground, and it will be necessary to know the radius
in feet for each conductor.
The first step is to create the primitive potential coefficient matrix. This will be an
ncond × ncond matrix where ncond is the total number of phase and neutral conduc-
tors. For the lines of Figure 4.9, ncond will be 7; for two lines each with its own
grounded neutral, ncond will be 8.
The elements of the primitive potential coefficient matrix are given by

S
Pˆii  11.17689  ln ii
RDi

S
Pˆij  11.17689  ln ij mile/ F (5.16)
Dij

where
Sii = distance in ft from a conductor to its image below ground,
Sij = distance in feet from a conductor to the image of an adjacent conductor,
Dij = distance in feet between two overhead conductors,
RDi = radius in feet of conductor i.
100 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

The last one or two rows and columns of the primitive potential coefficient matrix
are eliminated by using Kron reduction. The resulting voltage equation is

V 1ag   P11aa P11ab P11ac P12 aa P12 ab P12 ac   q1a 

     
V 1bg   P11ba P11bb P11bc P12ba P12bb P12bc   q1b 
V 1cg   P11ca P11cb P11 _ cc P12ca P12cb P12cc   q1c 
    V (5.17)
V 2 ag   P 21aa P 21ab P 21ac P 22 aa P 22 ab P 22 ac  q 2 a 
V 2bg   P 21ba P 21bb P 21bc P 22ba P 22bb P 22bc   q 2b 
     
V 2cg   P 21ca P 21cb P 21cc P 22ca P 22cb P 2cc   q 2c 

In shorthand form, Equation 5.17 is

VLG    P   q  (5.18)

The shunt capacitance matrix is determined by

1
q    P  VLG   C   VLG  (5.19)

The resulting capacitance matrix is partitioned between the third and fourth rows
and columns.

 C11 C12  
C    P    
1
 (5.20)
 C 21 C 22  

The shunt admittance matrix is given by

  y11  y12  
 yabc   j  C   10 6       S /mile, (5.21)
  y21  y22  

where
ω = 2 · π · frequency.
Shunt Admittance of Overhead and Underground Lines 101

Example 5.2: Determine the shunt admittance matrix for the parallel
overhead lines of Example 4.2.

The position coordinates for the seven conductors and the distance matrix are
defined in Example 4.4. The diagonal terms of the distance matrix (Example 4.4)
matrix must be the radius in feet of the individual conductors. For this example,

d1 0.721
=
D11 D=
22 D=
23 = = 0.0300 ft.,
24 24

d 2 0.567
D=
44 D=
55 D=
66 = = 0.0236 ft.,
24 24

dn 0.721
D=
77 = = 0.0235 ft
24 24

The resulting distance matrix is

0.0300 2.5000 7.0000 3.2016 7.2801 2.0000 7.2111

 
 2.5000 0.0300 4.5000 2.0000 4.9244 3.2016 6.1847 
7.0000 4.5000 0.0300 4.9244 2.0000 7.2801 6.7082
 
 3.2016 2.0000 4.9244 0.0236 4.5000 2.5000 4.2720 
D    7.2801 4.9244 2.0000 4.5000 0.0236 7.0000 5.0000  ft

 2.0000 3.2016 7.2801 2.5000 7.0000 0.0236 5.6569 
 
 7.2111 6.1847 6.7082 4.2720 5.0000 5.6569 0.0236 

The distances between conductors and conductor images (image matrix) can
be determined by

Sij  di  d j

For this example, the image matrix is

70.000 70.045 70.349 68.046 68.359 68.000 64.125

 
70.045 70.000 70.145 68.000 68.149 68.046 64.018 
70.349 70.145 70.000 68.149 68.0
000 68.359 64.070 
 
68.046 68.000 68.149 66.000 66.153 66.047 62.018 
  68.359
S  68.149 68.000 66.153 66.000 66.3
370 66.370  ft

68.000 68.046 68.359 66.047 66.370 66.000 62.129 
 
64.125 64.018 64.070 62.018 62.073 66.370 60.000 

The distance and image matrices are used to compute the 7 × 7 potential coef-
ficient matrix by

Sij
Ppij  11.17689  ln
Dij
102 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

The primitive potential coefficient matrix is partitioned between the sixth and
seventh rows and columns and the Kron reduction method produces the 6 × 6
potential matrix. This matrix is then inverted and multiplied by ω = 376.9911 to
give the shunt admittance matrix. The final shunt admittance matrix in partitioned
form is as follows:

 j6.2992  j1.3413  j 0.4135

y11    j1.3413 j6.5009

 j 0.8038  S /mile
  j 0.4135  j 0.8038 j6.0257 

  j 0.7889  j 0.2992  j1.6438 

y12    j1.4440  j 0.5698

 j 0.7988  S /mile
  j 0.5
5553  j1.8629  j 0.2985

 0.7889 1.4440  j 0.5553

    j0.2992
y 21   j 0.5698

 j1.8629   S /mile
  j1.6438  j 0.7988  j 0.2985

 j6.3278  j 0.6197  j1.1276 

y 22   0.2992 0.5698

 j1.8629   S /mile
  j1.6438  j 0.7988  j 0.2985

5.3 CONCENTRIC NEUTRAL CABLE UNDERGROUND LINES

Most underground distribution lines consist of one or more concentric neutral cables.
Figure 5.4 illustrates a basic concentric neutral cable with the center conductor being
the phase conductor and the concentric neutral strands displaced equally around a
circle of radius Rb.
Referring to Figure 5.4, the following definitions apply:

R = radius of a circle passing through the centers of the neutral strands

dc = diameter of the phase conductor

FIGURE 5.4 Basic concentric neutral cable.

Shunt Admittance of Overhead and Underground Lines 103

ds = diameter of a neutral strand

k = total number of neutral strands

The concentric neutral strands are grounded so that they are all at the same potential.
Because of the stranding, it is assumed that the electric field created by the charge
on the phase conductor will be confined to the boundary of the concentric neutral
strands. To compute the capacitance between the phase conductor and ground, the
general voltage drop of Equation 5.2 will be applied. Since all the neutral strands
are at the same potential, it is only necessary to determine the potential difference
between the phase conductor p and strand 1.

1  Rb RDs D12 D1i Dk1 

Vp1   q p ln RD  q1 ln R  q2 ln R  qi ln R  qk ln R  , (5.22)
2  c b b b b 

where
dc
RDc =
2

ds
RDs =
2
It is assumed that each of the neutral strands carries the same charge such that

qp
q1  q2  qi  qk   (5.23)
k

Equation 5.22 can be simplified:

1  Rb q  RDs D D D 
Vp1  q p ln  p  ln  ln 12  ln 1i  ln 1k  
2  RDc k  Rb Rb Rb Rb  

qp  Rb 1  RDs  D12  D1i  D1k  

Vp1   ln   ln  (5.24)
2  RDc k Rbk 

The numerator of the second ln term in Equation 5.24 needs to be expanded. The
numerator represents the product of the radius and the distances between strand i and
all the other strands. Referring to Figure 5.4, the following relations apply:

2
12  ,
k

4·
13  2·12 
k
104 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

In general, the angle between strand 1 and any other strand i is given by

1i   i  1  12 
 i  1  2 (5.25)
k
The distances between the various strands are given by the following:

   
D12  2  Rb  sin  12   2  Rb  sin  
 2  k
(5.26)
   2 
D13  2  Rb  sin  13   2  Rb  sin  
 2   k 

The distance between strand 1 and any other strand i is given by

    i  1  
D1i  2  Rb  sin  1i   2  Rb  sin   (5.27)
 2   k 

Equation 5.27 can be used to expand the numerator of the second log term of
Equation 5.24.

RDs  D12  D1i  D1k

  
RDs  Rbk 1  2 sin    2
 k
 2    i  1  
  sin    2 sin   (5.28)
 k   k 
  k  1   
 2 sin  
 k 

The term inside the bracket in Equation 5.28 is a trigonometric identity that is
merely equal to the number of strands k[1]. Using that identity, Equation 5.18 becomes

q p  Rb 1  k  RDs  Rbk 1  
Vp1   ln   ln 
2  RDc k  Rb k  

qp  Rb 1  k  RDs 
Vp1   ln   ln  (5.29)
2  RDc k Rb 

Equation 5.29 gives the voltage drop from the phase conductor to neutral strand 1.
Care must be taken that the units for the various radii are the same. Typically,
Shunt Admittance of Overhead and Underground Lines 105

underground spacings are given in inches, so the radii of the phase conductor (RDc)
and the strand conductor (RDs) should be specified in inches.
Since the neutral strands are all grounded, Equation 5.29 gives the voltage drop
between the phase conductor and ground. Therefore, the capacitance from phase to
ground for a concentric neutral cable is given by

qp 2
C pg    F /mile, (5.30)
Vp1 ln Rb  1 ln k  RDs
RDc k Rb

where
ε = ε0εr = permittivity of the medium,
ε0 = permittivity of free space = 0.01420 μF/mile,
εr = relative permittivity of the medium.

The electric field of a cable is confined to the insulation material. Various types of
insulation material are used, and each will have a range of values for the relative
permittivity. Table 5.1 gives the range of values of relative permittivity for four com-
mon insulation materials [2].
Cross-­linked polyethlyene is a very popular insulation material. If the minimum
value of relative permittivity is assumed (2.3), the equation for the shunt admittance
of the concentric neutral cable is given by

77.3619
yag  0  j  S /mile (5.31)
Rb 1 k  RDs
ln  ln
RDc k Rb

Example 5.3: Determine the three-­phase shunt admittance matrix for

the concentric neutral line of Example 4.3 in Chapter 4.

From Example 4.3,

=R 0=
.0511ft. 0.631in

Diameter of the 250,000 AA phase conductor = 0.567 inches.

0.567
=
RDc = 0.2835 in
2

Diameter of the #14 CU concentric neutral strand = 0.0641 inches.

0.0641
=
RDs = 0.03205 in
2
106 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

Substitute into Equation 5.31:

77.3619
y ag  j
R 1 k  RDs
ln  ln
RDc k R

77.3619
y ab  j  j 96.6098  S /mile
 0.6132  1  13  0.03205 
ln     ln  
 0.2835  13  0.6132 
The phase admittance for this three-­phase underground line is

 j 96.6098 0 0 
yabc    0 j 96.6098 0

  S /mile.
 0 0 j 96.6098

5.4 TAPE SHIELDED CABLE UNDERGROUND LINES

A tape shielded cable is shown in Figure 5.5.
Referring to Figure 5.5, R is the radius of a circle passing through the center of the
tape shield. As with the concentric neutral cable, the electric field is confined to the
insulation so that the relative permittivity of Table 5.1 will apply.
The tape shielded conductor can be visualized as a concentric neutral cable where
the number of strands k has become infinite. When k in Equation 5.31 approaches
infinity, the second term in the denominator approaches zero. Therefore, the equation
for the shunt admittance of a tape shielded conductor becomes

77.3619
yag  0  j  S /mile. (5.32)
R
ln
RDc

FIGURE 5.5 Tape shielded conductor.

TABLE 5.1
Typical Values of Relative Permittivity (εr)
Material Range of Values of Relative Permittivity

Polyvinyl Chloride 3.4–8.0

Ethylene-­Propylene Rubber 2.5–3.5
Polyethylene 2.5–2.6
Cross-­Linked Polyethlyene 2.3–6.0
Shunt Admittance of Overhead and Underground Lines 107

Example 5.4: Determine the shunt admittance of the single-­phase

tape shielded cable of Example 4.6 in Chapter 4. From Example 4.6,
the outside diameter of the tape shield is 0.88 inches. The thickness of
the tape shield (T) is 5 mils. Converting the radius of a circle passing
through the center of the tape shield from Example 4.6 is

Rb = 0.4375 in.

The diameter of the 1/0 AA phase conductor = 0.368 inches.

dc 0.368
=
RDc = = 0.1840 in.
2 2

Substitute into Equation 5.32:

77.3619 j77.3619 S
y bg  j   j 89.3
3179
 Rb   0.4375  mile
ln   ln  0.184 
 RDc   

The line is on phase b so that the phase admittance matrix becomes

0 0 0
 abc  0
y  j 89.3179

0   S /mile
0 0 0 

5.5 THE SHUNT ADMITTANCE OF PARALLEL

UNDERGROUND LINES
For underground cable lines using either concentric neutral cables or tape shielded
cables, the computation of the shunt admittance matrix is quite simple. The electric
field created by the charged phase conductor does not link to adjacent conductors
because of the presence of the concentric neutrals or the tape shield. As a result, the
shunt admittance matrix for parallel underground lines will consist of diagonal terms
only.
The diagonal terms for concentric neutral cables are given by

77.3619
yii  0  j  S /mile, (5.33)
Rb 1 k  RDs
ln  ln
RDi k Rb

where
Rb = radius in feet of the circle going through the center of the neutral strands,
RDi = radius in feet of the center phase conductor,
RDs = radius in feet of the neutral strands,
k = number of neutral strands.
108 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

The diagonal terms for tape shielded cables are given by

77.3619
yii  0  j  S /mile, (5.34)
R
ln b
RDi
where
Rb = radius in feet of the circle passing through the center of the tape shield,
RDi = radius in feet of the center phase conductor.

Example 5.5: Compute the shunt admittance matrix (6 × 6) for the

concentric neutral underground configuration of Example 4.7.

From Example 4.7:

Diameter of the central conductor: dc = 0.567″

Diameter of the strands: ds = 0.641″
Outside diameters of concentric neutral strands: dod = 1.29″
dod  d s
Radius of the circle passing through the strands: Rb   0.0511 ′
24
dc 0.567
Radius of the central conductor: RDc    0.236
2 2
d s 0.0641
Radius of the strands: RDs    0.0027
24 24
Since all cables are identical, the shunt admittance of a cable is as follows:

77.3619 77.3619
yc  0  j  0 j
 R  1  k  RDs   0.0511  1  13  0.0027 
ln  b    ln   ln    ln  
 RDc  k  Rb   0.0236  13  0.0511 

yc  0  j  96.6098  S /mile

The phase admittance matrix is

 j 96.6098 0 0 0 0 0 
 
 0 j 96.6098 0 0 0 0 
 0 0 j 96.6098 0 0 0 
 
yabc    0 0 0 j 96.6098 0 0 
 0 0 0 0 j 96.6098 0 
 
 0 0 0 0 0 j 96.6098
 S/mile.
Shunt Admittance of Overhead and Underground Lines 109

5.6 SUMMARY
Methods for computing the shunt capacitive admittance for overhead and under-
ground lines have been presented in this chapter. Included is the development of
computing the shunt admittance matrix for parallel overhead and underground lines.
Distribution lines are typically so short that the shunt admittance can be ignored.
However, there are cases of long lightly loaded overhead lines where the shunt admit-
tance should be included. Underground cables have a much higher shunt admittance
per mile than overhead lines. Again, there will be cases where the shunt admittance
of an underground cable should be included in the analysis process. When the analy-
sis is being done using a computer, the approach to take is to model the shunt admit-
tance for both overhead and underground lines. There is no need to make a simplifying
assumption when it is not necessary.

PROBLEMS
5.1 Modify the MATLAB scripts M0501.m and M0502.m to import the con-
ductor data in the AppendexA.csv file. Your new script should import the
data parameters for any conductor you wish to use.
5.2 Modify the MATLAB M0502.m Determine the phase admittance matrix
[yabc] in μS/mile for the three-­phase overhead line of Problem 4.2.
5.3 Determine the phase admittance matrix in μS/mile for the two-­phase line
of Problem 4.5.
5.4 Determine the phase admittance matrix in μS/mile for the single-­phase
line of Problem 4.6.
5.5 Verify the results of Problems 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4 using WindMil.
5.6 Determine the phase admittance matrix in μS/mile for the three-­phase
line of Problem 4.8.
5.7 Modify the MATLAB script M0503.m to determine the phase admit-
tance matrix in μS/mile for the single-­phase concentric neutral cable of
Problem 4.10.
5.8 Modify the MATLAB script M0503.m to determine the phase admit-
tance matrix for the three-­phase concentric neutral line of Problem 4.11.
5.9 Verify the results of Problems 5.7 and 5.8 using WindMil.
5.10 Determine the phase admittance matrix in μS/mile for the single-­phase
tape shielded cable line of Problem 4.13.
5.11 Determine the phase admittance for the three-­phase tape shielded cable
line of Problem 4.14.
5.12 Verify the results of Problems 5.10 and 5.11 using WindMil.
5.13 Modify the MATLAB script M0502.m to determine the shunt admit-
tance matrix for the parallel overhead lines of Problem 4.16.
5.14 Modify the MATLAB script M0505.m to determine the shunt admit-
tance matrix for the underground concentric neutral parallel lines of
Problem 4.17.
110 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

WINDMIL ASSIGNMENT
Add to the WindMil System 1 a single-­phase line connected to Node 2. Call this
“System 2”. The single-­phase line is on phase b and is defined in Problem 4.5. Call
this line OH-­2. At the end of the line, connect a node and call it Node 3. The load at
Node 3 is 200 kVA at a 90 % lagging power factor. The load is modeled as a constant
impedance load.
Determine the voltages at the nodes on a 120-­volt base and the currents flowing
on the two lines.

REFERENCES
1. Glover, J. D., Sarma, M., Power System Analysis and Design, PWS-­Kent Publishing,
Boston, MA, 2nd Edition, 1995.
2. Arnold, T. P., Ed., Power Cable Manual, C.D. Mercier, Southwire Company, Carrollton,
Georgia, 2nd Edition, 1997.