FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM::

Computer is an electronic device that manipulate information, or data. It has ability

to store, retrieve and process data.
The word “computer” was first recorded as being used in 1613 and originally was
used to describe a human who performed calculations or computations.
Father of computers::
 Charles Babbage is known as the 'Father of Modern Computer 'after he
invented the Analytical Engine in 1837. The Analytical Engine contained an
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, and integrated memory;
hailed as the first general-purpose computer concept.
 The first general-purpose programmable electronic computer was the

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), built by J. Presper

Eckert and John V. Mauchly in 1945.
Basic functions of Computer System / computer Devices::
 It has the ability to store, retrieve and process data.
 There are four basic functions of a computer system:-
o Input Function
o Processing Function
o Output Function
o Storing Function

• Input: This is a way to direct or inform the computer.

• Processing: The computer has a processing area that can do work. The CPU, or
central processing unit, can be designed or instructed to perform any number of
different tasks.
• Output: There is a way the computer can export results.
• Memory/storage :
 (RAM: random-access memory) can retain information for the computer’s
own use while processing data;
  (ROM: read-only memory) can hold necessary reference information even
while the computer is off.
Characteristics of a computer::
 Speed : A computer can perform tasks very fast.
 Accuracy : computers can process large amounts of data and generate error-
free results, provided the data is entered correctly.
 Diligence: Unlike human beings, a computer is free from boredom,
tiredness, lack of concentration, etc.
 Versatility: The computers are flexible enough to adapt to any type of work
and outputs according to what is fed and instructed.
 No Feeling: Computers do not have emotions.
 No IQ : Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without
instruction from the user.
Storage: two types
 Primary memory (INTERNAL STORAGE)// MAIN MEMORY
o RAM(RANDOM ACCESS MEMORYTEMPORARY )
 SRAM
 DRAM
o ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY PERMANENT)
 PROM
 EPROM
 EEPROM

RAM ROM
[Link] Storage [Link] Storage
[Link] Data In Mbs [Link] Data In Gbs
[Link] [Link]-Volatile
[Link] In Normal Operations [Link] In Startup Process Of
Computers
[Link] Data Is Faster 5. Writing Data Is Slower

 Secondary memory
o MAGNETIC STORAGE
 HDD
  MAGNETIC TAPE
 FLOPPY DISC
o OPTICAL STORAGE
 CD
 DVD
o FLASH STORAGE
 PENDRIVE
 MEMORY CARD

Secondary Storage Devices ::

Characteristics of Secondary Memory
1. It is non-volatile in nature.
2. It is less costly in comparison to primary memory.
3. The storage capacity is quite high and scalable.
4. It can be removable or fixed as per the requirement.

• A secondary storage device is also known as an auxiliary storage device, backup

storage device, tier 2 storage, or external storage.
• Secondary storage is named as such because it doesn't have direct access to the
CPU. As a result, it is considerably slower than primary storage

Types of Computers
• Classification of Computers On the Basis of Size & Capacity
• On the basis of size, the computer system is divided into four parts
1. Microcomputers:
 most common type of computers.
 Can be used at your workplace, at school or on your study desk at home.
 Used by single user at a time.
  Small in size.
 Also called Personal Computers (PCs).
 least processing and storage capacity.
2. Minicomputers:
 used by multi-users.
 Used in laboratories.
 Smaller in physical size.

3. Mainframes:
 handling and processing very large amounts of data quickly. Also called
“Big iron” computer.
 As a backbone for the entire business world.
4. Super computers:
 Used for performing complex scientific and numerical computations such as
weather forecasting, fluid dynamics, nuclear simulations, theoretical
astrophysics.
 Sometimes called as “Workstations”
 High level of performance as compared to a general purpose computer.
 Largest, fastest and costliest computer

Classification of Computer On the Basis of Type

 On the basis of type, the computer system is divided into three parts
• Analog Computers Analog computers are utilized primarily to measure physical
units like the voltage, electric current, pressure, temperature and convert them into
digits
• Continuous values
• Small memory
• Slow speed
• Not as reliable
• Results are not accurate
• Difficult to use
Digital Computers :: Digital computers process the data in numeric as well as
non-numeric forms. It can perform arithmetic operations such as addition,
occurrence, subtraction, multiplication, or division and all types of
logical(mathematical) operations.

• Some characteristics of Digital Computers

• Discrete values
• Large memory
• Faster speed
• Very reliable
• Results are 100 percent accurate

A hybrid computer:: It is a computer that has the characteristics of both

analog computers and digital computers.
Classification of Computer According to Purpose
• On the basis of purpose, the computer system is divided into two parts, whose
names are given below.
• Special Purpose computer-these are performed more than one task PC
• General Purpose computer--- these are performed single specific task CAR

 Generations of Computers
Generations Time-Period Technology Used
1st Generation 1940s – 1950s Vacuum Tube Based
2nd Generation 1950s – 1960s Transistor Based
3rd Generation 1960s – 1970s Integrated Circuit Based
4th Generation 1970s – Present Microprocessor Based (VLSI)
5th Generation Present – Future Artificial Intelligence Base

[Link] word computer has been derived from which one of the following
languages?
 Greek
 English
 Spanish
 Latin
2. Which of the following is the most appropriate definition for computer?
 An electro mechanical device that processes information
 Natural language processing machine
 An information processing electronic machine
 All of the above
3. Who is considered the father of computers?
 Charles Babbage
 John Atanas
 Charles Bachman
 Alan turing
4. The world’s first computer, ENIAC was developed in the year : 1945
5. Who made the first electronic computer ENIAC?
 Van Neumann
 Joseph M Jacquard
  Jay Presper Eckert
 Both (1) and (2)
6. • The first mechanical computer designed by Charles
Babbage was called?
 Abacus
 Analytical Engine In 1837
 Calculator
 Central processing unit (CPU)
7. Which is NOT a basic function of computer ?
 Copy text
 Accept input
 Process data
 Store data
8. Which one among the following is not a basic function of a computer?
 Accept and process data
 Store data
 Scan text
 Accept input
9. Which of these is NOT a computer characteristic?
 Speed
 Accuracy
 Data storage
 Intelligence quotient
10. RAM is a _____ type of
 software.
 CPU register
 temporary memory device
 permanent memory device.
11. What is a ROM in a computer? PRIMARY MEMORY
 Random Open Memory
 Read Only Memory
  Random Only Memory
 None of these
12. What is the permanent memory built into your computer called ? ROM
13. Which of the following is a primary storage device in a personal computer?
 Hard disk secondary storage
 Random-access memory
 Pen drive secondary storage
 Compact disk secondary storage
14. Which of the following is a storage device?
 Pen drive only
 Hard disk only
 CD only
 All of the above
15. Which type of storage device is a Hard Disc?
 Primary storage
 Tertiary storage
 Secondary storage
 Off-line storage
16. ______ is a secondary memory device.
 CPU
 ALU
 Floppy
 disk Mouse
17. Secondary storage has which characteristic ?
 Does not require constant power.
 Does not use magnetic media.
 Consists of four main types of devices.
 Does not store information for later retrieval.
18. Which of the following is not an example of secondary
storage device ?
  R.A.M
 Hard disks
 Magnetic tapes
 C.D
19. How many types of computers are there based on the capacity and size?
 3 types
 10 types
 2 types
 4 types
20. A ______ is an expensive and a large computer capable of processing
data simultaneously for large number of users.
 Analog computer
 Special purpose computer
 Mainframe computer (BIG IRON)
 Hybrid computer
21. A hybrid computer exhibits the features of ______?
 Analog Computer
 Digital Computer
 [Link] A,B
 [Link] Computer
22. In how many generations a computer can be classified?
 3
 4
 5
 6
23. Identify the correct order of the following major technological changes in
computers based on fourth to first generation of computers
 Microprocessors
 Vaccum Tubes
 Integrated Circuits
 Transistors
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
 (C), (A), (D), (B)
 (A), (C), (B), (D)
 (A), (C), (D), (B)
 (D), (B), (A), (C)

 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER---ALU BIOS CPU CU

 BASICS OF OPERATING SYSTEM ---- system software (inbuilt softwares
)application software(photoshop,adobe reader)
 LINUX OS,UNIX OS
 MS OFFICE
 KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS AND THEIR USES
 IMPORTANT TERMS AND ABBREVATIONS
 VIRUS-VITAL INFORMTION RESOURCE UNDER SIECE
 USE-UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS
 PDF-PORTABLE DOCUMENT FORMAT
 DIFF B/N PDF & RTF
 RTF-
 JPEG-JOINT PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPERT GROUP
 MPEG-MOVING PICTURE EXPERTS GROUP
 DVD
 AV-AUDIO VIDEO FILE
 EXTENSIONS
 COMPUTER NETWORKS-
o TOPOLOGIES,OSI LAYERS,LAN,MAN,WAN
 CYBER SECURITY
 INTERNET—ARPANET,
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BROWSING(SEARCHING) AND
SURFING(SEARCHING FOR SOMETHING)
 NATIONAL SUPER COMPUTING MACHINE
 LATEST TECHNOLOGIES(MALWARES)
 Networking Device ::
 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes seven layers that
computer systems use to communicate over a network.
 • A conceptual framework which describes the functions of a networking
system
 • PHYSICAL LAYER::: The physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI
model. This layer manages the reception and transmission of the
unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium. It describes the
electrical/optical, mechanical, and functional interfaces to the physical
medium
 The data-link layer is responsible for
 1. Incoming bit stream and simply repeats to other devices connected
 2. An error free communication across the physical link connecting primary
and secondary stations within a network
 3. An end-to-end integrity of data message propagated through the network
between two devices
 4. Logical connection at application layer

Network layer protocols are,

• IP(Internet Protocol),
• ARP(Address Resolution Protocol),
• ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
Transport Layer
 Transmission Control Protocol
 User Datagram Protocol
 Session layer-establish session,maintain session ,terminate session
 Presentation layer --- encryption decryption
 Application layer--- respone to user

APPLICATION LAYER 7 The human-computer interaction layer, via which

 applications can access network services.
PRESENTATION LAYER 6 This is where data encryption takes place and
ensures that data is in a useable format.
SESSION LAYER 5 Maintains connections and is in charge of port
and session control.
TRANSPORT LAYER 4 Data is sent via protocols such as TCP and UDP.
NETWORK LAYER 3 Determines the physical path that the data will
travel.
DATALINK LAYER 2 Defines the data format on the network.
PHYSICAL LAYER 1 Raw bit stream is sent across the physical
media.

[Link]  (physical layer)

 Repeaters were introduced in wired data communication networks due to the
limitation of a signal in propagating over a longer distance and now are a
common installation in wireless networks for expanding cell size.
 Repeaters are also known as signal boosters
 A repeater connects different segments of a LAN
 A repeater forwards every bit it receives
 A repeater is a regenerator, not an amplifier
 It can be used to create a single extended LAN
2. hub
3. switch  A switch is a device that is used to break a network into different sub-
networks called subnet or LAN segments.
• This prevents traffic overloading on the network.
• They allow different nodes of a network to communicate directly with one
another in a smooth and efficient manner.
4. bridge
5. router
6. Gateway  GATEWAYS
• It operates in all seven layers of OSI model.
• It is also called protocol converter.
• It is used to connect two different network types.
• Gateways used to connect two different networks implemented using
different protocols.
• They adjust data rate, size and format of packets.
7. Modem  A modem (Modulator – Demodulator) is a peripheral device that
enables a computer to transmit data over, telephone or cable lines.
Key Points
• Modulation is the process of encoding information in a transmitted signal, while
demodulation is the process of extracting information from the transmitted signal.
• MODEM is a network connection device that performs the modulation and
demodulation function.
• The modem has a public IP address that is assigned automatically and serves to
identify it on the internet
[Link] of the following layer is responsible for transmission and reception of the
unstructured raw bit stream over a medium?
 Physical layer
 Transmission layer
 Data link layer
 Application layer
2. Data-link layer of the OSI model specifies
 Data link procedures that provide for the exchange of data via frames that
can be sent and received
 The interface between the X.25 network and packet mode device
 The virtual circuit interface to packet-switched service
 All of the above
3. A single packet on a data link is known as
 Path
 Frame
 Block
 Group
4. Which of the following is a network layer protocol?
 IP
 SMTP
 HTTP
 TCP
5. Which of the forms is used by the network layer to transfer data?
 packets
 bytes
 bits
 signals
6. Transport layer:-
 provide end to end error detection and correction
 handles connection to the network by higher layer
 is the highest layer among all the OSI layers
 define physical characteristics of the network
7. Which one of the following is a transport layer protocol?
 RIP
 DHCP
 UDP
 BOOTP
8. Which of the following is an application-layer protocol for transmitting
hypermedia documents?
 FTP
 URL
 HTTP
 TCP/IP
9. List I List II
Physical layer i. Provide token management service
Transport layer ii. Concerned with transmitting raw bits over a
communication channel
Session layer iii. Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information transmitted
Presentation layer iv. True end-to-end layer from source to destination
1. a – ii, b – iv, c – iii, d - i
2. a – iv, b – iii, c – ii, d - i
3. a – ii, b – iv, c – i, d - iii
4. a – iv, b – ii, c – i, d – iii
10. Which of the following is a connecting device?
• Router
 • Hub
• Switch
• All of these
11. • Repeater operates in which layer of the OSI model?
• Physical layer
• Data link layer
• Network layer
• Transport layer
12. A repeater in a communication system consists of:
• Transmitter
• Receiver
• Both transmitter and receiver
• None of these
13. •A repeater has __________ capacity.
• Amplifying
• Filtering
• Regenerating
• Reversing
14. A _________ device is used to connect multiple nodes to network.
• router
• repeater
• modem
• hub
15. Where is a hub specified in the OSI model?
• Session layer
• Physical layer
• Data Link layer
• Application layer
16. A ______ is an electronic device that receives a weak signal and regenerates it.
• hub
• router
 • repeater
• switch
17. Which among the following is a networking device that is used to connect
devices on a computer network to filter and forward data to the destination
devices?
• Modem
• Hub
• Router
• Switch
• Bridge

18. Which of the following network device extracts the destination address
from the data packet and looks it up in a table to see where to send the packet
and sends signals only to selected devices?

• Gateway
• Router
• Hub
• Switch
19. Which of the following devices takes data sent from one network device and
forwards it to the destination node based on MAC address?
o Hub
o Modem
o Switch
o Gateway

20. ______ serves as the entry and exit point of a network, as all data coming in or
going out of a network must first pass through it in order to use routing paths.

• Bridge
• Router
 • Gateway
• Repeater
21. Which of the following devices understands the format and contents of the data
and translate message from one format to another?
• Hub
• Router
• Switch
• Gateway
22. Modem is a _____.
• Code changing system
• Program Conversion system
• Modulator demodulator system
• Demodulator modulator system
23. In computer MODEM stands for _______.
• Modulator Demodulator
• Micro - Demonation
• Micro - Demos
• Mono – Demoe
24. What is the function of a modem?
• Encryption and Decryption
• Converts data to voice and vice-versa
• Convert analog signals to digital and vice-versa
• Serves as a hardware anti-virus

25. ________ is a network connection device that performs the modulation and
demodulation function
• Router
 • MODEM
• Switch
• Gateway
26.
Hub i Data link layer
Switch ii Network layer
Routers iii Application layer
Gateway iv Physical layer
1. a - iv, b - i, c - ii, d - iii
2. a - ii, b - iii, c - iv, d - i
3. a - iii, b - i, c - ii, d - iv
4. a - i, b - iv, c - iii, d – ii

27. In a ______ network, all nodes are connected to a single communication line
and share it for all their communication needs.
• ring
• completely connected
• star
• Multi-access bus